Volume 12 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Currency counterfeiting has become one of the threats to the economy of a country. This is more severe in cash based economies while systems relying on more sophisticated forms of currency are less prone to loses due to counterfeiting. For any of the economies to be stable, there universality of acceptance of one standard currency. This in turn ensures absence of the phenomenon of currency counterfeiting. Such techniques how ever are expensive as well as labor intensive. The primary focus of this paper then is to analyze deep learning algorithms, specifically GAN Ensemble Models, in the counterfeiting of Indian currency. However, the methodology proposed in this paper has put aside economics, and focuses instead on physics and computer vision techniques such as Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). It focuses on enhancing image quality in an efficient manner. Experimental results reveal that the accuracy achieved by GAN networks enhanced by CLAHE surpassed the results achievable from regular CNN models with a margin of more than percent which means that such methods are capable of being implemented in practice as viable and cost effective solutions to the emerging problem of counterfeiting.

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GAN, CNN, CLAHE

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The need for efficient and effective classification of drivers has arisen due to the growing usage of autonomous vehicles and enhanced telematics systems. A CNN-LSTM hybrid model is proposed in this paper to assess how drivers' operational time series data can be clustered into driving behaviors of normal, aggressive, or conservative within the context of time series. CNN encodes important information in the dataset while LSTM modules identify trends in longitudinal datasets. The extension of the model with Bidirectional LSTM (BI-LSTM) is also explained in the work to warrant further improvements in performance. The model is trained and tested on the Driver Style Classification dataset obtained from Kaggle. Many trials have been conducted and results have shown that the CNN-LSTM model has an accuracy of 99.03% while the accuracy of the implanted CNN-LSTM-BI-LSTM model is 99.58%. This research proposes a satisfying solution to the problem of driving styles' classification with its possible implement in self-driving cars or in driver's security systems.

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LSTM, BI-LSTM, CNN

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Fertilizers and pesticides are essential for enhancing agricultural productivity and their consumption are influenced by various factors such as irrigation, high-yielding seeds, credit availability, cropping patterns, and nutrient requirements. The primary objective of the study is to analyze fertilizer (NPK) and pesticides consumption trends in Haryana (2000-2021). The study emphasizes the need to ensure proper fertilizer (NPK) and pesticides distribution to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Haryana.

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Agriculture, Fertilizers, Productivity, Pesticides, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash.

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We report the fabrication and comprehensive characterization of high-performance photodetectors based on mechanically exfoliated few-layer Gallium Selenide (GaSe) nanoflakes. A Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) architecture with carefully engineered Schottky contacts was employed to suppress dark current and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The devices exhibit a broadband photoresponse spanning from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, with particularly strong responsivity in the visible spectrum. Most notably, power-dependent photocurrent measurements reveal a linear power-scaling relationship, I_ph?P^?,??1, indicating efficient, trap-free carrier transport within the GaSe channel. This exceptional carrier dynamics, combined with the material's direct bandgap nature and broad spectral response, positions GaSe as a promising candidate for next-generation two-dimensional optoelectronic applications.

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Gallium Selenide (GaSe), Photodetector, Power Dependence, Spectral Response, Optoelectronics, 2D Materials

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Deendayal and Swadeshi

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Deendayal and Swadeshi

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India's policy has always been to cultivate friendly and harmonious relations with its neighbours. The importance of neighbouring countries for maintaining balance in South and Southeast Asia is crucial for India from a geopolitical perspective. India has consistently strived to strengthen its ties with its neighbours through cooperation and agreements. India's neighbours include Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. India's relations with these countries are developing through cooperation and trade in various sectors. Several factors underpin this policy, one of which is promoting regional stability and security. Furthermore, India aims to boost its economic development by strengthening economic ties with its neighbouring countries. India has historically maintained cordial relations with its neighbour, Bangladesh. The two countries are partners in cultural exchange, trade, and security matters. However, the recent political turmoil in Bangladesh has created instability in these relations. Since the ousting of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the formation of a new interim government, a shift has been observed in India-Bangladesh relations. It is crucial for India to maintain a delicate balance during this period and cultivate positive political and diplomatic relations with Bangladesh, a country located in Southeast Asia, as this is essential for the overall political stability of the entire Southeast Asian region.

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Neighbouring Countries, South-east Asia, Regional Stability, Cultural Exchange, India-Bangladesh Relations.

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In the electronic era Information Communication Technology is playing vital role in the education system. In this regard the researcher has conducted a survey on usage of ICT based information resources and services by the faculty of the P.G. Center of Davangere University. The researcher has structured a questionnaire and distributed to the faculty members of the P.G. Centers. In the survey the researcher found that, all the 100% users are using ICT applications, 65% of the users are having average computer literacy. Few of the electronic based information are available in their library and information center. Regarding e-consortium all the faculty members are aware, as per the study UGC Infonet consortium is very familiar to the users. The researcher suggested and recommended that, user's awareness and proper training has to be provided to the users for an effective use of ICT based information services.

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Use of ICT Based Information, P.G. Centers, Davangere University.

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India's digital payment systems have changed how people handle daily money matters, but not everyone uses them equally. This study examines whether caste and religion, or education level, have a greater effect on people's use of digital payments and investment choices. The research focuses on the urban fringe areas of Bankura city in West Bengal as a representative of a medium-sized city characterized by a moderate rate of urbanization (10-12%) in eastern or central India. This study investigates whether caste and religion or education level more strongly influence digital payment usage and market-linked investment behaviour in the urban fringe of Bankura city, West Bengal. Using primary survey data from 1,483 adults collected in 2024, the analysis applies descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and binary logistic regression. Results reveal that while raw differences appear across caste and religious groups, these largely disappear once education is controlled for. Education emerges as the dominant, highly significant predictor. Each higher level of education multiplies the odds of digital payment adoption by over 4 times (OR = 4.14, p < 0.001), with caste and religion showing no independent effect (p > 0.10). The findings indicate that in transitional peri-urban settings, low educational attainment and income insecurity, rather than social identity, are the primary barriers to financial inclusion.

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Digital payments, Financial behaviour, Education, Caste, Urban fringe, Bankura, Financial inclusion

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By doping calcium glyxolate complex with PVC and plasticizer and subsequently annealing the electrode, an unique calcium ion-selective device was constructed A consistent Nernstian response of 29.97 mV/decade was measured for the electrode. To put it another way, the electrode behaved brilliantly in this investigation, which used it for four months. The linear range was (10-5 to 10)-1 M, with detection limit of 10-5 M and a reaction time between (20 and 60 seconds). Temperature had no effect on electrode efficiency, and the pH range that was found to be adequate for electrode responsiveness was (5-9) at higher concentrations of calcium ions, the electrode's selectivity was higher than the electrode's potentiometric coefficients of selectivity. When precipitation or long-lasting complex structures of calcium ions develop, there is a great deal of interference. Anions or calcium ions could be detected using these interferences. When utilized in conjunction with spectrophotometric methods for calcium determination, this calcium ISE yielded positive and promising findings in the assessment of calcium in drinking water and human blood serum.

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Calcium Ion-Selective Electrode (Ca- ISE) , Glyoxal bis (2-Hydroxyanil) (GBHA), Poly Vinylchloride ( PVC) , Tetrahydro Furan( THF ) , Plasticizer , Ca-BiSTMBPP ion-exchanger.

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Dushyant Kumar Ki Ghazalon Mein Samajik Chetna : Ek Gahan Chintan

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Dushyant Kumar Ki Ghazalon Mein Samajik Chetna : Ek Gahan Chintan

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The present study explores the relationship between creativity and academic achievement among higher secondary students enrolled in the science faculty. Creativity, considered a divine gift and one of humanity's most profound abilities, manifests in originality, imagination, and problem-solving skills. In the rapidly changing era of globalization, urbanization, and technological progress, fostering creativity has become essential for educational success. This research investigates whether science students are inherently creative, whether their creativity differs by locality (rural/urban), type of school (government/private), gender (male/female), and how significantly creativity contributes to academic performance. Using the survey method, the researcher selected a sample of 600 students (300 rural and 300 urban) from 30 higher secondary schools in Udaipur district. Equal representation was ensured across government/private schools and male/female students. To measure creativity, the Passi Test of Creativity (PTC) developed by Dr. P.K. Pasi was employed, consisting of six sub-tests--problem checking, unusual uses, consequences, questioning ability, class puzzles, and block tests. Academic achievement was measured through Class XI annual results. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, t-test, and correlation were applied for data analysis. Results showed variability across creativity dimensions, with the highest mean scores recorded in block tests (indicating strong spatial and constructive abilities) and the lowest in questioning ability, suggesting weaker critical inquiry. Significant differences were observed: urban students outperformed rural students in creativity across all sub-tests; private school students showed higher creativity compared to government school students; and male students excelled in problem checking, unusual uses, consequences, and questioning ability, while female students scored better in class puzzles and block tests. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship (r = 0.722) between creativity and academic achievement, confirming that higher creativity levels enhance academic outcomes. The study concludes that creativity is a key determinant of success in science education, encouraging innovative thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability. Educational implications emphasize designing teaching strategies that promote imaginative thinking, inquiry-based learning, and opportunities for experimentation. Schools should encourage divergent thinking, minimize rote learning, and provide platforms for students to express originality. By nurturing creativity, students not only improve their academic performance but also develop skills necessary to thrive in the competitive scientific and technological world.

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creativity , academic achievement , higher secondary students ,science faculty. (सृजनात्मकता एवं अकादमिक उपलब्धि)

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It's not an easy to write about the world class two batter because both are the legend in the cricket history. This research paper explained the talent, hard work, dedication, and resilience of these two players. These both players were the master of his cricketing skills. They are world top test players but they were few differences that delight in this study. This study revels Sir Bradman was more successful player when he played on number three. Sunil Gavaskar inspired an entire generation, especially in the cricket-crazy subcontinent. Sunil Gavaskar played against the fastest bowler of world. He scored more than 10,000 runs in just 125 matches. Gavaskar Batting average was better in America in compression of Asia. As an opener Gavaskar was wonderful player but was not successful on batting order number 5 and 6.

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Test match, Cricket, Skills , Stats.

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Abstract: The southern part of Assam mainly consists of three districts viz. Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi. These three districts are collectively known as Barak Valley. The Muslims of Barak Valley played a glorious role in the freedom movement of India. Though a section of Muslims under the banner of Muslim League demanded Pakistan, but their demands were strongly countered by the nationalist Muslims of Barak Valley.

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Southern part of Assam, Barak Valley, Muslim Politics, Freedom Movement, Nationalist etc.

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This article analyses how Tulsi Ram reads the city of Varanasi and how he portrays Varanasi in his autobiography Manikarnika, focusing on its entanglement with the caste system and Hindu religious traditions. Drawing from autobiographical experiences, the author reveals how Varanasi functions both as a sacred site of spiritual liberation and as a harsh social space of systemic Dalit exclusion. Tulsi Ram's journey from Azamgarh to Varanasi uncovers the daily humiliations and structural barriers faced by lower-caste individuals in the city Varanasi, especially in accessing education, housing, and social respect. The autobiography is also a site of philosophical transformation, as Tulsi Ram moves from faith to atheism, from caste oppression to self-emancipation, engaging with Marxism, Buddhism, and Ambedkarite thought. The contrast between mythical salvation and social reality is central to his depiction of Varanasi, which he calls both a "city of faith" and a "city of death."

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Varanasi under the shadow of the caste system: The city Varanasi in Tulsi Ram's Autobiography Manikarnika

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Environmental degradation has become a fiercely debated issue across the globe. World community recognises the fact that ecological disasters are major human security threats. The natural environment provides essential necessities without which life on the planet could not be thought of. But unfortunately, ecological misbalances are being experienced around the world as people with their greedy reasoning are exploiting nature unrestrictedly. Everyone across the world is suffering from environmental degradation in one or another form. However, it is also empirically recognised that women are most vulnerable to natural disasters everywhere including India, because of their socio-cultural conditionalities. In other words, ecological degradation has gendered implications. It is also noticeable that due to closer connection to nature, women can play a significant role in protecting natural degradation and sustainable development. For instance, India has been an important case where women have showed their green activism in various movements like Chipko movement and Narmada Bachao movement. Thus the need of the hour is promoting gender green policymaking and incorporating women's voices in the environment concerning the decision-making process.

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Environmental Degradation, Gendered responsibilities, Sustainable Development

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In this review paper, the geometrical properties of algebra norms on the tensor product of C*-algebras are investigated. Initially, algebraic tensor product is discussed, Next, some basic definitions and the structure and properties of different norms on C*-algebras are given. Also, some characterization of nuclear C*-algebras are given and some related properties are discussed.

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C*-algebra, Tensor Product, C*-norms, Nuclear C*-algebra

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lkekftd U;k;] fcgkj] oafpr lewg] uSfrd nkf;Ro] tkfrokn] jktuhfrd ifjn`';A

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Metal-Organic Frameworks, Chemical Warfare Agent Protection, Catalytic Decomposition, Military Respiratory Protection, Computational Materials Design, CBR Defense

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Swami Vivekanad ke shaikshik vichardharayein evam NEP 2020 ke punah:prushti

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Swami Vivekanad ke shaikshik vichardharayein evam NEP 2020 ke punah:prushti

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What is Yoga? Yoga is a centuries-old practice that originated somewhere around 5,000 years ago in India. This was looked up as a process and technique to interconnect the mind, body and soul together and take a step closer to enlightenment. Yoga originates from Indian culture. As this practice gained popularity in the West, this started to be termed an exercise and relaxation method. This was also associated with the claims to alleviate any existing physical injuries and chronic pains. Yoga is the ancient way to attain physical, mental, and spiritual practice. Primarily originating in India, the word 'yoga' is derived from Sanskrit, meaning to unite. This unity signifies the ultimate union of the body with consciousness and thus attaining definitive peace. Yoga is divided into six branches, namely Hatha Yoga, Raja yoga, Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga, Jnana yoga, Tantra yoga. There are also seven chakras of yoga styles namely Sahasram chakra, Ajna chakra, Vishuddha chakra, Anahata chakra, Manipura chakra, Svadhishthana chakra, Muladhara chakra. There are total 13 types of Yoga: Kundalini Yoga, Vinyasa Yoga, Hatha Yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, Yin Yoga, Iyengar Yoga, Bikram Yoga, Power Yoga, Sivananda Yoga, Restorative Yoga, Prenatal Yoga, Aerial Yoga, Acro Yoga.

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Yoga

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