Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Children with special needs or CWSIN (Children with special Needs) refers to those children who need additional support in the normal educational process due to physical, mental, intellectual, neurological or behavioral limitations. Currently, inclusive education is recognized as an important concept in educational philosophy. Recognized. This research paper discusses in detail the concept of children with special needs, the causes of their occurrence, identification of symptoms, the role of remedial measures, and government initiatives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Children with special needs (CWSN): cause, identification, remedial and inclusive educational practices

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to critically analyze and compare selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables between inter-collegiate female netball and handball players. A total of 30 female players (Netball = 15, Handball = 15) aged between 19 and 22 years, representing the inter-collegiate level, were selected as subjects using purposive sampling technique. Selected physical fitness variables included speed, agility, muscular strength, explosive power, and cardiovascular endurance, while anthropometric variables included height, body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and arm length. Standardized tests were administered to collect data. Mean, standard deviation, and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed significant differences in agility, explosive power, and arm length, while no significant differences were found in speed, BMI, and cardiovascular endurance. The findings highlight sport-specific fitness and anthropometric requirements of female netball and handball players.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Physical fitness, Anthropometric variables, Netball, Handball, Inter-collegiate female players

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Along with a mythic tale of exile, fighting, and return, the epic Ramayana portrays a complex network of interregional political alliances spanning multiple ecological zones, terrains, and social domains. This study examines the formation and functioning of these cross-regional alliances through the interwoven lenses of geography (lands, forests, rivers, coasts, and islands), polity (kingdoms, forest/domains, and non-state actors) and social networks (alliances, reciprocity, and boundary crossing). It illustrates how the main character Rama mobilizes the support of forest tribes, vanaras, island kingdoms and local monarchs in a manner that transcends simple territorial dominance and instead depicts a networked polity adaptable to many geographies and social groups. A detailed case study of alliances with Sugriva (vanara-king of Kishkindha), Vibhishana (defecting king of Lanka) and forest/tribal rulers (like Guha) illustrates the combined role of topography and social connectedness in alliance building. The findings suggest that the alliance logic of the Ramayana anticipates a flexible type of government that stresses reciprocal duties, network relationships and geographic adaptation rather than rigid territorial dominance. Thus, the study promotes the use of GIS and network analytic methods in epic geographies and increases our understanding of how models of interregional social and political integration are encoded in mythological narratives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF RAMANYANA: LESSONS FOR MODERN SOCIETY

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The attainment of quality education system depends largely on human resources who implement education programmes. This means that lack or inadequate provision for human resources management for secondary school teachers Delta state could make teachers to be less committed to their work and less performance. This study examined human resource practices and teacher job performance in public secondary schools in Delta State. seven research questions and seven hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted ex-post -facto research design using correlation. The population of the study comprised all public secondary school principals and teachers in Delta State. A sample of 541 which consist of 274 principals and 267 teachers in Delta State public secondary schools was selected. The sample size was drawn from the 25 local government of Delta State which represent 60%. was selected using a stratified random sampling technique to ensure proportional representation across the schools. Two instruments were used for data collection: Performance appraiser questionnaire (PAQ) and Compensation system Questionnaire (CSQ). The instruments were validated through face and content validity, the initial draft was presented to the supervisor and two experts with expertise in educational administration within the Department of Educational Management and Foundations at Delta State University, Abraka. In order to answer the research questions, descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation and coefficient of determination as well as inferential statistics such as Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 significance level. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (r2) values was used to test the hypothesis All hypotheses were tested at the 0.05 level of significance Findings of the study revealed that (i) There is a significant relationship between performance appraiser system and teachers' job performance in public secondary schools in Delta State. (ii) There is a significant relationship between compensation practice system and teachers' job performance in public secondary schools in Delta State. Based on these findings, it was recommended, among others that the (i) The performance appraisal system should be transparent, objective, timely, and developmental rather than punitive. (ii) The state government should periodically review and enhance the compensation package (salaries, allowances, and non-monetary benefits) for teachers to make it competitive and commensurate with their qualifications and job demands, as compensation significantly relates to motivation and performance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Performance Appraisal, Compensation Practice, Job Performance, Secondary Schools

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The pharmaceutical industry in India is undergoing a major digital transformation driven by the increasing need for regulatory compliance, data integrity, operational efficiency, and global competitiveness. Traditional paper-based Quality Management Systems (QMS) are often associated with process delays, manual errors, limited traceability, and challenges in audit readiness. As a result, pharmaceutical organizations are progressively shifting toward Digital Quality Management Systems (DQMS), integrating technologies such as cloud computing, automation, artificial intelligence, electronic documentation, and real-time analytics. DQMS enables standardized, interconnected, and data-driven quality processes, including deviation management, CAPA, change control, document management, training, and batch record review. The transition to digital platforms aligns with global regulatory frameworks such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Data Integrity (ALCOA+), FDA 21 CFR Part 11, and EU Annex 11. In the Indian context, the adoption of DQMS is growing across manufacturing units, especially those exporting to regulated markets; however, implementation challenges such as high investment cost, workforce digital skills, system validation, and cybersecurity risks remain. This review focuses on the implementation landscape, benefits, challenges, regulatory expectations, and future scope of DQMS in Indian pharmaceutical industries, highlighting its role in transforming quality culture and strengthening global compliance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital Quality Management System (DQMS), Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Regulatory Compliance, Data Integrity, FDA 21 CFR Part 11, EU Annex 11, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Pharmaceutical Quality Systems, Quality Culture, Electronic Documentation, Validation, Industry 4.0, Real-time Analytics, Digital Transformation, CAPA, Change Control, Pharma 4.0, Cloud-based QMS.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Ian McEwan's Machines Like Me explores the ethical boundaries between humans and machines in a world where artificial intelligence possesses moral awareness. The novel presents a humanoid robot, Adam, who is capable of thinking, feeling and making ethical decisions. Through Adam's interaction with human characters, McEwan questions whether machines can follow moral values better than humans and whether such moral perfection is safe.The novel highlights a clear difference between human ethics and machine ethics. Humans make moral decisions based on emotions, personal relationships and social circumstances, while machines follow strict rules of truth and justice. When Adam reports a past crime committed by a human character, his action exposes the conflict between justice and compassion. This incident shows how machine ethics lack emotional understanding, even when morally correct. This article argues that Machines Like Me presents artificial intelligence as a challenge to human morality rather than a solution. McEwan suggests that ethical boundaries are necessary because morality cannot exist without empathy, forgiveness and emotional responsibility. The novel ultimately emphasizes that human moral imperfection is essential to ethical life and cannot be replaced by machine logic.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ethics, Artificial Intelligence,Human-Machine Relationship, Moral Responsibility, Consciousness, Machine Ethics, Human Values.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: This research examines the fiscal management practices of officials of the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) in the context of implementing fiscal autonomy under Republic Act No. 10742 in Tarlac City. The study systematically evaluated fiscal management practices in budgeting, receipts and deposits, and disbursement and payment processes to determine the extent to which SK officials comply with fiscal regulations and guidelines prescribed by law and policy. It also considered the experiences and problems encountered in fiscal management, particularly the gaps between fiscal autonomy as mandated by law and its actual implementation at the barangay level. The study employed a quantitative descriptive research design and utilized a structured questionnaire to gather data from SK Chairpersons, SK Treasurers, and selected officials from the Department of the Interior and Local Government and the Commission on Audit. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, and mean were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that SK officials generally demonstrated a moderate level of compliance with fiscal management standards, with budgeting and documentation practices more consistently observed than procedures related to fund deposits and disbursement. However, several challenges were identified, including delays in fund access, limited fiscal management skills, insufficient training, and procedural constraints that affected the full exercise of fiscal autonomy. Based on these findings, the study recommends the conduct of regular and mandatory fiscal management training for SK officials, the streamlining of fund release and approval procedures, and strengthened coordination among SK officials, barangay officials, and oversight agencies. These measures are expected to enhance transparency, accountability, and effective youth participation in local governance. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in public administration by identifying institutional areas that may be strengthened to support the effective implementation of fiscal autonomy at the grassroots level.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Fiscal Managemen, Sangguniang Kabataan, Local Governance

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract In an increasingly saturated educational marketplace, traditional feature-benefit marketing has lost efficacy. This paper evaluates the strategic application of storytelling in content marketing within the educational sector. By synthesizing secondary data from 2023-2025 marketing reports, behavioral psychology frameworks, and institutional case studies, this study investigates how narrative structures foster emotional resonance, optimize retention, and drive enrollment. Analysis reveals that narrative-driven content generates 22% higher engagement rates than informational content alone. Furthermore, institutions leveraging student-centric "hero journeys" see a measurable lift in lead-to-enrollment conversion. The findings provide a strategic framework for educational marketers to operationalize storytelling across digital touchpoints.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Educational Marketing, Digital Storytelling, Student Enrollment, Content Strategy, Brand Narrative, Higher Education.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Over the years Mah?bh?rata, the great Indian epic, has been exerting deep influence on the life and psyche of large sections of people of the Indian sub continent. Numerous life situations have been portrayed in the epic with picturesque details. The characters in the epic no more appear to us as remote shadows. They live and pervade like real beings in a thousand situations of our daily life. A deep perusal of the epic reveals that the epic has a number of major and minor female characters who appears as telling examples of the unending miseries into which they are thrown solely because they happen to be women and solely because each episode is portrayed from a male gaze. The story of M?dhav? constitutes one such episode which has several undertones in it regarding the predicament of women. The present paper is an attempt to analyse the story of M?dhav? within modern feministic Perspectives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

M?dhav?,G?lava,Vi?v?mitra,predicament,patriarchal,authority,staked,Yay?ti,sojourn,virgin,Harya?va,Divod?sa,U??nara,pawn,silent,agonising,eloquent,protest,mistreated,untold sorrows, women folk, Vadh?sar?,chasteness , loyalty.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Fly ash; Polymer composites; Cold-setting resin; Hydrothermal curing; Compressive strength; Microhardness; Wear behaviour; Thermal conductivity; SEM; XRD; FTIR; Sustainable building materials.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Urban environments throughout India, especially large metro cities like Delhi are experiencing heavy construction and rapid Population growth has gradually reduced natural green areas. Given the wide recognition of exposure to greenery for its psychological and emotional benefits, our study investigates the association of urban green spaces in terms of accessibility and quality with residents' mental well-being. We analyse survey data collected from Delhi residents, studying the variation in their responses to stress relief, usage patterns, quality perception, and comfort levels. The clear trends arising from the visual analytics of the responses show frequency of visits to green areas, better quality of the space, and Safety as a factor leading to better well-being. This connects to SDG-3 (Good Health and Well-being), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 13 (Climate Action) at large, focusing on urban greenery in relation to both environmental and mental resilience. Index Terms--SDG, Climate, Action, Greenery

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

SGD, Climate, Action, Greenery

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The research paper topic, "Goa's Golden Treasure in Eco-Living," aims to discuss the earlier Goan way of life and Goa's historical background, focusing on how different settlements were formed as people sought survival through various means. Goa's land, being very fertile, attracted tribal people such as the Kols, Mundaris, Gawadas, and Velips, who settled there. Their occupations included farming, plantation work, and animal herding. It is believed that Lord Parshurama created Goa's land and brought the Dashagoti Brahmins to perform rituals in the region.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Goa, culture, Eco living

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The study was designed to investigate the significant levels of stress experienced by students due to academic pressure, competitive environment and personal challenges which seem to negatively impact their mental health, academic performance and overall well being. For the present research a quantitative, cross-sectional survey approach has been used for collecting data from representative sample of students using a validated stress scale questionnaire, exploring factors like academic workload, exam pressure, social relationship, family dynamics and personal factors. Chi- square values calculated were 40.990a 48.711a respectively, significant at P<.0001. The results indicate that there is strong association between interest towards courses and burden of academic workload, similarly students feel stressed as deadline nears the submission of projects and presentation of their class assignments. Students faced mental and physical fatigue, emotional drain which reduces their level of performance and induces loss of motivation, feeling of detachment were various issues expressed by the students in one to one interviews.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mental health; Stress; Academic Workload; Emotional Drain.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Shayyamutra is one most common but even most ignored and underestimated disease, whose clinical features, pathogenesis and management are not clearly described in Ayurvedic text. The only quotation by Acharya Adhamalla can be compared with Nocturnal Enuresis. Contemporary science and Research studies mention Stress as contributing factor in manifesting Nocturnal Enuresis. Ayurveda has upper hand in attenuating stress so, Ashwaganda a proven anti stress drug a Rasayana too and Bimbimoola Swarasa indicated in Shayyamutra was chosen for Stress induced Nocturnal Enuresis. Stress is often found to present in everybody's life in this era and it's noticed that children too have stress with different sources though the impact and intensity of stress differs in children than that of in adults. Adults can cope up and tackle the stress in one or the other way but it isn't possible in children because they can't take it as adults can. The stress thus has adverse effect manifesting psychological and physical ailments. Hence, its need to concentrate that stress could may play major role in any disease especially in psychological manifestation and behavioral disorders. NE with specific cause of Stress was reviewed from Journal and Internet sources, Research papers as there wasn't anything specific related to Stress induced NE was observed even though it has been considered as one of the underlying cause for SNE. Stress in children, causes and symptoms of stress in children is reviewed. Researches related to Stress causing NE also reviewed. Tips for Parents and teachers for coping children with stress and tips for children and Parents regarding do's and don'ts is reviewed.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Nocturnal Enuresis; Stress; CSDC; Re Experiencing; Numbing and Dissociation; Increased Arousal; Impairment in function; Bimbimoola Swarasa; Ashwagandha

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

mRNA - or messenger RNA - vaccines have been a work in progress for several decades, often overshadowed by developments in DNA vaccines due to the safety and efficacy concerns that come with mRNA vaccines. mRNA vaccines function by delivering the coding for an antigen into the host cells. The mRNA is then translated into a protein and processed so that it elicits an immune response. mRNA is a highly favourable vaccination method due to several factors, including the rapid production process, high safety, and non- integrating nature of the mRNA. The three primary struggles of mRNA vaccines are: stability, efficacy, and immunogenicity. These can all be addressed via three highlighted chemical modifications that have shown promise in their ability to improve the functionality of mRNA vaccines. The first modification reduces innate immune sensing upon the reception of an mRNA vaccine by modifying the nucleosides so they are able to bypass the bodies defensive mechanisms and prevent the vaccine from being identified as a threat. Furthermore, 5' cap modifications work as a protective structure that shields RNA from exonuclease cleavage, which is necessary for effective mRNA translation. Lastly, UTR (untranslated regions) and poly(A) tail modifications can extend the lifespan of mRNA and maintains intracellular stability. This literature review aims to summarise the purposes and benefits of these modifications in the future development of mRNA vaccines, and examines the three aforementioned key chemical modifications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

mRNA vaccines, chemical modifications, biochemistry, nucleoside modifications

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

on USD facilitating retrievals and providing ease of updates. This program permits users to convert a specified amount, between any pair of supported currencies check exchange rates and dynamically add or update rates. By using USD as a pivot currency the system guarantees uniform and dependable outcomes.The application follows a menu-driven structure, improving user interaction by guiding them through conversion, rate viewing, and update options. It demonstrates important Java concepts such as collections, modular programming, input handling, and formatted output. This project highlights how simple Java programs can be applied to real-world financial tasks and can be further expanded with features like live API-based rates, a graphical interface, or database support .Overall, the Advanced Currency Converter demonstrates how core programming concepts like data structures, loops, conditional statements, and formatted output can be used to build a real-world, functional application. The project not only performs accurate conversions but is also flexible for future enhancements such as integrating real-time exchange APIs, adding a graphical interface, or expanding currency support. Thus, it stands as a meaningful example of applying Java programming to solve everyday financial needs.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

API-based rates., USD, Real-world, Exchange Rates

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is a significant step in the democratic structure of India. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is a significant step in the democratic structure of India. This proved to be a historic step. This amendment granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and strengthened public participation in rural governance. The most significant and far-reaching impact of this amendment was on women's political participation and social status. By providing women with reservations in Panchayats, they were constitutionally empowered to participate in the decision-making process, opening new avenues for their empowerment in rural society. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment ensured a minimum of 33 percent reservation for women at all levels: Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad. Reservations were also made for women from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. As a result, millions of women across the country emerged as elected representatives for the first time. This not only increased the number of women in political institutions but also enhanced their social identity and self-confidence. Women's participation in Panchayati Raj institutions made rural development priorities more humane and inclusive. Issues such as health, sanitation, drinking water, education, nutrition, and women and child welfare gained prominence on the Panchayats' agenda. Several studies have shown that women representatives have a better understanding of local needs and play a vital role in the effective implementation of social development

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Panchayati Raj, 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Women Empowerment, Reservation, Village Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad, political participation, leadership, decision-making, gender main ww equality, rural development, social justice, self-governance, Sarpanch, women representatives, education, health, mw sanitation, self-reliance, awareness, training, democracy, inclusion, rights, governance, social change, rural women, representation, empowered leadership, policy making, local govern

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Pneumothorax is a common complication of navigational bronchoscopy for peripheral lung biopsies, occurring in 5-15% of cases. While high-concentration oxygen is known to accelerate resolution of spontaneous pneumothorax via nitrogen washout, its proactive intraoperative use as a mitigation strategy during bronchoscopy remains unexplored. Case Summary: A 56-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer underwent navigational bronchoscopy for biopsy of a 6-mm right middle lobe nodule. High-concentration oxygen was administered throughout the procedure. A moderate post-procedural pneumothorax was detected on chest X-ray but resolved significantly within 3 hours and completely by 24 hours without chest drain insertion. Serial imaging confirmed full resolution at 21-day follow-up. Conclusion: This case suggests that intraoperative high FiO? may harness the nitrogen washout effect to rapidly resolve iatrogenic pneumothorax, potentially avoiding invasive intervention. We propose a risk-stratified framework to guide targeted use--positioning oxygen not merely as a ventilatory support, but as an active safety lever in bronchoscopic lung biopsy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: navigational bronchoscopy; pneumothorax; nitrogen washout; high-concentration oxygen; peripheral lung biopsy; complication mitigation; FiO?; case report

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In all historical eras and among different peoples, a person's desire for self-expression and aesthetic decoration of their own appearance can be traced. In the absence of the necessary natural resources, people tried to create the desired forms by artificial means. In many cases, they used not their own hair, but alternative hair, which led to the development of the art of postiche (hair pieces made of natural or synthetic hair). At the present stage, a stylist-hairdresser cannot do without postiche products in the process of modeling and performing current hairstyles. Thanks to the use of alternative hair, it becomes possible to increase the volume of the hairstyle, lengthen the hair, complement the image with decorative elements made of hair, complex braids, avant-garde strands, chignons with extravagant coloring. In addition, postiche is actively used in combination with eyelash extensions, which contributes to the creation of a holistic, individual and artistically expressive image.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

alternative hair, hairdressing, fashion, style, modeling hairstyles, postiche products.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In an era of intense competition, media clutter, and rising advertising costs, organizations are increasingly turning toward unconventional marketing strategies to capture consumer attention. Shadow marketing has emerged as a prominent yet controversial approach that enables firms to gain brand visibility without formal sponsorship or official association. This research paper presents an in-depth examination of shadow marketing, including its conceptual framework, historical evolution, strategic techniques, psychological underpinnings, ethical and legal considerations, and organizational impact in the digital economy. Through extensive theoretical discussion and real-world insights, the study highlights how shadow marketing influences consumer perception and decision-making while simultaneously challenging traditional notions of marketing ethics and sponsorship rights. The paper concludes that shadow marketing, when strategically and ethically managed, can serve as a powerful complementary marketing tool; however, irresponsible usage may lead to reputational damage and regulatory intervention.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Shadow Marketing, Ambush Marketing, Consumer Psychology, Digital Strategy, Marketing Ethics.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition