Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial in the economic process of India, particularly in the semi-urban and rural areas, such as Haveri in Karnataka. Although they are significant, lack of access to formal finance is a significant challenge to MSMEs. Financial Technology (FinTech) services have become a radically new platform in recent years, which has allowed the delivery of digital credits, online payments, and inclusive financial services using UPI, Aadhaar-based KYC, and digital lending applications. This paper will discuss how FinTech platforms are relevant in intensifying MSME financial inclusion in Haveri District. The analysis has been done using secondary data (Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)) on the impact of digital financial system on greater access to credit, transparency of transaction, and scalability of business with micro-entrepreneurs. The results show a fast growth in digitally-enabled micro-loans (particularly Shishu loans), 20% growth in MSME credit and high penetrations in digital accounts by Aadhaar. Nevertheless, there are still difficulties in taking MSMEs out of the low-ticket credit and spreading knowledge about sophisticated FinTech services. The paper concludes that FinTech has greatly enhanced financial inclusion, but institutional relationship and repetitive digital literacy initiatives have a crucial role on sustainable MSME development in rural Karnataka.

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 Keywords

FinTech, MSME, Financial Inclusion, Digital Lending, Haveri District

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In the rapidly evolving landscape of investment options, mutual funds have emerged as a desired choice for investors in India, offering diverse mutual fund schemes providing to varying financial goals and risk appetites. This review paper explores the multifaceted factors influencing investor behaviour concerning mutual fund investments in the Indian context. Drawing insights from existing literature, the study examines psychological, demographic, economic, and technological drivers, shedding light on gaps in research, such as regional disparities, the impact of digital platforms, and behavioural shifts of certain time period. By identifying these factors and research gaps, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of shaping investment behaviours, offering a foundation for future studies and practical applications.

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 Keywords

Investors, Investment Behaviour, Mutual Fund Investment, Mutual Fund schemes, Digital Investment and recent technological advancements

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The Financial literacy and Inclusion Survey (NFLIS) Report 2019 found that more than 70% of adult residents of India lack sufficient knowledge about managing their finances. According to finding of secondary data, there are only 21% of adult women show adequate financial literacy levels and only 17% of rural residents show acceptable levels of financial literacy. The objective of this report is to demonstrate how financial education is vital to executing the National Education Policy of 2020's (NEP 2020) objectives related to holistic child development, life skills, and vocationally relevant training. By using measurements provided by the OECD/INFE 2023 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy (OECD/INFE 2022), India can be compared against countries with similar socioeconomic status to show that the majority of the comparing countries have average adult financial literacy rates of approximately 60%. This paper identifies the critical need of providing school-based financial education, as well as providing support to educators through the provisions outlined in the NEP 2020, and presents a potential for developing suitable alternatives as mentioned in this research paper.

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 Keywords

Curriculum integration, Financial literacy, NEP 2020, School education, Teacher training, Youth empowerment

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The Smart Electric Wheelchair especially planned for elders and people with limited physical abilities. It integrates ultrasonic for precise edge, obstacle detection, securing fall deterrence and collision-free navigation. Included wellness sensor supervise moisture, body heat, rate of pulse in real-time, transmitting information for proactive user care and data will display on OLED. IoT-empowered web page services complete rotational movements-right, forward, left, reverse, turns with low delay remote control, path optimization. Exploratory outcomes confirm forward and backward object detection precision and consistent tracking, upgrading autonomy for physical disabilities. In case of emergency if the user presses the emergency push button the "Emergency" will display on Organic Light Emitting Diode and result will display on serial monitor. This procedure outperforms conventional models by integrating web-based operation, health oversight, safety and promoting quality of life and autonomy.

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Ultrasonic sensor, DHT11 sensor, Pulse rate sensor, ESP32, Web-page interface.

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The present study examines the need for sustainable rural area development as a means to avoid adverse impacts on the agricultural sector in the contemporary scenario. Agriculture remains the backbone of rural livelihoods, yet it is increasingly affected by unplanned development, population pressure, and environmental degradation. The primary objective of this study is to identify the underlying causes and prevailing problems influencing agriculture in rural areas today. The study is based entirely on secondary data sources, including research journals, government reports, news articles, and relevant web-based resources. The findings reveal that conventional notions of development--such as the expansion of road networks, rapid industrialization, and the growing number of transport facilities--often overlook their long-term consequences on agricultural land, soil quality, water resources, and rural ecosystems. While such developments aim to improve economic growth, they frequently generate negative externalities that threaten agricultural sustainability. With a rapidly increasing population and rising demand for food security, sustainable development has become essential across all sectors, particularly in rural areas. The study concludes that adopting sustainable rural development practices is crucial for protecting agriculture, ensuring efficient use of natural resources, and meeting the basic needs of present and future generations. Sustainable rural development offers a balanced pathway that promotes growth without compromising agricultural productivity and environmental integrity.

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Sustainable Development, Rural Development, Agricultural Challenges, Agricultural Problems, Environmental Sustainability, Food Security

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In the modern era of remote collaboration, developers and learners often rely on multiple disconnected tools for coding, communication, and brainstorming, causing workflow fragmentation and reduced productivity. CodeMate aims to overcome these issues by providing an integrated, browser-based environment that brings together a real-time multi-language code editor, interactive whiteboard, and live chat system in a single collaborative interface. Implemented using WebRTC for peer-to-peer low-latency communication and WebSockets for signaling and session management, CodeMate ensures seamless synchronization of code, messages, and visual content. The platform enhances synchronous activities such as pair programming, technical interviews, digital labs, and live coding workshops. Testing confirms low latency, smooth synchronization, and efficient collaboration across devices. CodeMate demonstrates the potential of unified real-time tools to simplify workflows, reduce cognitive load, and improve collaborative learning and development experiences.

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Real-time collaboration, Code editor, WebRTC, WebSockets, Whiteboard, Live chat, Peer-to-peer communication, React.js, Collaborative learning, Remote programming

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The global rise of mobile banking has seen a widespread adoption of this technology amongst all age groups from various financial backgrounds and expertise. From them, the individuals ranging from age 18 to 60 are most pertinent as those individuals are amongst the highest users of mobile banking to fulfill their daily financial needs. The goal of this research is to explore the role of mobile banking app designs in shaping user experience and influencing their choice on whether to use the mobile banking platform more often or not. As part of this research, a survey was conducted, collecting data from 92 respondents, both male and female; aged between 18 and 60 years; who use mobile banking services. The responses gathered serve as a primary data source for analysing the relationship between the design aspects of mobile banking applications and their influence on user behaviour. The research affirms that design elements such as colour dynamics, homepage design, security features, and transparency are integral in determining the usability of mobile banking applications.

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Private Banks, ICICI bank, IDFC First, Public Banks, YONO SBI, PNB One, Mobile Banking, Application Design

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The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of Wellness Tutelage on knowledge, attitude and willingness to change healthy lifestyles among adolescents.Background: lifestyle diseases is the most common reason for today's death. Lifestyle and behaviors during adolescents have life-long consequences to the health and onset of lifestyle diseases in later life. Adolescents phase establish patterns of behavior lifestyle in healthy way. Aim and objective: To assess the effectiveness of Wellness Tutelage on knowledge, attitude and willingness to change among adolescents. Methodology: Quantitative approach, quasi experimental non- equivalent control group pretest, posttest research design was adopted to assess the effectiveness of Wellness Tutelage among 60adolescents at selected communities in Vellore. Probability convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Wellness Tutelage was administered and level of knowledge, attitude and willingness to change was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaire, four point likert scale and structured rating scale for both the experimental and control group. Results: The findings of the study revealed that the calculated student paired "t" value for the post test level of knowledge among experimental group adolescents was t=7.86, for attitude t=10.84 and for willingness to change t=4.58 which showed that a very high statistical significance at p<0.001 level. Conclusion: The results revealed that Wellness Tutelage was effective in improving knowledge, attitude and willingness to change among adolescents which can enhance their healthy lifestyle in their day today life.

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Wellness Tutelage, Willingness to change, Buzz group

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Abstract: Quality assurance is getting higher importance in the health care system as there is a heavy investment in the health system on structure and resources. So it is essential to know how for it is accessible to the remote area people and whether the community people are aware of the health care services available for them and the people are satisfied out of health sector's services. Aim & Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and level of satisfaction of health care consumers towards OACHC's health services, to correlate between knowledge, attitude and level of satisfaction of health care consumers towards OACHC's health services and to associate the selected background variables with the mean level of knowledge, attitude and level of satisfaction of health services among health care consumers. Methods and Materials: Non experimental descriptive research design to assess the knowledge, attitude and level of satisfaction of health care consumers in utilization of OACHC health services, 50 consumers(15-60) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. A structured questionnaire method was used to assess the knowledge and 5 point likert scale used to assess the attitude and level of satisfaction was assessed by using 4 point likert scale which was devised and collected by the investigator through interview technique. Results: The findings revealed that none of them having adequate knowledge and majority of the consumers were having moderate level of knowledge whereas few of the having inadequate level of knowledge. While considering the attitude majority of them having moderate level of attitude and all of the health care consumers having high level of satisfaction towards OACHC's health care services. Chi-square reveals that most of the consumers were frequently attended the centre, with reasonable visit, by getting information about OACHC, all these were significantly associated with the knowledge, attitude and level of satisfaction score. Conclusion: Majority of health care consumers are having moderate level of knowledge (56.00%) whereas few of the having inadequate level of knowledge(44.00%) while considering the attitude majority of them having moderate level of attitude (52.00%) and all of the health care consumers having high level of satisfaction(100%) towards OACHC's health care services.

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 Keywords

Quality Assurance, Heavy Investment, Health care consumers, utilization of OACHC's health service, heavy investment

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The ancient kingdom of Travancore forms the southernmost potion of west cost of India. The kingdom also known as the state of Travancore was an earlier Hindu primitive kingdom up to 1858, and the princely state of India was ruled by royal family of Travancore. Ayilyam Thirunal RamaVarma ruled Travancore from 1860 to 1880. The agrarian reforms introduced during the reign of Ayilyam Thirunal marked a significant transformation in the land relations of the princely state of Travancore. Prior to these reforms, the agrarian structure was characterised by feudal dominance, insecure tenancy, and heavy revenue demands on cultivators. Recognizing the need for administrative modernization and social justice, Ayilyam Thirunal implemented policies aimed at protecting tenants and rationalizing land revenue administration. The reforms not only improved the economic condition of peasants but also weakened the feudal land system that had constrained rural society in Travancore. Collectively, these agrarian measures laid the foundation for later land reforms in Kerala and contributed to the emergence of a more equitable and stable agrarian order.

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Diwan, Jenmis, Kudiyans, Pandara Lands, Ryots.

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This paper examines emotional deterioration as a process shaped and sustained by cultural forces in the fictional writings of Shobha Rao, with particular attention to Girls Burn Brighter (2018). Rather than presenting suffering as sudden or exceptional, the study reveals how distress develops gradually through everyday practices, inherited norms and unequal power relations. Rao's narratives portray women whose inner lives are steadily worn down by social expectations, economic dependence and restricted mobility, making emotional decline both continuous and normalized. The analysis highlights how cultural frameworks teach endurance while discouraging expression, causing pain to be absorbed inward rather than resisted outward. At the same time, the paper observes how human connection, especially between women, emerges as a fragile yet meaningful response to prolonged hardship. Emotional survival in these texts does not appear as triumph but as persistence shaped by care, memory and shared presence. By focusing on lived experience rather than dramatic violence, this study offers a nuanced understanding of how culture quietly participates in the making of emotional vulnerability. The paper contributes to contemporary literary criticism by foregrounding emotional deterioration as an ongoing, socially maintained condition, thereby inviting readers to reconsider suffering not as an individual failure but as a collective cultural outcome.

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 Keywords

Quiet trauma, Relational survival, Female interiority, Gendered suffering and Human vulnerability.

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The Special Intensive Revision is a noteworthy, targeted electoral roll cleaning and re-enumeration work done by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to establish that electoral rolls are both comprehensive and correct ahead of major elections or when organized inadequacies are detected. This paper studies the legitimate and official basis for SIR, functional design, current deployments (2023-2025), results, challenges and policy suggestions. Tapping into ECI documents, Press Information Bureau publications, State Chief Electoral Officer notifications and national media reporting, this paper states that SIRs have provably enhanced roll standard where executed with requisite precautions, but risks of disqualify and logistical pressure continues. To increase democratic incorporation, SIR must amalgamate procedural precautions, increased BLO capacity, vigorous grievance redress, transparent public communication and strong data-protection steps.

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Special Intensive Revision; SIR; Election Commission of India; electoral rolls; Booth Level Officer; voter registration; electoral integrity

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This paper undertakes a comparative literary study of Kamala Das's "An Introduction" and Nissim Ezekiel's "Night of the Scorpion" to examine how Indian English poetry negotiates identity, gender, and cultural consciousness within postcolonial contexts. Rather than approaching the poems as isolated expressions of feminist confession or cultural realism, the study places them in dialogue to explore how poetic voice mediates between individual self-articulation and communal belief. Employing qualitative literary analysis and close reading, the paper draws on feminist and postcolonial theoretical frameworks to investigate how language, embodiment, and belief systems shape differing modes of subjectivity. Das's poem is examined as a linguistic assertion of female selfhood that resists social and cultural regulation, while Ezekiel's poem is analysed as a narrative of collective response in which suffering is absorbed into communal ethics and inherited belief. The study argues that reading these poems comparatively reveals the coexistence of divergent yet interrelated postcolonial sensibilities within Indian English poetry. By foregrounding both individual and communal modes of experience, the paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how gender, culture, and identity are articulated through poetic form in postcolonial Indian writing.

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Comparative analysis, Cultural belief, Female subjectivity, Indian English poetry, Poetic voice, Postcolonial identity

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 Abstract

The health inequities across Indian districts have roots in Social Determinants of Health inclusive of maternal care, child nutrition, sanitation, education, and access to healthcare[4]. While datasets like NFHS-5 [1] are rich in information on these indicators, the high dimensionality coupled with inconsistent administrative formats causes serious challenge in systematic vulnerability assessment[14]. This paper presents HealthScape, a data-driven unified analytics framework that integrates PCAbased dimensionality reduction[14], [15], machine learning-based classification[6], [8], and geospatial visualization[7], [10] for generating district-level SDOH vulnerability maps. Standardized data cleaning and feature engineering, dimensionality reduction based on PCA, vulnerability scoring, and classification by XGBoost form the pipeline. District boundaries are spatially joined using GeoJSON files; hence, interactive choropleth maps can be generated to highlight high-risk clusters and regional disparities[15]. Experimental results confirm strong predictive performance and accurate spatial representation by identifying the top vulnerable districts and subsequently yielding interpretable insights for policymakers. Complex survey data will now be transformed into actionable intelligence, and the model proposed is scalable for population-health monitoring across India.

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 Keywords

SDOH, NFHS-5, PCA, Machine Learning, GIS, Vulnerability Index, Spatial Analysis

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Digital literacy has become an essential component of contemporary primary education as technology increasingly shapes children's learning environments, communication patterns, and social behavior. This paper examines the role of digital literacy education in developing responsible technology use among primary school learners. It explores how early exposure to guided digital practices enhances cognitive skills, ethical awareness, information discernment, online safety, creativity, and collaborative learning. Key dimensions discussed include foundational digital skills, cyber safety awareness, critical media literacy, balanced screen habits, teacher-mediated technology integration, parental involvement, inclusive digital access, value-based digital citizenship, age-appropriate digital competencies, monitoring mechanisms, and institutional strategies for sustainable implementation. Findings suggest that structured digital literacy education at the primary level promotes safe, ethical, and productive engagement with technology, preparing learners for future academic and social demands.

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Digital Literacy, Primary Education, Responsible Technology Use, Cyber Safety, Media Literacy, Digital Citizenship, ICT in Education

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The problem of cultivating conceptual knowledge in the students is still a major challenge in the secondary level education regardless of the fact that the teachers are highly disciplined and trained in pedagogical knowledge. According to the existing research, it has been proposed that content knowledge or general pedagogical knowledge does not explain the differences in meaningful learning of students. This is an abstracted concept paper, and it advances theoretically based framework to denominate Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) as mediating factor between teacher knowledge and the conceptual knowledge of the students in the learners. As the paper is built on the existing theories about teacher knowledge and learning, it synthesises the scholarly literature and describes how teachers convert the subject matter into pedagogically empowering representations that respond to existing knowledge, misunderstandings, and need of the learners in their minds. The suggested framework explains the processes in which teacher quality impacts conceptual knowledge, such as the nature of instructional representation, order of content, and responsive pedagogic thinking. The implication of PCK as the key predictive variable of the paper is provided in terms of teacher education, the professional development, and curriculum design, and represents the basis of the future empirical and theoretical research on teaching in understanding.

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Pedagogical Content Knowledge, teacher expertise, conceptual understanding, secondary education, instructional mediation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest due to its wide-ranging applications in healthcare and environmental management; however, many conventional nanoparticle synthesis techniques rely on toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes that raise environmental concerns. In this study, an environmentally benign and sustainable method was developed for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using soybean pod dry waste extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis was conducted under mild reaction conditions and was initially evidenced by a visible color change, followed by UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis, which showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm. Morphological examination using scanning electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with slight agglomeration. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed silver as the principal elemental component and indicated the presence of plant-derived biomolecules contributing to nanoparticle stabilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further demonstrated the involvement of phenolic, flavonoid, and proteinaceous functional groups in the reduction and capping processes. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. Overall, the findings underscore the potential of soybean pod dry waste as a low-cost and renewable resource for the eco-friendly synthesis of biologically active silver nanoparticles with promising antibacterial applications.

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Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Soybean pod dry waste, Antibacterial activity, Nanotechnology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid growth of digital platforms has transformed the way events are planned, managed, and executed. However, traditional event management practices still rely heavily on manual coordination, disconnected communication channels, and delayed service tracking, which often leads to inefficiencies and user dissatisfaction. This paper presents the design and development of a scalable Event Management Sys tem built using the MERN architecture, enhanced with Next.js for server-side rendering and Tailwind CSS for responsive, utility-first user interface design. The proposed system provides a centralized platform for event creation, service management, attendee registration, and real-time scheduling. By leveraging Next.js API routes and MongoDB's flexible data model, the application ensures high performance, scalability, and improved search engine visibility. The system aims to simplify the complete event lifecycle while delivering a seamless experience for organizers, administrators, and attendees

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Event Management, Next.js, Tailwind CSS, MERN Stack, Full-stack Development, Scalability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) represents a transformative advance in molecular biology, reshaping pharmaceutical research through precise and efficient genome editing. This technology enables targeted modification of genetic material in living cells, offering unprecedented potential for the treatment of genetic and complex diseases. CRISPR-Cas9 operates via three core steps: guide RNA-mediated target DNA recognition, Cas9-induced double-strand break formation, and cellular repair through non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair. Recent innovations, including base editing and prime editing, have significantly improved editing accuracy while reducing unintended genomic alterations. Clinical translation has progressed rapidly, highlighted by the FDA approval of CASGEVY(TM) in December 2023 for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent ?-thalassemia--the first approved CRISPR-based therapy. Therapeutic applications now span monogenic disorders, cancer immunotherapy via CAR-T cell engineering, viral infections, and neurological diseases, with ongoing clinical trials targeting HIV, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and inherited retinal disorders. Effective delivery remains a major challenge, though adeno-associated viruses, lipid nanoparticles, and lentiviral vectors show clinical promise. Persistent concerns include off-target effects, immunogenicity, scalability, and long-term safety. High-fidelity Cas9 variants and optimized guide RNA chemistries have substantially mitigated these risks. Future directions emphasize multiplexed and epigenetic editing, integration with conventional therapies, and AI-assisted CRISPR design. Collectively, CRISPR-based therapeutics are poised to shift medicine from symptomatic treatment toward durable genetic correction and precision healthcare.

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CRISPR-Cas9, Gene Editing, Base Editing, Prime Editing, CAR-T Cell Therapy, Drug Delivery, Off-Target Effects, Genetic Disorders, Clinical Applications, Pharmacology

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Abstract: The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders globally, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic syndrome, represents one of the most significant public health challenges of the twenty-first century. The limitations of conventional pharmaceutical treatments--including high costs, adverse effects, and incomplete therapeutic benefits --have motivated intense scientific interest in plant-derived therapeutic agents. Phytopharmacology, the study of pharmacologically active plant compounds, offers a promising avenue for developing safe, effective, and accessible therapeutic interventions for metabolic pathologies. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the role of bioactive plant constituents--including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids--in ameliorating metabolic dysfunction through multiple molecular mechanisms. Key findings indicate that phytochemicals can modulate glucose homeostasis, improve insulin sensitivity, regulate lipid metabolism, reduce oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and restore gut microbiota balance. Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrates meaningful improvements in glycemic parameters, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and anthropometric measures when patients receive standardized herbal preparations as adjunctive or complementary therapies alongside conventional management strategies. This comprehensive review examines the phytopharmacological basis of metabolic disorder management, evaluates clinical evidence supporting specific plant extracts and isolated compounds, explores molecular mechanisms of action, addresses safety and standardization considerations, and discusses future perspectives for integrating phytotherapy into evidence-based clinical practice. Metabolic Disorders, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Phytopharmacology, Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, Insulin Resistance, Herbal Therapy

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 Keywords

Metabolic Disorders, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Phytopharmacology, Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, Insulin Resistance, Herbal Therapy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition