Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Global supply chains have become the new battlefield in a world of geopolitical contention, technological competition, and shifting trade links. This paper studies the shift from a deep globalization period of integrated production networks and soaring trade growth to progressive fragmentation under growing protectionism, geopolitical rivalries, and disruptive crises. It investigates how trade policy instruments like tariffs and export controls are being used with growing frequency to create strategic dependencies and decouple from enemy economies. Case studies, such as the U.S.-China trade war and pandemic-driven disruptions, highlight vulnerabilities of hyper-globalized systems. Novel approaches such as friend-shoring and resilience are considered, as countries look to achieve a tradeoff between efficiency and security requirements. Above all, the analysis is unambiguous: the reorganization of global supply chains signals wider economic seismic shifts that are driving immediate reform throughout the world. The results also add to the nascent policy discussions and lay groundwork for additional research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Geopolitics, Fragmentation, Resilience, Weaponization, Friend-shoring

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The term feminism coming from French and has its origin from the Latin word 'femina' which denotes women. According to the Oxford British Terminology, the term 'Feminism' was first used in the latter aspect of the Nineteenth century and it was described as having the qualities of females. In common, feminism is the ideology of women's independence in all its approaches as a woman who recognizes herself and is identified by others as feminist. The feminist attention is the attention of victimization. As a perception of life, it is in contrast to women's subordination to men in the family and society, along with men' claims to find out which is best for women. To vastly oversimplify, the goal of feminism becomes to eliminate sexist oppression imposed by the patriarchal society which it was thought; would end discrimination against women on the job, in the home and in all areas of Women's' lives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Feminism,Sexuality,Victimization,Identity,Subjection,Representation, Ideology.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Education is an indispensable need of mankind. It aims at educating the masses to become better citizens and more useful members of society. The district of Sambalpur had played an important role in the field of education and social consciousness during the British rule. Prior to the beginning of first half of the Nineteenth Century, Sambalpur became a main centre for learning in Western Odisha. The primary education was introduced in the district very early. Many of the indigenous school were opened in various placed of Sambalpur. The Secondary and Western education in the district was introduced after the foundation of Zilla School in 1852 at the town of Sambalpur. It is the oldest school in the district. There has been a steady advanced in the education of girls in the Sambalpur district. The Government paid very little attention to backward classes before 1905. After the National Movement for freedom, education of the backward classes received some considerable from the government. First time in Sambalpur district, the untouchable caste pupils were allowed to all general schools. Muhammdans form a very small minority in Sambalpur and Urdu School of Sambalpur is the oldest school in Western Odisha. The present work is the first historical study, strictly speaking of the "Growth of Education and Social Consciousness in Sambalpur during British Rule: - A Retrospect."

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: - Agitation, Conciliatory, Elite, Hirakhanda, Plucking.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

For one of the fastest developing countries of the world like India, economic growth and development are the major areas of concern but political development is similarly important which cannot be overlooked. Any discussion regarding political development in India raises the concern about the challenges before political development of the country. Therefore, this paper tries to enquire into the nature of political development in India, explore the major challenges before political development in India and suggest some ways to tackle these challenges.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Political Development, Political Development in India

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper presents a biometric payment system using fingerprint authentication integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller to enable secure and cashless transactions. The system authenticates users based on unique fingerprint patterns, eliminating the need for cards, PINs, or passwords. Upon successful verification, payment transactions are processed in real time through a connected database or cloud platform. The proposed system enhances transaction security, reduces fraud, and improves user convenience. Overall, it provides a low-cost, reliable, and scalable solution for modern digital payment applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Biometric Payment System, Fingerprint Authentication, ESP32 Microcontroller, Secure Transactions

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become central to modern artificial intelligence applications, yet their effectiveness strongly depends on how user instructions are formulated. Prompt engineering has emerged as a practical technique to guide model behavior without modifying model parameters or performing additional training. This paper presents an empirical benchmarking study of widely used prompt engineering strategies across multiple large language models, including both proprietary and open-source architectures. The study examines zero-shot, few-shot, chain-of-thought, role-based, and structured prompting techniques using diverse evaluation tasks such as logical reasoning, text summarization, and code generation. Model performance is evaluated based on accuracy, consistency of responses, and computational latency. Experimental results demonstrate that prompt engineering consistently improves task performance across all models, with chain-of-thought and structured prompts showing the most notable gains. Additionally, smaller and open-source models benefit more significantly from optimized prompts when compared to advanced models with strong baseline capabilities. The findings confirm that prompt engineering is a low-cost, model-agnostic approach for enhancing LLM performance and provide practical guidance for selecting effective prompting strategies in real-world deployments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

- Large Language Models, Prompt Engineering, Performance Evaluation, Chain-of-Thought, Benchmarking

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the context of increasing globalization and competitive pressures, organizations are increasingly reliant on effective human resource management (HRM) practices to enhance organizational performance. This study examines the relationship between selected HRM practices--employee incentives, training, selective hiring, job security, and decentralization--and organizational performance, drawing on Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) theory and the Resource-Based View (RBV). Data were collected from 430 respondents and analyzed using reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques. Reliability results confirmed acceptable to good internal consistency for all constructs. Correlation analysis revealed that all HRM practices were positively and significantly associated with organizational performance. However, multiple regression results indicated that only decentralization and self-managed teams had a significant positive effect on organizational performance when controlling for other HRM practices. Incentives, training, job security, and selective hiring did not show significant positive effects in the multivariate model, with selective hiring exhibiting a significant but negative relationship. The findings underscore the importance of empowerment-oriented HRM practices and suggest that decentralization plays a critical role in enhancing organizational performance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Human Resource Management, Strategic HRM, Organizational Performance, Decentralization, Employee Empowerment

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often experience significant challenges in school participation due to motor impairments, postural difficulties, and environmental barriers within educational settings. Limited accessibility, inadequate classroom design, and lack of appropriate assistive equipment can restrict their engagement in academic, social, and Objective: The present study aimed to examine the role of assistive equipment and environmental adaptations in enhancing school participation among children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A school-based, quasi-experimental pre-post study design was employed involving children diagnosed with cerebral palsy attending inclusive school settings. Participants received individualized assistive equipment (such as adaptive seating, mobility aids, writing supports, and classroom access tools) along with targeted environmental adaptations, including classroom layout modifications, accessibility enhancements, and task-specific environmental restructuring.. Results: Post-intervention findings demonstrated a significant improvement in school participation, including enhanced engagement in classroom activities, improved task performance, greater independence in mobility and self-care within the school environment, and increased social interaction with peers. Environmental adaptations reduced physical and contextual barriers, while assistive equipment supported functional performance and sustained participation across academic tasks. Conclusion: The study highlights that the combined use of assistive equipment and environmental adaptations plays a crucial role in promoting meaningful school participation among children with cerebral palsy. Integrating these strategies within inclusive school settings can facilitate accessibility, functional independence, and active engagement, thereby supporting participation-focused, child-centered educational practices.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Cerebral palsy, assistive equipment, environmental adaptations, school participation, inclusive education, occupational therapy.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and reliable energy systems has increased the importance of renewable energy-based microgrid development. In Vietnam, microgrid planning involves complex decision making processes that require balancing economic feasibility, technical performance, and environmental sustainability. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a multi-criteria decision-making framework to evaluate and rank alternative microgrid configurations, including solar, wind, battery-based, and hybrid solar-wind-battery systems. Expert judgments were collected and structured into pairwise comparison matrices to determine the relative importance of evaluation criteria and alternatives. The results indicate that solar-based microgrid systems achieve the highest overall priority due to their favorable environmental performance and competitive cost characteristics under Vietnam's climatic conditions. Wind-based systems rank second, while hybrid configurations demonstrate strong technical performance but are constrained by higher investment costs and environmental considerations. Battery-only systems are found to be less suitable as standalone solutions. The findings provide a transparent decision support tool for energy planners, industrial managers, and policymakers, contributing to informed microgrid development and sustainable energy planning in Vietnam.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Microgrid, Renewable Energy, AHP, MCDM, Solar Energy, Vietnam, Environmental Impact

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Inclusion financial inclusion has become one of the key pillars of an inclusive growth process in India, and digital banking is considered to be the most scalable channel to narrowing the urban-rural gap. Karnataka is the state with a high concentration of rural population and a dense network of regional rural banks and cooperative institutions, which has experienced a rapid growth in the number of Jan Dhan accounts, Aadhaar-based payment systems and UPI-based transactions. The present paper describes financial inclusion using the concept of digital banking in rural Karnataka as a secondary research based on the main sources like RBI surveys, NABARD surveys, government reports and recent empirical literature. Chi-square and t-tests are used to test association and mean differences hypotheses. The findings suggest that there are great variations in the levels of adoption in the districts, and the more the district is highly digitally used, the higher the inclusion score, which proves the enabling nature of digital channels. Nevertheless, network gaps, low digital literacy, fear of fraud and language problems have become a barrier to the absolute exploitation of digital services. According to the study, it is necessary to supplement infrastructure and product innovations with specific digital literacy, customer protection systems, and vernacular interfaces in rural Karnataka. The results provide policy-relevant information to banks, regulators and state agencies that aim at enhancing digital financial inclusion at the last mile.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital Payments, Banks, Rural Area, Karnataka, Policy, Literacy.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

By placing the Joothan by Omprakash Valmiki and Karukku by Bama in the frameworks of intersection among trauma, memory, and citizenship, this paper examines how the process of untouchability is represented in these Dalit autobiographies. The two readings indicate that caste violence does not merely exist in the form of blatant discrimination but it also takes place in the form of day-to-day social activities in which long-lasting psychological and physical injuries are inflicted. The paper states that through these daily experiences of humiliation at school, in the religious venue, and the village community, it makes the experience of being humiliated a constant form of trauma instead of a suffering instance. Memory consequently becomes a vital tool of narrative whereby these authors re-write their childhood experience and their early adulthood with critical consciousness informed by their subsequent political awareness. With an account of untouchability presented through the prism of lived experience, Joothan and Karukku challenge the mainstream nationalist discourse which glorifies citizenship as an unproblematic and universal legal category. Rather, these writings reveal the disjunction between the constitutional principles and the social facts and show how Dalits are constantly denied a status of full citizenship even when they are formally equal. Even the process of writing about oneself turns into an assertion of agency and personal suffering is made into a people-wide reproach against caste-based exclusion. As argued in this paper, Dalit life writing would redefine citizenship not as the ability to be included under the law but the right to dignity, voice and social presence. By predicting trauma as an individual and a political state, the paper underlines the way Dalit autobiographies represent the counter-narratives, which rebuke hegemonic histories and require a more inclusive interpretation of postcolonial Indian democracy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Dalit autobiography; untouchability; trauma and memory; caste and citizenship; lived experience; Joothan; Karukku

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Total Quality Management (TQM) has gained significant importance as an integrated management philosophy aimed at continuous improvement and long-term organizational success. In the highly competitive and service-intensive banking industry, maintaining superior service quality has become essential for customer satisfaction and sustainability. This conceptual paper examines the principles of Total Quality Management and explores major TQM practices relevant to banks in India. Drawing upon an extensive review of academic journals, research articles, and standard e-books on quality management, the study identifies key practices such as leadership commitment, customer orientation, employee participation, training and development, continuous improvement, process management, and performance measurement. The paper highlights the role of TQM in improving service quality and organizational effectiveness in Indian banks while also identifying key challenges associated with its implementation. The study provides theoretical insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers and offers a foundation for future empirical investigations.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Total Quality Management; TQM Practices; Indian Banking Sector; Service Quality; Customer Satisfaction

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

हिंदी साहित्य में आलोचना केवल रचनाओं के मूल्यांकन का माध्यम ही नहीं बल्कि एक विचारधारा को परिभाषित और स्थापित करने का कार्य भी करती है। हिंदी साहित्य में इसी प्रकार की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विचारधारा को परिभाषित करने में एक नवीन वैचारिक दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करने का कार्य नामवर सिंह करते हैं। उन्होंने न केवल हिंदी आलोचना को विभिन्न विमर्शों से जोड़ने का कार्य किया है, अपितु उसे समाज के विस्तृत संदर्भों, विशेष कर लोकचेतना और जनपक्षधरता से भी जोड़ने का प्रयास किया है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में नामवर सिंह की इसी लोकवादी विचारधारा से संबंधित दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट किया गया है।

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

लोक, लोकवादी विचारधारा, परंपरा, जनपक्षधरता, वर्गचेतना पुनर्पाठ आदि।

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a group of physiological dysfunctions characterized by hyper glycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is much more common, is primarily a problem of progressively impaired glucose regulation due to a combination of dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance The chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing global problem with huge social, health, and economic consequences. It is estimated that in 2010 there were globally 285 millionpeople (approximately 6.4% of the adult population) suffering from this disease. diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. These high blood sugar levels produce the symptoms of repeated urination, increased hunger, and increased thirst. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease. Others with marked hyperglycemia, especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rarely from non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease. Others with marked hyperglycemia, especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rarely from non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

- Diabetes Mellitus;complications; Mangifera indica ; leaves extract ; natural compounds

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The concept of "legitimate interest" has emerged as one of the most contested and operationally fragile legal bases in modern data protection law. Across jurisdictions, it was intended to provide flexibility for data controllers while safeguarding individual rights through proportionality and balancing. This paper demonstrates, through a comparative analysis of the European Union, Singapore, United States, and Brazil, that legitimate interest has instead become a persistent source of legal ambiguity, enforcement volatility, and architectural cost. In rights-centric regimes such as the EU and Brazil, ambiguity has been resolved through litigation and regulatory narrowing, generating high documentation and compliance burdens. In Singapore, administrative guidance and accountability frameworks have contained, but not eliminated, uncertainty. In United States, the absence of lawful bases has displaced ambiguity into definitional disputes and technical opt-out enforcement. Against this backdrop, India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 represents a deliberate regulatory rupture. By rejecting a general legitimate interest clause and introducing a closed list of "certain legitimate uses," the DPDP Act trades contextual flexibility for legal certainty and administrative predictability. The paper argues that this shift does not eliminate ambiguity but relocates it from legal interpretation to system architecture. Building on this insight, the paper develops concrete technology and governance strategies like consent-centric design, purpose-bound data pipelines, compliance-by-design, and auditability-first architectures, necessary to operationalize the DPDP regime. The analysis concludes that sustainable privacy governance depends less on doctrinal elegance than on the capacity of legal systems to align regulatory design with technical implementation realities.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Legitimate Interest; Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act); Privacy by Design; Data Protection Architecture; Comparative Privacy Law

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

serial and parallel, strength and endurance training, leg strength, vital capacity and lean body mass

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This article examines Paulo Coelho's novel THE ALCHEMIST, concentrating on the powerful idea of following one's ambitions. The narrative focuses on self-discovery, personal legend, and inner faith through Santiago's transformation from shepherd to treasure seeker. Coelho's writing, which combines fantasy, adventure, and spiritual understanding, encourages readers to trust their hearts and accept the path to ultimate purpose and satisfaction, despite hurdles and uncertainty. Coelho's basic yet symbolic writing style makes the work both universally relatable and emotionally meaningful. Beyond tangible riches is found in courage, progress, and the balance between dreams and emotionally meaningful. This study also considers how the narrative relates to human wants for meaning, purpose, and the timeless search for identity in chaotic environment.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Paulo Coelho, The Alchemist, Personal legend, Dreams, Inner faith, Adventure, Human desires, Identity

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Sleep is a crucial component of recovery and performance in athletes, yet its implications on physical fitness and athletic prowess remain incompletely understood. Given the increasing interest in optimizing athletic performance through non-pharmacological methods, understanding the role of sleep becomes particularly significant. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the effects of enhanced sleep quality and duration on various aspects of physical fitness and athletic performance across different sports disciplines. Methods: We conducted a six-month, controlled; mixed-methods study involving 200 collegiate and professional athletes from both individual and team sports. Participants were divided into an intervention group, which received a comprehensive sleep enhancement program, and a control group. Quantitative data were collected using wearable technology to monitor sleep patterns and via regular assessments of athletic performance, including metrics such as reaction times, speed, accuracy, and endurance. Qualitative data were gathered through structured interviews to capture athletes' subjective experiences and perceptions of sleep's impact on their performance. Results: Preliminary analyses indicate significant improvements in performance metrics in the intervention group, correlating with increases in sleep duration and enhancements in sleep quality. Athletes in the intervention group reported better overall well-being and reduced fatigue levels, suggesting a positive relationship between improved sleep and athletic performance. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that optimal sleep is essential for peak athletic performance and physical fitness. Enhancements in sleep not only improve specific performance metrics but also contribute to the athletes' overall health and well-being. These results underscore the need for incorporating structured sleep optimisation programs in athletic training and recovery protocols.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Sleep, athletic performance, physical fitness, recovery, sports training etc.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This project proposes a hybrid renewable energy system that integrates solar photovoltaic panels with a vertical axis wind turbine to supply reliable, clean power for streetlighting and electric vehicle (EV) charging in urban environments. Solar and wind resources complement each other over day-night and seasonal cycles, improving energy availability compared to single source systems. The generated power is conditioned through dedicated charge controllers and stored in a battery bank, which feeds high efficiency LED streetlights and a low power EV charging outlet. A microcontroller based smart streetlight unit adjusts lighting intensity using ambient light and motion sensing, enabling dimming during low traffic periods and full brightness when vehicles or pedestrians are detected, thereby reducing unnecessary energy consumption. The system also monitors solar and wind generation, battery state of charge, and EV charging status, and can transmit key parameters to a remote dashboard for energy management and fault detection. By combining dual renewable sources with intelligent load control and EV charging capability, the proposed design aims to lower grid dependence, enhance reliability of public lighting, and support sustainable, decentralized charging infrastructure for future smart cities.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Renewable energy, EV charging, Vertical turbine Power, Smart street light,Microcontroller

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research paper highlights a comprehensive comparative analysis of two depreciation methods permitted under Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS 16) for a telecommunication company Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL). The study examines the Straight-Line Method (SLM) and the Written Down Value Method (WDV) during three financial years (F.Y. 2021-22 to 2023-24), evaluating their impact on annual depreciation charges and financial reporting. The analysis reveals substantial variations in depreciation patterns between the two methods, with implications for corporate strategies, particularly in tax planning and financial performance reporting.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Depreciation, SLM, WDV, Ind AS 16

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition