Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Tuberculosis continues to represent a major global public health concern, particularly due to the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite the availability of effective chemotherapy, the emergence of resistance to both first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs has significantly undermined disease control efforts worldwide. Unlike many other bacterial pathogens, M. tuberculosis primarily acquires antibiotic resistance through spontaneous chromosomal mutations rather than horizontal gene transfer. These mutations affect drug targets, drug-activating enzymes, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic pathways, leading to reduced drug susceptibility and treatment failure. This review comprehensively examines the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis. Resistance to first-line drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin is largely attributed to mutations in genes including katG, inhA, and rpoB, which impair drug activation or alter target binding. Resistance to second-line agents, including fluoroquinolones and injectable aminoglycosides, is associated with mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and ribosomal components, as well as enzymatic drug modification. In addition, the role of efflux pump systems in mediating multidrug tolerance and contributing to unexplained resistance phenotypes is discussed. These pumps enhance bacterial survival by reducing intracellular drug concentrations and promoting phenotypic heterogeneity.The review also outlines the classification of drug-resistant tuberculosis, including mono-drug resistant, multidrug-resistant, pre-extensively drug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, highlighting their clinical and epidemiological significance. Furthermore, emerging evidence on metabolic adaptations, persister cell formation, and stress response pathways that facilitate drug tolerance is addressed. A detailed understanding of these resistance mechanisms is essential for improving molecular diagnostics, optimizing treatment regimens, and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at curbing the global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

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Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Mechanism, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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Uttarakhand is home to many remarkable women who have made significant contributions across various fields, particularly in environmental leadership. These women actively engage in initiatives focused on environmental protection, sustainable practices, and climate change mitigation. Their efforts exemplify effective grassroots activism that addresses pressing ecological challenges such as water scarcity and soil erosion. By participating in conservation programs and collaborating with NGOs, women in Uttarakhand are making significant strides toward sustainable development, emphasising the importance of integrating their perspectives into environmental discussions. These women organise movements, protect natural resources, and educate communities about environmental issues, demonstrating their crucial role in shaping sustainable practices. This research study emphasises the significant yet often overlooked contributions of women in Uttarakhand to ecological sustainability, based on secondary literature. In grassroots activism, women have played a pivotal role in significant environmental movements, such as the Chipko Movement. This movement effectively championed ecofeminism and ultimately led to the implementation of a logging ban in the region. They are vital guardians of the forest, harnessing the wisdom of their ancestors and grassroots efforts to protect the breathtaking Himalayan ecosystem. As vital protectors of water resources, they play a crucial role in addressing water scarcity and pollution through traditional harvesting techniques and grassroots conservation efforts. Their expertise in water collection boosts community resilience and promotes sustainable practices for environmental protection. Through grassroots organisations, they lead campaigns aimed at conserving biodiversity, combating deforestation, and promoting renewable energy in rural areas. Their leadership not only fosters community empowerment and social equity but also advocates for a greener future.

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Grassroots Leadership, Environmental Initiatives, Sustainable Practices

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It is difficult for students, researchers, legal professionals, and citizens to extract clear and useful information from Indian legal documents due to their large, intricate, and linguistically dense structure, which includes constitutional provisions, statutes, and judgment texts. This study proposes a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework for comprehending and summarising Indian legal texts to overcome these challenges. The framework is intended to produce precise, context-aware, and legally sound results. In order to minimise hallucinations and guarantee that generated responses stay true to reliable legal sources, the system uses document segmentation, chunking, domain-specific embeddings, and vector-based semantic search. The framework facilitates both brief and detailed point-wise summarisation, contextual question answering, and automated extraction of important legal insights, in addition to generating succinct and context-rich summaries. The comprehension and accessibility of complex legal material are further improved by additional user-oriented features like embedded YouTube explanations and PDF downloads. When compared to standalone generative models, experimental evaluation shows notable gains in contextual precision, faithfulness, and relevance. All things considered, this RAG-based framework contributes to the development of reliable AI for the legal field by offering a scalable, dependable, and user-friendly solution for navigating, interpreting, and learning Indian legal texts.

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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Legal Document Summarisation, Indian Legal Text, Semantic Retrieval, Large Language Models (LLMs), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Legal Information Retrieval, Context-Aware Question Answering.

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Plastic pollution has become one of the most critical environmental challenges of our time, threatening ecosystems, human health, and global economies. The widespread use of plastics--particularly single-use items--has led to massive accumulation of waste in landfills, oceans, and even the atmosphere in the form of microplastics. This essay examines the origins and scale of plastic pollution, highlighting its detrimental impacts on marine and terrestrial environments, biodiversity, and public health. It also explores the economic costs associated with waste management and declining tourism and fisheries. Solutions are discussed through the lens of reduction, reuse, recycling, innovation, and policy interventions, supported by global case studies and technological advancements. The essay emphasizes the importance of collective responsibility, where governments, industries, and individuals must collaborate to transition toward sustainable alternatives and circular economy models. Ultimately, addressing plastic pollution requires urgent, coordinated action to safeguard the planet for future generations.

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Plastic pollution Single-use plastics Microplastics Marine pollution Environmental impact Human health hazards Waste management Recycling Circular economy Biodegradable alternatives Policy measures Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Public awareness

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The rapid growth of e-commerce has led marketers to increasingly use psychological triggers to influence consumer decision-making. One such trigger is the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), commonly employed through scarcity and urgency-based notifications such as limited stock alerts and time-bound offers. This study examines the impact of FOMO-based notifications on online purchase behavior among Generation Z (age of 16 to 28) Myntra users. Using a quantitative research design, data was collected through an online survey from 102 Generation Z respondents based in Mumbai. The findings reveal that FOMO notifications influence purchase decisions, increase user engagement, and occasionally trigger impulsive buying behavior. While these notifications create a strong sense of urgency, their impact is more situational than habitual. Additionally, consumer perception of FOMO messages remains largely neutral to positive, indicating that such strategies do not adversely affect trust or satisfaction when used responsibly. The study provides valuable insights for e-commerce marketers on the effective and ethical use of FOMO-based digital communication strategies.

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Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), Online Purchase Behavior, Generation Z, E-commerce Marketing, Impulsive Buying.

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Triple integrals, Double integrals, Volume computation, Petal-shaped domain, Parabolic cylinder intersection, Quadratic surface, Parabolic roof, Biomimetic structural elements.

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Background: Antibiotics have saved millions of lives and have changed the history of infectious diseases. However, in recent years, antibiotic resistance has become a major problem for global public health. Antibiotic resistance challenges the treatment of common infectious diseases, increases mortality rates and treatment costs. A study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding antibiotics impact on childhood immunity among the parents at selected primary school of Surat, Gujarat with the objectives to 1) assess the knowledge of parents about antibiotics impact on childhood immunity in selected primary school, Surat City, Gujarat. 2) assess effect of structured teaching programmed regarding antibiotics Impact on childhood immunity among parents of Surat City, Gujarat.3) To find out the association of the knowledge of primary school parents regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity with their selected demographic variables. Methods: A Quantitative Research approach and pre-experimental one group pre-test post- test research design with non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data from 60 parents of Children (Age group between 5 to 8 years) in selected primary school of Surat, Gujarat. A demographic tool, structured knowledge questionnaire was used to describe the findings. Result: Analysis and interpretation of data collected from 60 samples, on antibiotic impact on childhood immunity and its interpretation among parents of selected primary schools of Surat. Knowledge was assessed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data gathered were summarized in the master sheet. Findings revealed that the level of knowledge regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity through pre-test and post-test. In pre-test out of 60 parents 34(56.66%) of parents had poor knowledge, 11(18.33%) of parents had average knowledge, 16(26.66%) of parents had good knowledge with regard to post score 5(8.33%) parents had poor knowledge, 15(25%) of parents had average knowledge, 40(66.66%) of them had good knowledge. The paired t-test results t=10.457. Since P-value=2.0015> 0.05 reveals the effectiveness of the Awareness package. The calculated value is higher than the tabulated value. The study aims to assess the knowledge and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure teaching programme on knowledge regarding antibiotics and impact on childhood immunity among parents of primary school children's around 60 samples were selected using Non probability purposing sampling technique. Data was generated and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The paired 't' test value of the study was 19.5 at the significance of 0.05. The calculated value is higher than tabulated (p-value) = 2.00. This shows highly effectiveness of the structured teaching programme among selected samples. Association between pre-test knowledge score with their socio demographic variables regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity among parents of primary school children in selected school of Surat. Hence, it was assessed that Age, gender, No. Of children, Education of family, information, occupation, leaving the area does not have any significant association (Age ?2= 7.14, gender ?2 = 5.74, Number of children ?2 = 10.87, Education of head of family ?2= 4.22, Source of Information regarding antibiotics ?2 = 4.26, occupation of family head ?2=10.79, living area ?2= 4.50) and Monthly income ?2= 6.36. Other demographic variables such as Type of Family do have significant association in the study (Type of family ?2= 16.25) Conclusion: The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structure teaching program on knowledge regarding antibiotics impact on childhood immunity among the parents at selected primary school of Surat, Gujarat. The finding of the study showed that structured teaching program about antibiotic impact on childhood immunity was effective among parents of primary school children. Association between pre-test knowledge score and socio demographic variables regarding antibiotic impact on childhood immunity among parents of primary school children in selected school of Surat. Hence, it was assessed that, Type of Family and Monthly Income does have significant association in the study.

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 Keywords

Evaluate, Effectiveness, knowledge, Antibiotics, immunity.

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There is no doubt that economic participation of women has increased in India during last few years, but still they are far back in terms of economic independence. The situation is same for both urban and rural women as discrimination is a reality and gender gap is wider in the economic field. Women have more opportunities and facilities in urban areas in comparison to rural areas. Thus rural women should be more conscious and updated but the reality is totally different. They can't reach to the facilities in lack of knowledge and awareness. Trainings were being organised at different level by different agencies but that's not sufficient. Impact of wrong and inadequate training can be seen among self help group members. Lack of sufficient financial services by the service providers, deep rooted social barriers and lack of strong decision making power among the women are equally responsible for their weak financial condition. Full planned financial literacy program along with digital technology education is highly needed. Due to the awareness about micro financing and micro credit schemes rural women have started savings by making self help groups. Savings only for borrowing and lending money among the group members can't be much fruitful. They should know about other use of money. Banking is not all about saving and loaning; investment and insurance is much more important in planning a better future with economic stability. With the help of World Bank, Government of Bihar is working hard to make the rural women financially empowered. Focus is on sustainable job creation at local level so that they can be self dependent. Banking and insurance sector have to come forward with a big heart to train them about making money, as saving for lending and borrowing is not the ultimate option in the process of financial empowerment. The present study was conducted in the rural areas especially pilot blocks of jeevika. Per capita income is very low as compared to other areas thus saving and investment is low. Total sample of 350 SHG members is comprised through random sampling technique. The primary data was directly collected through personal interview method between 2021to2023.

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FINANCE, WOMEN, RURAL, BANKING, EMPOWERMENT

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The quality of education in any society is significantly influenced by teacher effectiveness. This study examines the relationship between teacher effectiveness and enthusiasm among secondary school teachers in Rohtak district, Haryana. Teacher effectiveness encompasses skills like subject knowledge, instructional strategies, and classroom management, while teacher enthusiasm involves passion, energy, and emotional commitment. A sample of 800 secondary school teachers was selected using multi-stage random sampling. The study found a strong, positive correlation between teacher enthusiasm and effectiveness. Teachers with high enthusiasm were significantly more effective than those with lower enthusiasm. Although gender didn't directly impact effectiveness, enthusiastic female teachers slightly outperformed their male counterparts. The study suggests that teacher enthusiasm is crucial for effective teaching and should be fostered through professional development and supportive environments. Educational policies and teacher training programs should emphasize both pedagogical skills and affective dimensions of teaching. By nurturing teacher enthusiasm, schools can enhance teacher performance, student engagement, and overall education quality.

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Teacher Effectiveness and Teacher Enthusiasm.

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Urolithiasis, known as Ashmari in Ayurveda, is a common urinary disorder characterized by stone formation due to metabolic and dietary factors. Ayurveda describes Ashmari as a result of Dosha imbalance, predominantly Kapha, and recommends the use of Ashmarighna, Mutrala, Lekhana, and Bhedana drugs for its management. India has a rich tradition of using medicinal plants for urinary stone disorders, many of which are widely available and traditionally validated. In recent years, experimental studies have provided scientific support for the lithotropic activity of these plants. This narrative and analytical review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, and peer-reviewed scientific literature to comparatively evaluate selected herbal drugs. Plants such as Bergenia ligulata, Aerva lanata, Rotula aquatica, Tribulus terrestris, and Crataevanurvala demonstrated significant anti-urolithiatic activity. Their Ayurvedic attributes showed strong correlation with modern pharmacological mechanisms, including inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization, increased diuresis, nephroprotection, and anti-inflammatory effects. The study highlights convergence between Ayurvedic principles and modern scientific validation, supporting the potential of these herbs in evidence-based management of urolithiasis.

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Ashmari, Lithotropic activity, Antiurolithiatic herbs, Ayurveda, Pashanabheda

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The widespread adoption of digital education platforms has transformed access to learning resources across the globe. However, most existing systems rely on instructor-centric delivery models that limit interaction, personalization, and affordability. This paper presents Learn and Let Learn, an intelligent peer-to-peer skill exchange platform designed to enable users to simultaneously act as learners and mentors. The system employs a hybrid recommendation mechanism combining collaborative filtering and content-based analysis to match users based on skills, interests, and learning objectives. Secure authentication, real-time communication, and automated scheduling enhance user engagement and trust. Experimental evaluation demonstrates improved skill-matching accuracy, higher learner satisfaction, and enhanced knowledge retention when compared with traditional online learning platforms.

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Peer-to-Peer Learning, Skill Exchange Platform, Recommendation Systems, Collaborative Filtering, Web Technologies

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Abstract Procurement of a timely and reliable war-critical weapon system is extremely important for any defence forces to build up their combat potential. But it does not end there. The procured system must continue to deliver its stated performance under various climatic conditions and over varied geographical terrains. The cost associated with sustaining such complex weapon systems adds another dimension during the procurement. Improved operational readiness would be one of the most critical factors to achieve operational excellence, and operational readiness can only be achieved through improved operational effectiveness of our equipment. High reliability in equipment is certainly a desirable function, but so is maintainability and excellent logistic support. A Life-Cycle Sustainment Plan (LCSP) is required to be developed for each capital equipment to be procured henceforth, and included as a part of the acquisition strategy. Keywords: Life Cycle Sustainment, System Approach, Total Cost of Ownership, Operational Readiness, Reliability

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Life Cycle Sustainment, System Approach, Total Cost of Ownership, Operational Readiness, Reliability

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This research paper examines the role of optimized electric vehicle (EV) charging station planning in improving charging efficiency, grid reliability, and cost-effectiveness within urban power distribution networks. By analyzing EV charging infrastructure that supports a growing number of electric vehicles with varying mobility and charging demands, the study highlights how optimal placement and sizing of charging stations reduce travel distance, minimize grid overload, and lower infrastructure and operational costs while ensuring reliable energy delivery. Advanced planning approaches, such as grid-aware optimization and demand-based allocation methods, ensure that charging resources are efficiently utilized without compromising power system stability or user accessibility. The integration of these strategies enables scalable charging infrastructure development, real-time energy management, and dependable support for large-scale EV adoption. The paper concludes that optimized EV charging station deployment is a critical component of sustainable transportation systems, enhancing charging efficiency while ensuring reliability, economic viability, and environmentally friendly mobility for users and energy providers.

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Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Efficiency through Optimal Charging Station Placement

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In an era where computing is becoming om- nipresent, relying solely on physical peripherals like mice and keyboards presents real challenges, particularly re- garding hygiene in public spaces and accessibility for users with physical impairments. This paper introduces a contactless Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) system designed to overcome these barriers by merging computer vision with voice automation in a unified, efficient frame- work. Although several existing solutions rely on heavy deep learning classifiers such as CNNs or YOLO, our work demonstrates that a lightweight, geometric approach based on MediaPipe's hand landmarks can achieve comparable accuracy without the high computational cost. A key contribution of this research is the resolution of the "Blocking I/O" bottleneck--a common flaw in Python- based multimodal systems where voice recognition causes the video feed to freeze. We addressed this by engineering a concurrent, multi-threaded architecture that isolates the cursor control mechanism from the voice assistant. This ensures that the mouse cursor remains responsive even while the system is processing complex speech commands. Tests on standard hardware confirmed the system's via- bility, achieving a stable frame rate of over 30 FPS and a gesture recognition accuracy of 94%, making it a practical solution for sterile or accessibility-focused environments.

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Human-Computer Interaction, MediaPipe, OpenCV, Multithreading, Geometric Heuristics, Voice Au- tomation, Contactless Interface, Python GIL.

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Telmisartan, Azelnidipine, Azilsartan, Assay, Degradation studies, RP-HPLC, Validation, ICH guidelines

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drug delivery systems represent a transformative advancement in pharmaceutical science, fundamentally addressing limitations of conventional dosage forms through engineered control of drug release kinetics, pharmacokinetic profiles, and spatial biodistribution. These sophisticated carrier systems encapsulate therapeutic agents within polymer matrices, enabling sustained-release kinetics maintaining therapeutic drug concentrations over days to months from single-dose administration, substantially improving patient compliance and reducing dosing frequency. Polymers serve as intelligent gatekeepers, physically or chemically binding drug molecules while providing protection from degradation in physiological fluids, enhancing bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds, and facilitating targeting to specific tissues through surface functionalization. Natural polymers including chitosan, alginate, and gelatin offer enzymatic degradability and inherent biocompatibility, while synthetic biodegradable polyesters (polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polylactic-co-glycolic acid, poly-?-caprolactone) provide predictable degradation kinetics and precise manufacturing control. Emerging stimuli-responsive smart polymers demonstrate dynamic property changes in response to pH variation, temperature fluctuation, or enzyme activity, enabling conditional drug release exclusively at target disease sites. Drug loading strategies span physical encapsulation, chemical conjugation, surface adsorption, and complex coacervation, each optimized for specific drug properties and formulation objectives. Release mechanisms include diffusion-controlled pathways following Higuchi kinetics, polymer erosion and degradation through hydrolytic and enzymatic processes, and stimulus-triggered liberation through physiological triggers. Clinical applications extend across oncology, immunology, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, and chronic pain management, with over 200 polymeric drug products currently approved globally. Biocompatibility assessment through comprehensive in vitro and in vivo testing ensures safety, while biodegradation pathways ensure metabolic clearance preventing long-term accumulation. Persistent challenges including batch-to-batch reproducibility, long-term stability, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory complexity continue requiring innovative solutions.

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Polymeric Drug Delivery, Controlled Release, Biodegradable Polymers, Stimuli-Responsive Systems, Drug Formulation, Biocompatibility, Therapeutic Applications

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Environmental governance in India largely depends on the effectiveness of regulatory institutions such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Despite a comprehensive legal framework under the Water Act, Air Act, Environment (Protection) Act concerns persistent of environmental pollution. This study critically examines the performance of the CPCB during 2023-2024 through the practical use of the RTI Act as an evaluative tool. The core problem addressed is the gap between CPCB's statutory responsibilities and its actual functioning as revealed through RTI disclosures relating to staffing, fund allocation and utilization, complaint handling, and public awareness initiatives. The research aims to assess CPCB's administrative performance, evaluate the effectiveness of the RTI Act in environmental monitoring and identify systemic deficiencies affecting regulatory outcomes. This study adopts a socio-legal approach combining doctrinal analysis with empirical examination of RTI applications filed with the CPCB and the responses received. These responses are critically analyzed for accuracy, completeness, timeliness and compliance with RTI rules. The findings reveal significant staffing shortages, inconsistencies in financial data reporting, limited disclosure practices, procedural irregularities and weak follow-up mechanisms in complaint redressal system. Although CPCB generally complies with RTI timelines, the quality and reliability of information provided remain questionable. The study concludes that while the RTI Act has potential as a tool for strengthening environmental governance, its impact remains limited without significant institutional reforms, improved data management system and greater administrative accountability within the CPCB.

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Central Pollution Control Boards (CPCB), Right to Information (RTI), The Air Act, The Water act, Environment Protection Act, Transparency, Environment Monitoring, Public Governance.

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Background: Dialysis is a medical treatment that removes waste materials and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to work properly. During this process, blood is taken out of the body and passed through a machine that cleans it before returning it. Under normal conditions, the kidneys filter the blood, removing harmful substances and excess water and producing urine to be excreted from the body. Dialysis performs this essential function when the kidneys fail, preventing waste products from building up in the bloodstream and causing illness. Objectives: 1) To assess the level of Muscle cramps among the hemodialysis patients. 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of Leg Exercises on Muscle cramps. 3) To find the association between level of muscle cramp scores with selected socio-demographic variables. Hypothesis: H1: The mean post-test level of muscle cramps scores will be significantly higher than mean pretest level of muscle cramps. H2: There will be significant association between post-test level of muscle cramps scores with selected socio-demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance. Methodology: The research design consisted of pre-experimental research design of one group pretest and post-test design. The population selected for the study was hemodialysis patients in selected Hospitals at Vijayapur, Karnataka. The study samples were 40 hemodialysis patients and were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The development of the tool involved steps of test construction i.e. preparing the blue print, selection of items, content validation and establishment of reliability. The content validity of the questionnaire was done and modifications were done according to the suggestions given by the experts. Pre-testing and reliability of the tools were done. The reliability coefficient of the cramp score was found to be 0.893.The tool was found to be reliable. Results: Out of 40 Hemodialysis patients, majority 28(70.0%) of the Hemodialysis patients had mild cramps, followed by 7(17.5%) of the Hemodialysis patients had moderate cramps, very few 5(12.5%) of the Hemodialysis patients had severe cramps and there were no Hemodialysis patients with no cramps. After leg Exercises techniques, 65% of the Hemodialysis patients had Mild cramps, 20.0% of the Hemodialysis patients had no cramps, 10.0% of the Hemodialysis patients had Moderate cramps and remaining 05% of the Hemodialysis patients had severe cramps. The mean pre-test pain score was 3.42 while mean post test score was 2.12 and difference in mean pre-test and post test score was highly significant with t-value =9.93 with p-value < 0.0001. Conclusion and Recommendations: The result of the study concluded that, there was a significant improvement obtained following leg exercises on muscle cramps. This study recommended that there is an immense need of leg exercises in dialysis hospitals areas to prevent the muscle cramps of dialysis patients.

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Keywords: Leg exercises, Muscle cramps, Dialysis patients.

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The coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry represents one of the most significant innovations in analytical chemistry, fundamentally transforming how pharmaceutical scientists measure and identify compounds in complex biological matrices. This comprehensive review synthesizes contemporary knowledge regarding hyphenated LC-MS techniques, exploring the scientific principles underlying these powerful analytical systems, examining practical considerations for implementing robust bioanalytical methods, and discussing the regulatory frameworks that have established LC-MS/MS as the gold standard for pharmaceutical bioanalysis. Hyphenated techniques elegantly overcome the individual limitations of single analytical approaches by strategically combining complementary methodologies--chromatographic separation provides the essential first stage of selectivity by temporally resolving chemically similar compounds, while mass spectrometric detection offers unparalleled sensitivity and structural specificity through precise mass measurement and tandem fragmentation analysis. The convergence of these capabilities enables detection of pharmaceutical compounds and metabolites at concentrations previously impossible to measure, particularly important for characterizing drug metabolism, supporting therapeutic drug monitoring, and enabling personalized medicine approaches. This review examines fundamental instrumentation principles, explores practical method development workflows, discusses comprehensive validation requirements, addresses persistent analytical challenges including ion suppression and matrix effects, and evaluates emerging technological innovations expanding LC-MS capabilities. Contemporary regulatory frameworks, particularly guidance from the FDA, European Medicines Agency, and International Conference on Harmonization, have established specific expectations for LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method development and validation, reflecting the critical role these methods play in ensuring pharmaceutical product quality and patient safety. The integration of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry has enabled unprecedented analytical throughput, with modern systems analyzing hundreds of samples daily while maintaining exceptional sensitivity and selectivity. Future developments incorporating artificial intelligence, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and advanced sample preparation innovations promise continued expansion of bioanalytical capabilities, ensuring LC-MS/MS remains the essential analytical foundation supporting contemporary pharmaceutical development and clinical diagnostics.

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Keywords: Hyphenated techniques, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS, bioanalytical methods, mass spectrometry, method validation, pharmaceutical analysis, tandem mass spectrometry, bioavailability, metabolite identification

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"Local government is not the lowest level of governance; it is the closest to the people." One of the most significant international sustainability challenges is the overexploitation of resources and increased pollution levels linked to ever-increasing consumption and production. The production and consumption of goods and services can have a significant global impact on the environment and society. Achieving sustainable development depends on comprehensive approaches that integrate consumption and production initiatives. The function of local government (LG) in national development is inextricably linked. In that sense, the question is not whether we feel the local government is ready to take on new duties and authority--although some argue that it is not--but how. The importance of sustainable consumption is exaggerated at the expense of the more critical production side. Understanding the role that various levels of government can play in incentivizing sustainable consumption and production is thus vital. We see a minimal emphasis on sustainable consumption in general, or if it is realized at the local level. Against this backdrop, this paper reviews the latest evidence on the importance, effectiveness, successes, and failures of local governments in advancing sustainable consumption and production. This study attempts to assess responses to the following concerns. What is the importance of SCP and the definition of sustainable consumption at the local government level? What instruments have been employed in local government intervention to promote sustainable consumption (administrative, economic, informational, research and development, public ownership/investment, or networking tools)? Have these remedies been evaluated, and if so, how effective were they found to be? What have been the hurdles to and the success factors in local governments' adoption of sustainable consumption initiatives? Possible solutions to overcome the obstacles.

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Sustainable cconsumption, Sustainable Production, Local Self Government

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition