Volume 13 | Issue 12

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Aahar Ka Prabhav: Sthaulya Ke Liye Ek Sampurna Drishtikon.

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Aahar Ka Prabhav: Sthaulya Ke Liye Ek Sampurna Drishtikon.

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Vaanabhatt Kee Drishti Se Naaree Kee Tapasya

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Vaanabhatt Kee Drishti Se Naaree Kee Tapasya

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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of vision loss among diabetic patients globally, making its early detection and classification vital for effective treatment. Recent advancements in deep learning have shown significant promise in medical image analysis, particularly in ophthalmology. This paper proposes a comprehensive study on the application of transfer learning-based deep neural networks (DNNs) for the early detection and multi-stage classification of Diabetic Retinopathy using fundus images. Leveraging pre-trained convolutional neural networks such as VGG16, ResNet50, and InceptionV3, the model fine-tunes features to effectively classify the severity levels of DR, ranging from no DR to proliferative DR. The proposed approach is validated using benchmark datasets, achieving high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, thereby demonstrating robustness in real-world clinical environments. The integration of transfer learning not only reduces the computational burden and training time but also enhances feature extraction capabilities, leading to improved diagnostic performance. This study emphasizes the potential of transfer learning-based DNNs as a reliable tool for ophthalmologists in the early detection and grading of Diabetic Retinopathy.

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Diabetic Retinopathy, Deep Neural Networks, Transfer Learning, Fundus Images, Early Detection, Classification, Convolutional Neural Networks, Medical Image Analysis, ResNet50, VGG16.

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Mosses (Bryophytes) are sensitive indicators of environmental variation due to their dependence on moisture, shade, substrate, and microclimatic conditions. Ranchi district of Jharkhand represents a mosaic of ecological habitats; however, bryophyte diversity in the region remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the identification and external morphological variation of mosses collected from four distinct habitats: two from urban road side area and two from forest area. Moss samples were collected to identify and are examined for key morphological characters such as growth form, leaf architecture, colour, seta/capsule features, and substrate specificity. To study the external morphological response of moss during three seasons (summer, rainy, and winter) at four different locations for a period of one year. A total of four moss species belonging to three families were recorded. Species richness was highest in the moist riparian habitat and lowest in the urban habitat. Significant morphological plasticity was observed in species such as Entosthodon buseanus and Funaria hygrometrica, reflecting environmental stress gradients. The study highlights strong habitat influence on external morphology and underscores the importance of microhabitat conservation for maintaining regional bryophyte diversity.

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Mosses, Bryophytes, Morphology, Habitat variation, Species identification

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Evolution of Anti-Defection Law, 1985 in India and analytical study of defections and change of power in various states

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Evolution of Anti-Defection Law, 1985 in India and analytical study of defections and change of power in various states

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Intensification of land use and diversification of crop to multiply income generation, are the recent trends. During fieldwork, it was found that livelihood issues are overlooked because, there are ample evidence, where lack of basic needs, poverty and livelihood issues are rampant in rural Mizoram. Case studies of policy beneficiaries - cultivators, piggeries, poultry, fisheries, sugarcane farms and orchard farms and the outcomes of development policies initiated by state. The villagers opined that development policies are not effective, nor able to improve land use activities. The main objective of the study is to show the reproduction of poverty in upland in Mizoram. Why traditional livelihood cannot be altered and improvised for good? Examining the outcomes of privatization of community land is the scope, which the study wants to analyze during fieldwork. Examine the everyday livelihood hurdles. During fieldwork 2022, it was cleared that when community lands for farming got privatized, the outcome is the constriction of jhum land share for each household. Constriction of jhum land, intensification of land use and diversification of crops have been the emerging trends in the uplands.

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Jhum, Development Policies, Community farmland, Privatization

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In today's competitive job market, possessing technical knowledge alone is insufficient for securing employment through campus interviews. Employers increasingly emphasize soft skills--such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, adaptability, and emotional intelligence--as essential indicators of a candidate's workplace readiness. This article explores the significance of soft skills for college students, highlighting the gap between academic learning and industry expectations. It examines key soft skills required during campus interviews, the challenges students face in developing them, and effective strategies for refinement, including self-assessment, workshops, extracurricular involvement, and mentorship. The role of colleges in integrating soft skill development into the curriculum and providing practical exposure is also discussed. Through case studies and practical examples, the article demonstrates how focused efforts on soft skill enhancement improve employability and interview performance. Finally, recommendations are provided for students to systematically cultivate these skills, ensuring success not only in campus interviews but also in long-term career growth.

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Soft Skills, Campus Interviews, Employability, Communication, Teamwork, Professional Development

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: Migraine, referred to as Shaqiqa in the Unani system of medicine, is a chronic, episodic headache disorder that predominantly affects one side of the head and has been documented since ancient times. Classical Unani scholars described Shaqiqa within the framework of humoral imbalance and deranged temperament (miz?j), emphasizing the influence of dietary habits, emotional states, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures. In contrast, modern medicine characterizes migraine as a complex neurovascular disorder involving genetic predisposition, altered cortical excitability, trigeminovascular activation, and neurogenic inflammation. This narrative review explores the historical development of migraine concepts in Unani and modern medical literature and critically examines etiological factors and triggering mechanisms described in both systems. Classical Unani texts identify prolonged fasting, excessive exertion, menstrual irregularities, emotional stress, sleep deprivation, gastrointestinal disturbances, sensory overload, and specific dietary factors as major precipitants of Shaqiqa. Contemporary biomedical research reports remarkably similar triggers, including psychological stress, hormonal fluctuations, irregular sleep patterns, dietary components, sensory stimuli, and environmental changes. Despite differences in theoretical explanations, both traditions demonstrate striking convergence in clinical observations and preventive strategies. Integrating Unani and modern perspectives may therefore provide a more comprehensive understanding of migraine and support the development of patient-centered, integrative management approaches.

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; Migraine, Shaqiqa,, Sudae Nisfi, Adhasisi (Hemicrania), Sudae Ghasyani (Sick Headache), Akhlat -e- Arbaa ,,Humours ,Mizaj

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Earthquake-induced structural damage remains one of the most significant challenges in structural engineering, with recent seismic events highlighting the limitations of traditional force-based design approaches. This research paper examines the evolution from conventional force-based seismic design to performance-based design methodologies, exploring advanced structural systems that enhance building resilience and minimize post-earthquake damage. The paper investigates innovative technologies including base isolation systems, buckling-restrained braces, self-centering structures, and fiber-reinforced polymer retrofitting techniques. Through comprehensive analysis of recent case studies and emerging trends, this research demonstrates how performance-based seismic design combined with advanced materials and structural health monitoring can significantly reduce life-cycle costs while improving structural safety and post-earthquake functionality. The integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence in structural analysis further enhances predictive capabilities and optimization of seismic design parameters. The findings indicate that displacement-based design approaches provide more consistent and economical solutions compared to traditional methods, particularly in moderate seismic regions, while self-centering systems offer superior resilience through damage concentration in replaceable components and elimination of residual deformations.

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Performance-based seismic design, base isolation, buckling-restrained braces, self-centering systems, structural resilience, displacement-based design, fiber-reinforced polymers

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Rotheca serrata, Phytochemical screening, Antioxidant activity, Phenolic content, DPPH assay, Manipur

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The existing model of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) is marked by lengthy timelines, exponentially rising expenses, and a clinical trial failure rate surpassing 90%, leading to considerable uncertainty in the portfolio. This review explores the revolutionary use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in forecasting the chances of regulatory approval for pharmaceutical candidates. AI models provide a robust decision-support system by combining various datasets, such as molecular properties, preclinical findings, clinical trial information, and past regulatory results. Essential processes include Natural Language Processing (NLP) for deriving insights from unstructured documents and the application of predictive modeling to estimate success chances. We examine the strategic effects of R&D prioritization, as well as the significant issues concerning data bias, the opaque characteristics of algorithms, and the need to create Explainable AI (XAI) frameworks to build regulatory confidence and expedite the provision of safe and effective treatments.

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Drug Approval Prediction, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Clinical Trials, Portfolio Management, Explainable AI (XAI), Regulatory Risk

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A strategic instrument for influencing consumer behavior, integrated marketing communication (IMC) is especially useful for teens, who are particularly sensitive to marketing and media stimuli. Determining the association of different IMC tools--public relations, social media marketing, sales promotion, advertising, and personal selling--on the buying behavior of male and female teenagers is the goal of this study. The study examines 100 teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19 using a structured questionnaire. The results demonstrate a significant association between gender and buying behavior based on Direct marketing, Advertising, Personal selling, and Sales promotion, and an insignificant association with Public relations.

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IMC Tools, Buying behavior, Teens, Gender, Association

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The problem of motorcycle collisions is one of the leading issues of road safety, but the danger is not constant all the time and all day. vehicle characteristics. This paper conducts statistical research into the data on motorcycle crashes to address three useful questions: (1) at what times of the day collisions were concentrated (and are still concentrated) (peak hours), (2) are collisions. more probable on weekends than on weekdays, and (3) patterns of collision varying between vehicle makes and whether make and day type are independent variables. We start with descriptive profiling of collision frequency by car model and time of collision, and a sharp peak in late-afternoon hours. Next, we use Bayes' Rule to compare the conditional likelihood of observing a crash on weekends versus weekdays. Finally, we test the independence of vehicle make and day type using Pearson's Chi-Square test, finding strong evidence of dependence between make and whether a collision occurs on a weekday or weekend. Together, these results suggest that motorcycle collision occurrence varies meaningfully with temporal context and vehicle-make composition, motivating targeted safety messaging and enforcement strategies that align with peak-hour and weekend-driven risk patterns

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Motorcycle collisions; peak hours; weekend effect; Bayes' Rule; chi-square test; independence testing

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This article explores the transformative impact of British colonial educational policies on the Indian subcontinent, specifically the introduction of English as a medium of instruction and its subsequent role in fostering both a new intelligentsia and a linguistic divide. It further examines the reactive rise of regional language movements, culminating in the establishment of the Kerala Bhasha Institute. By analyzing the Institute's fifty-year history, the study evaluates its role in bridging the gap between scholarly knowledge and the vernacular, ensuring that Malayalam remains a vibrant medium for scientific, technological, and academic discourse.

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The Dual Legacy: Colonial Education, Regional Languages, and the Evolution of the Kerala Bhasha Institute

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This conceptual paper outlines a model, rooted deeply in established theory, that aims to decode the relationship between external marketing levers and final consumption results. The model investigates how core stimuli, such as pricing strategies, product availability, promotional deals, quality cues, product packaging, and social influence, directly affect consumer outcomes, including how often products are purchased, whether a brand is adopted, the variety of products bought, and overall spending. The framework is built upon the foundational principles of several key behavioral theories: Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) Theory, Trait Activation Theory (TAT), Signalling Theory, Social Influence Theory, and Consumer Personality Theory. Crucially, the model proposes that inherent consumer traits specifically perfectionism, brand consciousness, novelty seeking, and price consciousness do not just influence, but act as essential moderating mechanisms. These traits filter and shape the impact of external marketing cues, ultimately translating them into specific consumer buying behaviors. The paper concludes by consolidating these theoretical foundations and formally presenting conceptual propositions that can be tested through future empirical research.

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Marketing Stimuli, Consumer Traits, Consumption Outcomes

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The right to be forgotten (RTBF) is slowly gaining ground in India's legal landscape, but it remains unclear where it fits within the Constitution. While the Supreme Court recognized privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21, RTBF has not yet been fully embraced or clearly defined. This paper explores how RTBF could be integrated into Indian constitutional law without clashing with other fundamental rights like freedom of expression. It looks at recent court decisions, the new data protection law, and international examples to argue that India needs judicial clarity on this issue--sooner rather than later. The rapid expansion of digital technologies has fundamentally altered the relationship between individual privacy and public access to information in India. Personal data, once obscure or time-bound, now remains permanently accessible through search engines and online archives, often causing lasting reputational, social, and economic harm. In this context, the Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) has emerged as a crucial yet contested facet of the broader right to privacy. While the Supreme Court of India, in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), recognized privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21, it stopped short of explicitly articulating the contours of RTBF. Subsequent judicial decisions and legislative efforts, including provisions under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, reveal an evolving but fragmented approach marked by inconsistencies and uncertainty. This paper argues that India urgently requires a clear constitutional stand on the Right to Be Forgotten to effectively balance individual dignity and autonomy against legitimate public interest, freedom of expression, and the right to information. It examines the doctrinal foundations of RTBF, comparative constitutional practices, and the challenges posed by vague statutory safeguards and ad hoc judicial balancing. The study contends that without constitutional clarity, RTBF risks either being overused to suppress public accountability or under-enforced, leaving individuals vulnerable to perpetual digital punishment.

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Right to privacy, Constitutional privacy, Informational privacy, Digital privacy, Data protection, Freedom of speech and expression, Digital footprint

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Nayi shiksha niti 2020 mein vidhyalayi aakalan mein 360 degree ki bhumika

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Nayi shiksha niti 2020 mein vidhyalayi aakalan mein 360 degree ki bhumika

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In both Confucius' Analects and The Republic , both philosophers discuss the importance of good governance and the qualities a ruler must possess to rule the people. Confucius mentioned governance many times in his work The Analects and was asked by his students on multiple occasions what his thoughts were on governing and ruling. Once Confucius' student Ji Kangzi asked him about government. Confucius replied, "To govern is to correct. If you lead the people with correctness, who would not be corrected?" This is an example of a virtue that Confucius sees is important to ruling and why. The virtue of correctness and the actions that follow will lead the people to be correct and correct themselves. Confucius emphasizes how important having these virtues are in ruling when speaking to Ji Kangzi again. The verse reads "Ji Kangzi was troubled by the thieves in his state. He asked Confucius what he should do about it. Confucius replied, "If you weren't so greedy, your people wouldn't steal, even if you offered them a reward for doing it." This quote helps build a picture of what Confucius thought on Governance and ruling. To rule meant to exemplifying certain virtues while eschewing vices. We will look at quotes like these and build a succinct picture of Confucius' views on governance to compare to Plato. Plato dedicated two chapters of his book The Republic to the question of that a philosopher is and what his use is in the world. Plato concluded that there are certain virtues that distinguish a philosopher from the common people. These virtues lead the philosopher to be of use in ruling the people. Plato saw that true philosophers love truth and wisdom while also hating untruths and lies. Plato saw the best kind of ruler was one who loved truth as much as one could love a good sight or sound. In The Republic the character Socrates is written saying as much as he talks to the character Glaucon, he says "Therefore the man who is really a lover of learning must from youth on strive as intensely as possible every kind of for truth." This man he describes is the philosopher. He writes later on in the chapter on why the philosopher is best fit to lead the people and rule them. He writes, as he is describing the allegory of The Ship of State, that "They don't know that for the true pilot it is necessary to pay careful attention to year, seasons, heaven, stars, winds, and everything that's proper to the art, if he is really going to be skilled at ruling a ship." The allegory of The Ship of State is that the philosopher has virtues and skills that allow him to flourish at ruling correctly. Like a ship that needs a knowledgeable and educated captain, the state needs a knowledgeable and capable ruler. We will explore the Ship of State allegory and other quotes from Plato as to give a clear picture of his philosophy and compare it to Confucius. Our paper will focus on both these philosophers works and look for similarities and differences in their views on governance. We will be pulling our research from their respected works and show what each philosopher claimed was necessary to be considered a good ruler and what virtues were necessary to lead the people. The We will look at these quotes and more to compare the two philosophers and their ideals on ruling. We can already see that both see virtues as imperative to ruling. One must, for the peoples sake, carry with them the virtue of wisdom and ability to learn before they are truly capable to rule. Both Confucius and Plato emphasize the importance of ruling for the people instead of for the power. Both write on how important this ruler is to keeping the country and society moral and orderly. We will look to see where these ideas align and where they do not. Both of these philosophers did have incompatible ideas that do not match up in their writings. We will explore these differences and show how each school of thought came to difference conclusions with the same goal in mind, imagining the criteria for good ruling.

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Confucian Philosophy, Plato Philosophy and Buddhist Philosophy , comparative analysis , Governance

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Abstract Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder that significantly affects quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a proven non-pharmacological intervention that improves functional capacity, symptom control, and self-management. However, lack of adequate knowledge among patients limits its effective utilization. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme (STP) on knowledge regarding pulmonary rehabilitation among clients with COPD. Methods: A quantitative evaluative research approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. The study was conducted at a selected private hospital in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 200 clients diagnosed with COPD were selected using non-probability purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire. Following the pre-test, a structured teaching programme on pulmonary rehabilitation was administered. Post-test was conducted after seven days. Results: The mean post-test knowledge score was significantly higher than the mean pre-test score. Paired t-test revealed a statistically significant improvement in knowledge at p < 0.05, indicating the effectiveness of the structured teaching programme. Conclusion: The structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding pulmonary rehabilitation among clients with COPD. Incorporating such educational interventions into routine clinical practice can enhance patient participation and long-term disease management.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary rehabilitation, structured teaching programme, patient education, knowledge

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