Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Environmental governance in India largely depends on the effectiveness of regulatory institutions such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Despite a comprehensive legal framework under the Water Act, Air Act, Environment (Protection) Act concerns persistent of environmental pollution. This study critically examines the performance of the CPCB during 2023-2024 through the practical use of the RTI Act as an evaluative tool. The core problem addressed is the gap between CPCB's statutory responsibilities and its actual functioning as revealed through RTI disclosures relating to staffing, fund allocation and utilization, complaint handling, and public awareness initiatives. The research aims to assess CPCB's administrative performance, evaluate the effectiveness of the RTI Act in environmental monitoring and identify systemic deficiencies affecting regulatory outcomes. This study adopts a socio-legal approach combining doctrinal analysis with empirical examination of RTI applications filed with the CPCB and the responses received. These responses are critically analyzed for accuracy, completeness, timeliness and compliance with RTI rules. The findings reveal significant staffing shortages, inconsistencies in financial data reporting, limited disclosure practices, procedural irregularities and weak follow-up mechanisms in complaint redressal system. Although CPCB generally complies with RTI timelines, the quality and reliability of information provided remain questionable. The study concludes that while the RTI Act has potential as a tool for strengthening environmental governance, its impact remains limited without significant institutional reforms, improved data management system and greater administrative accountability within the CPCB.

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Central Pollution Control Boards (CPCB), Right to Information (RTI), The Air Act, The Water act, Environment Protection Act, Transparency, Environment Monitoring, Public Governance.

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Background: Dialysis is a medical treatment that removes waste materials and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to work properly. During this process, blood is taken out of the body and passed through a machine that cleans it before returning it. Under normal conditions, the kidneys filter the blood, removing harmful substances and excess water and producing urine to be excreted from the body. Dialysis performs this essential function when the kidneys fail, preventing waste products from building up in the bloodstream and causing illness. Objectives: 1) To assess the level of Muscle cramps among the hemodialysis patients. 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of Leg Exercises on Muscle cramps. 3) To find the association between level of muscle cramp scores with selected socio-demographic variables. Hypothesis: H1: The mean post-test level of muscle cramps scores will be significantly higher than mean pretest level of muscle cramps. H2: There will be significant association between post-test level of muscle cramps scores with selected socio-demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance. Methodology: The research design consisted of pre-experimental research design of one group pretest and post-test design. The population selected for the study was hemodialysis patients in selected Hospitals at Vijayapur, Karnataka. The study samples were 40 hemodialysis patients and were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The development of the tool involved steps of test construction i.e. preparing the blue print, selection of items, content validation and establishment of reliability. The content validity of the questionnaire was done and modifications were done according to the suggestions given by the experts. Pre-testing and reliability of the tools were done. The reliability coefficient of the cramp score was found to be 0.893.The tool was found to be reliable. Results: Out of 40 Hemodialysis patients, majority 28(70.0%) of the Hemodialysis patients had mild cramps, followed by 7(17.5%) of the Hemodialysis patients had moderate cramps, very few 5(12.5%) of the Hemodialysis patients had severe cramps and there were no Hemodialysis patients with no cramps. After leg Exercises techniques, 65% of the Hemodialysis patients had Mild cramps, 20.0% of the Hemodialysis patients had no cramps, 10.0% of the Hemodialysis patients had Moderate cramps and remaining 05% of the Hemodialysis patients had severe cramps. The mean pre-test pain score was 3.42 while mean post test score was 2.12 and difference in mean pre-test and post test score was highly significant with t-value =9.93 with p-value < 0.0001. Conclusion and Recommendations: The result of the study concluded that, there was a significant improvement obtained following leg exercises on muscle cramps. This study recommended that there is an immense need of leg exercises in dialysis hospitals areas to prevent the muscle cramps of dialysis patients.

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Keywords: Leg exercises, Muscle cramps, Dialysis patients.

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The coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry represents one of the most significant innovations in analytical chemistry, fundamentally transforming how pharmaceutical scientists measure and identify compounds in complex biological matrices. This comprehensive review synthesizes contemporary knowledge regarding hyphenated LC-MS techniques, exploring the scientific principles underlying these powerful analytical systems, examining practical considerations for implementing robust bioanalytical methods, and discussing the regulatory frameworks that have established LC-MS/MS as the gold standard for pharmaceutical bioanalysis. Hyphenated techniques elegantly overcome the individual limitations of single analytical approaches by strategically combining complementary methodologies--chromatographic separation provides the essential first stage of selectivity by temporally resolving chemically similar compounds, while mass spectrometric detection offers unparalleled sensitivity and structural specificity through precise mass measurement and tandem fragmentation analysis. The convergence of these capabilities enables detection of pharmaceutical compounds and metabolites at concentrations previously impossible to measure, particularly important for characterizing drug metabolism, supporting therapeutic drug monitoring, and enabling personalized medicine approaches. This review examines fundamental instrumentation principles, explores practical method development workflows, discusses comprehensive validation requirements, addresses persistent analytical challenges including ion suppression and matrix effects, and evaluates emerging technological innovations expanding LC-MS capabilities. Contemporary regulatory frameworks, particularly guidance from the FDA, European Medicines Agency, and International Conference on Harmonization, have established specific expectations for LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method development and validation, reflecting the critical role these methods play in ensuring pharmaceutical product quality and patient safety. The integration of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry has enabled unprecedented analytical throughput, with modern systems analyzing hundreds of samples daily while maintaining exceptional sensitivity and selectivity. Future developments incorporating artificial intelligence, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and advanced sample preparation innovations promise continued expansion of bioanalytical capabilities, ensuring LC-MS/MS remains the essential analytical foundation supporting contemporary pharmaceutical development and clinical diagnostics.

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Keywords: Hyphenated techniques, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS, bioanalytical methods, mass spectrometry, method validation, pharmaceutical analysis, tandem mass spectrometry, bioavailability, metabolite identification

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"Local government is not the lowest level of governance; it is the closest to the people." One of the most significant international sustainability challenges is the overexploitation of resources and increased pollution levels linked to ever-increasing consumption and production. The production and consumption of goods and services can have a significant global impact on the environment and society. Achieving sustainable development depends on comprehensive approaches that integrate consumption and production initiatives. The function of local government (LG) in national development is inextricably linked. In that sense, the question is not whether we feel the local government is ready to take on new duties and authority--although some argue that it is not--but how. The importance of sustainable consumption is exaggerated at the expense of the more critical production side. Understanding the role that various levels of government can play in incentivizing sustainable consumption and production is thus vital. We see a minimal emphasis on sustainable consumption in general, or if it is realized at the local level. Against this backdrop, this paper reviews the latest evidence on the importance, effectiveness, successes, and failures of local governments in advancing sustainable consumption and production. This study attempts to assess responses to the following concerns. What is the importance of SCP and the definition of sustainable consumption at the local government level? What instruments have been employed in local government intervention to promote sustainable consumption (administrative, economic, informational, research and development, public ownership/investment, or networking tools)? Have these remedies been evaluated, and if so, how effective were they found to be? What have been the hurdles to and the success factors in local governments' adoption of sustainable consumption initiatives? Possible solutions to overcome the obstacles.

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Sustainable cconsumption, Sustainable Production, Local Self Government

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Global supply chains have become the new battlefield in a world of geopolitical contention, technological competition, and shifting trade links. This paper studies the shift from a deep globalization period of integrated production networks and soaring trade growth to progressive fragmentation under growing protectionism, geopolitical rivalries, and disruptive crises. It investigates how trade policy instruments like tariffs and export controls are being used with growing frequency to create strategic dependencies and decouple from enemy economies. Case studies, such as the U.S.-China trade war and pandemic-driven disruptions, highlight vulnerabilities of hyper-globalized systems. Novel approaches such as friend-shoring and resilience are considered, as countries look to achieve a tradeoff between efficiency and security requirements. Above all, the analysis is unambiguous: the reorganization of global supply chains signals wider economic seismic shifts that are driving immediate reform throughout the world. The results also add to the nascent policy discussions and lay groundwork for additional research.

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Geopolitics, Fragmentation, Resilience, Weaponization, Friend-shoring

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The term feminism coming from French and has its origin from the Latin word 'femina' which denotes women. According to the Oxford British Terminology, the term 'Feminism' was first used in the latter aspect of the Nineteenth century and it was described as having the qualities of females. In common, feminism is the ideology of women's independence in all its approaches as a woman who recognizes herself and is identified by others as feminist. The feminist attention is the attention of victimization. As a perception of life, it is in contrast to women's subordination to men in the family and society, along with men' claims to find out which is best for women. To vastly oversimplify, the goal of feminism becomes to eliminate sexist oppression imposed by the patriarchal society which it was thought; would end discrimination against women on the job, in the home and in all areas of Women's' lives.

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Feminism,Sexuality,Victimization,Identity,Subjection,Representation, Ideology.

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Abstract Education is an indispensable need of mankind. It aims at educating the masses to become better citizens and more useful members of society. The district of Sambalpur had played an important role in the field of education and social consciousness during the British rule. Prior to the beginning of first half of the Nineteenth Century, Sambalpur became a main centre for learning in Western Odisha. The primary education was introduced in the district very early. Many of the indigenous school were opened in various placed of Sambalpur. The Secondary and Western education in the district was introduced after the foundation of Zilla School in 1852 at the town of Sambalpur. It is the oldest school in the district. There has been a steady advanced in the education of girls in the Sambalpur district. The Government paid very little attention to backward classes before 1905. After the National Movement for freedom, education of the backward classes received some considerable from the government. First time in Sambalpur district, the untouchable caste pupils were allowed to all general schools. Muhammdans form a very small minority in Sambalpur and Urdu School of Sambalpur is the oldest school in Western Odisha. The present work is the first historical study, strictly speaking of the "Growth of Education and Social Consciousness in Sambalpur during British Rule: - A Retrospect."

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Keywords: - Agitation, Conciliatory, Elite, Hirakhanda, Plucking.

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For one of the fastest developing countries of the world like India, economic growth and development are the major areas of concern but political development is similarly important which cannot be overlooked. Any discussion regarding political development in India raises the concern about the challenges before political development of the country. Therefore, this paper tries to enquire into the nature of political development in India, explore the major challenges before political development in India and suggest some ways to tackle these challenges.

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Political Development, Political Development in India

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This paper presents a biometric payment system using fingerprint authentication integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller to enable secure and cashless transactions. The system authenticates users based on unique fingerprint patterns, eliminating the need for cards, PINs, or passwords. Upon successful verification, payment transactions are processed in real time through a connected database or cloud platform. The proposed system enhances transaction security, reduces fraud, and improves user convenience. Overall, it provides a low-cost, reliable, and scalable solution for modern digital payment applications.

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Biometric Payment System, Fingerprint Authentication, ESP32 Microcontroller, Secure Transactions

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become central to modern artificial intelligence applications, yet their effectiveness strongly depends on how user instructions are formulated. Prompt engineering has emerged as a practical technique to guide model behavior without modifying model parameters or performing additional training. This paper presents an empirical benchmarking study of widely used prompt engineering strategies across multiple large language models, including both proprietary and open-source architectures. The study examines zero-shot, few-shot, chain-of-thought, role-based, and structured prompting techniques using diverse evaluation tasks such as logical reasoning, text summarization, and code generation. Model performance is evaluated based on accuracy, consistency of responses, and computational latency. Experimental results demonstrate that prompt engineering consistently improves task performance across all models, with chain-of-thought and structured prompts showing the most notable gains. Additionally, smaller and open-source models benefit more significantly from optimized prompts when compared to advanced models with strong baseline capabilities. The findings confirm that prompt engineering is a low-cost, model-agnostic approach for enhancing LLM performance and provide practical guidance for selecting effective prompting strategies in real-world deployments.

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- Large Language Models, Prompt Engineering, Performance Evaluation, Chain-of-Thought, Benchmarking

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In the context of increasing globalization and competitive pressures, organizations are increasingly reliant on effective human resource management (HRM) practices to enhance organizational performance. This study examines the relationship between selected HRM practices--employee incentives, training, selective hiring, job security, and decentralization--and organizational performance, drawing on Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) theory and the Resource-Based View (RBV). Data were collected from 430 respondents and analyzed using reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques. Reliability results confirmed acceptable to good internal consistency for all constructs. Correlation analysis revealed that all HRM practices were positively and significantly associated with organizational performance. However, multiple regression results indicated that only decentralization and self-managed teams had a significant positive effect on organizational performance when controlling for other HRM practices. Incentives, training, job security, and selective hiring did not show significant positive effects in the multivariate model, with selective hiring exhibiting a significant but negative relationship. The findings underscore the importance of empowerment-oriented HRM practices and suggest that decentralization plays a critical role in enhancing organizational performance.

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Human Resource Management, Strategic HRM, Organizational Performance, Decentralization, Employee Empowerment

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Abstract Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often experience significant challenges in school participation due to motor impairments, postural difficulties, and environmental barriers within educational settings. Limited accessibility, inadequate classroom design, and lack of appropriate assistive equipment can restrict their engagement in academic, social, and Objective: The present study aimed to examine the role of assistive equipment and environmental adaptations in enhancing school participation among children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A school-based, quasi-experimental pre-post study design was employed involving children diagnosed with cerebral palsy attending inclusive school settings. Participants received individualized assistive equipment (such as adaptive seating, mobility aids, writing supports, and classroom access tools) along with targeted environmental adaptations, including classroom layout modifications, accessibility enhancements, and task-specific environmental restructuring.. Results: Post-intervention findings demonstrated a significant improvement in school participation, including enhanced engagement in classroom activities, improved task performance, greater independence in mobility and self-care within the school environment, and increased social interaction with peers. Environmental adaptations reduced physical and contextual barriers, while assistive equipment supported functional performance and sustained participation across academic tasks. Conclusion: The study highlights that the combined use of assistive equipment and environmental adaptations plays a crucial role in promoting meaningful school participation among children with cerebral palsy. Integrating these strategies within inclusive school settings can facilitate accessibility, functional independence, and active engagement, thereby supporting participation-focused, child-centered educational practices.

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Keywords: Cerebral palsy, assistive equipment, environmental adaptations, school participation, inclusive education, occupational therapy.

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The growing demand for sustainable and reliable energy systems has increased the importance of renewable energy-based microgrid development. In Vietnam, microgrid planning involves complex decision making processes that require balancing economic feasibility, technical performance, and environmental sustainability. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a multi-criteria decision-making framework to evaluate and rank alternative microgrid configurations, including solar, wind, battery-based, and hybrid solar-wind-battery systems. Expert judgments were collected and structured into pairwise comparison matrices to determine the relative importance of evaluation criteria and alternatives. The results indicate that solar-based microgrid systems achieve the highest overall priority due to their favorable environmental performance and competitive cost characteristics under Vietnam's climatic conditions. Wind-based systems rank second, while hybrid configurations demonstrate strong technical performance but are constrained by higher investment costs and environmental considerations. Battery-only systems are found to be less suitable as standalone solutions. The findings provide a transparent decision support tool for energy planners, industrial managers, and policymakers, contributing to informed microgrid development and sustainable energy planning in Vietnam.

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Microgrid, Renewable Energy, AHP, MCDM, Solar Energy, Vietnam, Environmental Impact

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Inclusion financial inclusion has become one of the key pillars of an inclusive growth process in India, and digital banking is considered to be the most scalable channel to narrowing the urban-rural gap. Karnataka is the state with a high concentration of rural population and a dense network of regional rural banks and cooperative institutions, which has experienced a rapid growth in the number of Jan Dhan accounts, Aadhaar-based payment systems and UPI-based transactions. The present paper describes financial inclusion using the concept of digital banking in rural Karnataka as a secondary research based on the main sources like RBI surveys, NABARD surveys, government reports and recent empirical literature. Chi-square and t-tests are used to test association and mean differences hypotheses. The findings suggest that there are great variations in the levels of adoption in the districts, and the more the district is highly digitally used, the higher the inclusion score, which proves the enabling nature of digital channels. Nevertheless, network gaps, low digital literacy, fear of fraud and language problems have become a barrier to the absolute exploitation of digital services. According to the study, it is necessary to supplement infrastructure and product innovations with specific digital literacy, customer protection systems, and vernacular interfaces in rural Karnataka. The results provide policy-relevant information to banks, regulators and state agencies that aim at enhancing digital financial inclusion at the last mile.

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Digital Payments, Banks, Rural Area, Karnataka, Policy, Literacy.

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By placing the Joothan by Omprakash Valmiki and Karukku by Bama in the frameworks of intersection among trauma, memory, and citizenship, this paper examines how the process of untouchability is represented in these Dalit autobiographies. The two readings indicate that caste violence does not merely exist in the form of blatant discrimination but it also takes place in the form of day-to-day social activities in which long-lasting psychological and physical injuries are inflicted. The paper states that through these daily experiences of humiliation at school, in the religious venue, and the village community, it makes the experience of being humiliated a constant form of trauma instead of a suffering instance. Memory consequently becomes a vital tool of narrative whereby these authors re-write their childhood experience and their early adulthood with critical consciousness informed by their subsequent political awareness. With an account of untouchability presented through the prism of lived experience, Joothan and Karukku challenge the mainstream nationalist discourse which glorifies citizenship as an unproblematic and universal legal category. Rather, these writings reveal the disjunction between the constitutional principles and the social facts and show how Dalits are constantly denied a status of full citizenship even when they are formally equal. Even the process of writing about oneself turns into an assertion of agency and personal suffering is made into a people-wide reproach against caste-based exclusion. As argued in this paper, Dalit life writing would redefine citizenship not as the ability to be included under the law but the right to dignity, voice and social presence. By predicting trauma as an individual and a political state, the paper underlines the way Dalit autobiographies represent the counter-narratives, which rebuke hegemonic histories and require a more inclusive interpretation of postcolonial Indian democracy.

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Dalit autobiography; untouchability; trauma and memory; caste and citizenship; lived experience; Joothan; Karukku

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Total Quality Management (TQM) has gained significant importance as an integrated management philosophy aimed at continuous improvement and long-term organizational success. In the highly competitive and service-intensive banking industry, maintaining superior service quality has become essential for customer satisfaction and sustainability. This conceptual paper examines the principles of Total Quality Management and explores major TQM practices relevant to banks in India. Drawing upon an extensive review of academic journals, research articles, and standard e-books on quality management, the study identifies key practices such as leadership commitment, customer orientation, employee participation, training and development, continuous improvement, process management, and performance measurement. The paper highlights the role of TQM in improving service quality and organizational effectiveness in Indian banks while also identifying key challenges associated with its implementation. The study provides theoretical insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers and offers a foundation for future empirical investigations.

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Total Quality Management; TQM Practices; Indian Banking Sector; Service Quality; Customer Satisfaction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

हिंदी साहित्य में आलोचना केवल रचनाओं के मूल्यांकन का माध्यम ही नहीं बल्कि एक विचारधारा को परिभाषित और स्थापित करने का कार्य भी करती है। हिंदी साहित्य में इसी प्रकार की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विचारधारा को परिभाषित करने में एक नवीन वैचारिक दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करने का कार्य नामवर सिंह करते हैं। उन्होंने न केवल हिंदी आलोचना को विभिन्न विमर्शों से जोड़ने का कार्य किया है, अपितु उसे समाज के विस्तृत संदर्भों, विशेष कर लोकचेतना और जनपक्षधरता से भी जोड़ने का प्रयास किया है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में नामवर सिंह की इसी लोकवादी विचारधारा से संबंधित दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट किया गया है।

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लोक, लोकवादी विचारधारा, परंपरा, जनपक्षधरता, वर्गचेतना पुनर्पाठ आदि।

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Diabetes mellitus is a group of physiological dysfunctions characterized by hyper glycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is much more common, is primarily a problem of progressively impaired glucose regulation due to a combination of dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance The chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing global problem with huge social, health, and economic consequences. It is estimated that in 2010 there were globally 285 millionpeople (approximately 6.4% of the adult population) suffering from this disease. diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. These high blood sugar levels produce the symptoms of repeated urination, increased hunger, and increased thirst. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease. Others with marked hyperglycemia, especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rarely from non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease. Others with marked hyperglycemia, especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rarely from non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome

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- Diabetes Mellitus;complications; Mangifera indica ; leaves extract ; natural compounds

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The concept of "legitimate interest" has emerged as one of the most contested and operationally fragile legal bases in modern data protection law. Across jurisdictions, it was intended to provide flexibility for data controllers while safeguarding individual rights through proportionality and balancing. This paper demonstrates, through a comparative analysis of the European Union, Singapore, United States, and Brazil, that legitimate interest has instead become a persistent source of legal ambiguity, enforcement volatility, and architectural cost. In rights-centric regimes such as the EU and Brazil, ambiguity has been resolved through litigation and regulatory narrowing, generating high documentation and compliance burdens. In Singapore, administrative guidance and accountability frameworks have contained, but not eliminated, uncertainty. In United States, the absence of lawful bases has displaced ambiguity into definitional disputes and technical opt-out enforcement. Against this backdrop, India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 represents a deliberate regulatory rupture. By rejecting a general legitimate interest clause and introducing a closed list of "certain legitimate uses," the DPDP Act trades contextual flexibility for legal certainty and administrative predictability. The paper argues that this shift does not eliminate ambiguity but relocates it from legal interpretation to system architecture. Building on this insight, the paper develops concrete technology and governance strategies like consent-centric design, purpose-bound data pipelines, compliance-by-design, and auditability-first architectures, necessary to operationalize the DPDP regime. The analysis concludes that sustainable privacy governance depends less on doctrinal elegance than on the capacity of legal systems to align regulatory design with technical implementation realities.

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Legitimate Interest; Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act); Privacy by Design; Data Protection Architecture; Comparative Privacy Law

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serial and parallel, strength and endurance training, leg strength, vital capacity and lean body mass

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