Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Online education has become an integral part of modern education systems, offering secondary school students a broad range of opportunities to explore vocational interests and career pathways. With the flexibility and accessibility of online learning, students can access a variety of resources and courses that help them better understand their potential career options. This paper examines the role of online education in shaping vocational interests among secondary school students and investigates the challenges that limit its full effectiveness. Drawing on established career development theories, including Holland's Vocational Personalities, Super's Self-Concept Theory, and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, the paper explores how online education can influence students' career choices, self-efficacy, and personal development. These theories provide a framework for understanding how online platforms can facilitate career exploration, promote skill development, and contribute to the shaping of students' vocational identities. However, despite the potential benefits, significant challenges exist. The digital divide, limited access to technology, and disparities in socioeconomic conditions prevent some students from fully engaging with online learning opportunities. Moreover, the absence of structured mentorship and personalized career guidance on many platforms hinders students' ability to make informed career decisions. This paper also discusses the integration of career guidance frameworks into online platforms and suggests strategies for overcoming these barriers. By addressing these challenges, online education can be a powerful tool in helping students navigate career decisions, refine their self-concept, and develop the skills needed for future success.

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Online education, vocational interests, secondary School students, digital divide.

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Agriculture remains a cornerstone of India's economy, sustaining over half of rural households and contributing major part of the national GDP. Despite significant post-independence efforts to enhance productivity through high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, and modern machinery, small and marginal farmers often face financial constraints in accessing these inputs. Agricultural input subsidies have been implemented to reduce costs, encourage adoption of modern technologies, enhance farm incomes, and stimulate economic growth. Subsidies have been shown by numerous studies to positively influence productivity and reduce input costs; however, their impact on the alleviation of loan dependency has been found to be limited, with significant gaps in awareness being reported among resource-constrained farmers. Consequently, a need has been emphasized for targeted policy interventions, the establishment of efficient subsidy delivery mechanisms, and the implementation of comprehensive awareness programs, through which inclusive growth, sustainable agricultural development, and the enhancement of rural livelihoods may be achieved.

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Marginal farmers, Agricultural productivity, Input subsidies , Loan dependency, Policy interventions, Subsidy awareness, Rural livelihoods, Sustainable agriculture

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Learning about the various techniques to solve this higher power Diophantine equation in successfully deriving their solutions helps us understand how numbers work and their significance in different areas of mathematics and science. This paper first focused on studying infinitely many integer solutions of generalized quadratic Diophantine equation ?k(x-?)?^2+(y-?)^2=(z-?)^2 ,which is having ellipse equation form of ?k((x-?)/(z-?))?^2+((y-?)/(z-?))^2=1; Also, concentrate on studying Reciprocal form of above Diophantine Equation k/p^2 +1/q^2 =1/h^2 , Which is having different sets of integer solutions of p=(y-?)(z-?), q=(x-?)(z-?) and h=(x-?)(y-?). Also, introduces to study of binary operation on above Set of quadratic Diophantine Equation. P_1.P_2={?((kx_1 ?x_2?^2,y_1 (?y_2?^2+?z_2?^2 )+2y_2 z_1 z_2,?z_1 (?y_2?^2+?z_2?^2 )+2y_1 y?_2 z_2 )@(kx_2 ?x_1?^2,y_2 (?y_1?^2+?z_1?^2 )+2y_1 z_1 z_2,?z_2 (?y_1?^2+?z_1?^2 )+2y_1 y?_2 z_1 ) )}.

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Diophantine Equations, Ellipse, Reciprocal ellipse equations.

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The outcome of prosthodontic rehabilitation in partially edentulous individuals is highly dependent on an accurate appraisal of the available prosthetic space. Tooth loss initiates a series of biological and occlusal alterations, including resorption of the alveolar ridge, supraeruption of opposing teeth, and positional changes of adjacent teeth, all of which can negatively influence restorative space. In addition, neuromuscular adaptation and variations in occlusal vertical dimension further modify spatial relationships within the oral cavity. Inadequate evaluation of these changes may result in compromised function, esthetics, phonetics, and reduced longevity of prosthetic restorations. This narrative review outlines the concept of prosthetic space, factors responsible for its alteration, conventional and digital methods of assessment--including intraoral scanning--and their relevance in prosthodontic treatment planning.

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Prosthetic space, partial edentulism, interocclusal space, intraoral scanner, prosthodontic evaluation

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This research examines the application of classical Kavya Shastra principles--particularly Dandin's K?vy?dar?a and selected v?tti frameworks from Sanskrit poetics--within the kavittas attributed to Pt. Narayan Prasad of the Jaipur Gharana Kathak tradition. Treating kavitta as a performative poetic form rather than a fixed literary text, the study analyzes three representative compositions: a Chakkardar kavitta (rhythmic v?ra structure), K?liya Daman (misra-j?ti narrative kavitta), and Gol Kapol Adhar Bimbaphal (r?pa-var?ana ???g?ra-bhakti kavitta). Through qualitative analysis, the research identifies how vritti behaviour (m?du, vivara?a, bh?va, and laya vritti) and selective alamk?ras (anupr?sa, upam?, r?paka, and ati?ayokti) operate functionally rather than decoratively. The findings demonstrate that these kavittas enact a shabda-artha (sound-meaning) alignment consistent with Kavya Shastra, realised through rhythm, abhinaya, tala structure, and rasa progression. The study concludes that Pt. Narayan Prasad's compositions represent an embodied continuation of classical poetic theory, positioning kavitta as applied aesthetics within Kathak pedagogy and performance. This research contributes to filling a scholarly gap by bridging textual Sanskrit poetics with practical dance methodology, offering a framework for further academic analysis of gharana-specific repertoire.

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Kavya Shastra, vritti, alamkara, kavitta, Jaipur Gharana, Pt. Narayan Prasad, Kathak pedagogy, Rasa structure.

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Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (2003) is widely recognized for its sensitive portrayal of neurodivergence through the perspective of Christopher Boone, a fifteen-year-old protagonist. While much critical attention has focused on Christopher's voice and unique worldview, this paper shifts its lens to the often-overlooked struggles of his parents. It seeks to explore how the novel portrays the realities of parenting a neurodivergent child, emphasizing the fragile balance between care, sacrifice, and human vulnerability. The discussion highlights the emotional, social, and relational challenges faced by Christopher's parents, ranging from patience and compassion to frustration, guilt, and marital strain. Beyond challenges, the paper also examines the sacrifices embedded in their roles as caregivers, including personal compromises, emotional endurance, and the reshaping of their identities as both individuals and parents. These struggles show that parenting a neurodivergent child demands not only resilience but also the acceptance of imperfection and the ability to endure love in its most difficult forms. By foregrounding these experiences, the paper argues that Haddon's narrative not only illuminates the complexities of neurodivergence but also broadens our understanding of family dynamics and the resilience of caregivers. Ultimately, the novel invites readers to reflect on the intertwined struggles of children and parents, reminding us that the story of neurodivergence is also a story of shared endurance and love

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Neurodivergence, Parenting, Sacrifice, Family Dynamics

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and associated oxidative stress, leading to severe long-term complications. Medicinal plants have gained significant attention as alternative therapeutic agents due to their safety, affordability, and bioactive potential. The present study investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and in vitro anti-diabetic potential of Swertia chirayita, a traditional medicinal herb widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Methanolic extracts of the whole plant were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and ?-amylase inhibition assay. The extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and carbohydrates. Significant antioxidant activity was observed that was comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The extract also exhibited strong ?-amylase inhibitory activity, indicating potential anti-diabetic properties. These findings support the traditional use of Swertia chirayita and highlight its potential as a source of natural antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents.

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Diabetes mellitus, Swertia chirayita, Antioxidant activity, ?-amylase inhibition, Phytochemicals.

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Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been the most widely used denture base material for complete dentures due to its acceptable esthetics, ease of processing, and reparability. However, conventional heat cure acrylic resin exhibits limitations such as low impact strength and susceptibility to fracture, leading to patient discomfort and reduced satisfaction. High impact heat cure acrylic resins were developed to overcome these limitations by improving mechanical properties. Aim: To evaluate and compare patient satisfaction with complete dentures fabricated using conventional heat cure acrylic resin and high impact heat cure acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based comparative study was conducted among 100 completely edentulous patients. Fifty patients received complete dentures fabricated using conventional heat cure acrylic resin (Group I), and fifty patients received dentures fabricated using high impact heat cure acrylic resin (Group II). Patient satisfaction was assessed at denture insertion, one-week, and three-week follow-up visits. Parameters evaluated included esthetics, speech, retention, stability, comfort, masticatory efficiency, denture strength, staining, and overall satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Z-test for difference between proportions. Results: Patients rehabilitated with high impact acrylic dentures demonstrated significantly higher satisfaction scores across most parameters. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed for esthetics, comfort, retention, stability, masticatory efficiency, and perceived strength. Conclusion: High impact heat cure acrylic resin dentures provide superior patient satisfaction and functional performance compared to conventional heat cure acrylic resin dentures and may be preferred for complete denture fabrication.

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Complete denture, High impact acrylic resin, Heat cure acrylic resin, Patient satisfaction, Questionnaire study

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The emergence of Industry 4.0 technologies such as Cloud Computing, Data Analytics, IIoT, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence is bringing a significant Digital transformation in manufacturing and industrial sectors. Industry 4.0 helps to bring out innovative solutions to industrial problems which help with high production efficiency and productivity. The manufacturing and industrial sector consists of valuable assets that help in production of various goods, it is of very high importance to protect those assets and continuously produce goods without interruption. Usage of modern Industry 4.0 solutions in manufacturing and industrial plants without proper understanding of possible cyber security vulnerabilities, preventive methods could lead to cyber security attacks on industrial plants and could damage equipment and assets. The paper is prepared to explore cyber security vulnerabilities, threats and identify important mechanisms to protect the industry 4.0 based industrial automation systems. The paper explores the areas of Cloud Computing, IIoT, Machine Learning and Artificial intelligence that are utilized to work in co-ordination with Industrial systems.

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Cyber Security, Industrial plant security, SCADA, I4.0, Industry 4.0, Kubernetes, Docker, Containerization, Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, IIoT, Digital.

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An detailed survey of the literature on computerized accounting systems (CAS) is presented in this work. It looks at the theoretical underpinnings, historical development, system elements, advantages, factors that influence acceptance, difficulties in putting them into practice, implications for internal control and audit, effects on organizational performance, and new developments like cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The study finds key research gaps, prevailing topics, and methodological methods by combining national and international studies. According to the research, CAS greatly improves productivity, precision, openness, and the caliber of decisions; yet, organizational preparedness, the strength of internal controls, user proficiency, and technology infrastructure are all necessary for its success. Future research paths that are pertinent to scholars, practitioners, and policymakers are highlighted in the paper's conclusion

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cloud accounting, SMEs, internal control, literature review, computerized accounting system, and accounting information system

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The increasing complexity of web applications has led to a rise in security vulnerabilities that threaten sensitive data and system integrity. Open-source security tools play a vital role in improving transparency, collaboration, and accessibility in cybersecurity research. This paper presents an open-source, AI-powered web vulnerability assessment tool designed to detect common security issues such as SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting, and insecure HTTP headers. The system performs automated scanning of web applications and utilizes artificial intelligence to generate simplified and structured vulnerability reports with severity classification and mitigation guidance. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed tool effectively identifies security flaws and assists developers in adopting secure coding practices. The open-source nature of the system encourages extensibility and community-driven improvements for future security enhancements.

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Open Source, Web Security, Vulnerability Scanner, Cybersecurity, SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting, Artificial Intelligence

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This study investigated administrator's conflict management strategies, and quality assurance in universities in Delta State, Nigeria. Three research questions were raised and answered. A descriptive survey research design was employed. The population comprised 1,546 academic and 3,624 non-academic staff of universities in Delta State. A sample of 877 staff, was drawn from both academic and non-academic staff using proportionate stratified sampling technique. Two questionnaires--the Administrator's Conflict Management Strategies Scale (ACMSS) and Quality Assurance Scale (QAS) were used to collect data. Face and content validity were established through expert evaluation, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach alpha, yielding indices of 0.836 and 0.742 for each scale. Out of 877 questionnaires administered, 830 copies were correctly completed and analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, to answer the two questions and Pearson r to answer research question 3. Findings revealed that administrator's conflict management strategies in universities included active listening, mediation, fairness in conflict resolution, open dialogue, prompt attention to complaints and promotion of workplace harmony. The level of quality assurance was moderate. There was a positive link between administrator's conflict management strategies and quality assurance. The study concludes that adopting structured conflict management strategies is essential for improving the quality of administrative and academic services in universities. Based on these findings, it was recommended that universities provide regular training for administrators on effective conflict management strategies to achieve optimal quality assurance in the universities.

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Educational Administrators Conflict Management Strategies and Quality Assurance in Tertiary Institutions in Delta State, Nigeria

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Biosurfactants are amphipathic biomolecules synthesized by microorganisms and have gained increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic surfactants. This mini review focuses on biosurfactant production by soil-derived bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, with particular emphasis on Pseudomonas stutzeri. The review highlights the diversity, production strategies, and functional properties of biosurfactants produced by P. stutzeri, as well as their potential applications in food processing, environmental remediation, agriculture, and biotechnology. The ecological advantages of biosurfactants, including biodegradability, low toxicity, and effectiveness under extreme conditions, are discussed in comparison with conventional surfactants. Challenges related to high production costs, complex genetic regulation, and regulatory approval are also addressed. Further research focusing on strain improvement, cost-effective substrates, and process optimization is required to enhance the commercial competitiveness of P. stutzeri-derived biosurfactants.

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Pseudomonas stutzeri; biosurfactants; soil bacteria; bioremediation; food biotechnology; sustainable surfactants

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Thanjavur painting, also known as Tanjore painting, is a distinguished classical art form of South India, celebrated for its rich devotional themes, intricate craftsmanship, and opulent use of gold embellishments. Originating in the historic town of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, this art form evolved under the patronage of the Nayakas, Marathas and other regional powers from the 16th century onward, reflecting a vibrant confluence of cultural, religious and artistic influences. Characterized by its bold compositions, vibrant color palette, raised gesso work, and three-dimensional gold detailing, Thanjavur paintings traditionally depict Hindu gods, goddesses, saints and mythological narratives, serving both devotional and decorative purposes. Over time, the techniques, materials and thematic repertoire of Thanjavur painting have evolved. Contemporary artists experiment with modern substrates like plywood and canvas, synthetic pigments, and alternative gilding methods while incorporating secular, popular and contemporary motifs alongside classical religious subjects. This fusion of tradition and innovation has expanded the appeal of Tanjore art, making it relevant in modern home decor, interior design and the international art market. The accessibility of online platforms has further facilitated the global reach of Thanjavur paintings, connecting artists and collectors across regions. This paper examines the historical development, artistic influences, methodological techniques and modern adaptations of Thanjavur painting, highlighting its enduring significance as a living art form. It also explores current trends, changing consumer preferences and the integration of classical craftsmanship with contemporary aesthetics, demonstrating the resilience, adaptability and timeless appeal of this century's old artistic tradition. The study underscores Thanjavur painting not only as a cultural and devotional heritage but also as a dynamic and evolving art form that continues to inspire artists and art enthusiasts worldwide.

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Thanjavur painting Tanjore art Gold foil technique Gesso work South Indian devotional art Maratha and Nayaka patronage Contemporary adaptations Cultural heritage

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Corruption is a significant issue that affects countries worldwide, and India is no exception. Essentially, it undermines governance, erodes public trust, distorts market dynamics, and hinders financial growth. This paper examines the various ways in which different countries address corruption by analysing their legal frameworks and institutional strategies. International agreements highlight a collective recognition of the need for coordinated legal actions to address corruption. This study analyses anti-corruption laws from major countries like the US, the UK, India, and Brazil to find common patterns in legislation, enforcement approaches, and effectiveness. These are compared to uncover similarities in legal frameworks and the varying levels of judicial independence. The paper also looks at key factors such as the roles of enforcement agencies, political will to tackle corruption, the significance of global cooperation in recovering assets, and pursuing prosecutions. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of digital governance, whistleblower protection, and civil society involvement in promoting transparency. Notable case studies highlight that the success of anti-corruption measures depends on several critical factors. Effective enforcement is essential to make laws truly meaningful and successful. Additionally, organizations should operate independently and without political pressures to prioritize justice and integrity. Public engagement also plays a significant role; when citizens are informed and involved, they can advocate for change and hold institutions accountable. Ultimately, the research concludes that a multifaceted approach is necessary to develop a strong anti-corruption system. This involves leveraging various sectors and strategies to respond to evolving challenges in a rapidly changing global landscape. By encouraging collaboration and creative solutions across multiple areas, communities can establish more efficient ways to combat corruption and turn the concept of accountability into a tangible reality that serves the interests of all.

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Corruption, Anti-Corruption Law, Bribery Act, Legal Frameworks, Whistle-blower Protection, Digital Transparency, International Cooperation, Asset Recovery.

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This paper examines Binodini's memoir, The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memory of Her Father (2015), arguing that it masterfully intertwines the theme of nostalgia with the use of the stream-of-consciousness technique, transforming personal memory into a potent form of storytelling. Focusing on her own personal experiences and domestic spaces, Binodini consciously documents the lives of people and events that directly or indirectly revolve around her life. Ultimately, the paper examines and concludes that this memoir beautifully captures these narratives by reframing history from a woman's perspective.

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nostalgia, stream-of-consciousness, memoir, royal household

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The B-pillar is one of the most important structural part of a vehicle designed to protect passengers during side impacts and rollover accidents. The B-pillar trim, which covers the pillar structure, adds both safety and aesthetic value by improving energy absorption and reducing injury risks in collisions. This research focuses on the study, design, and optimization of B-pillar trims using composite materials for vehicles across different segments. The B-pillar trim acts as a protective and aesthetic cover over the structural B-pillar. It prevents direct contact with the metal surface, enhances passenger comfort, safety and contributes to energy absorption during side impacts, improving overall safety. B -pillar trims are used in all types of vehicles from entry-level hatchbacks to premium SUVs and luxury sedans. cars use cost-effective polymer-based trims, mid and high-segment vehicles often use fiber-reinforced composite trims for improved strength and appearance. After a collision, the B-pillar trim experience stress such as compression. Compression test is performed on a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to measure the mechanical strength and stiffness of the B-pillar trim. These tests help validate Finite Element Analysis results with experimental data. Conventional B-pillar trims made of polypropylene and similar materials often have poor load-bearing strength and low crash resistance. They may deform or fail to absorb energy effectively during side-impact collisions, reducing their protective capability. This research presents the use of E-glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforcements to enhance the strength, stiffness, and durability of B-pillar trims. These materials significantly improve impact resistance and reduce deformation while keeping the design lightweight. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to simulate real-world loading conditions on various B-pillar trim materials. The results showed that composite trims exhibit reduced deformation and higher stress resistance compared to conventional plastic trims. The experimental and simulation results confirm that composite-reinforced B-pillar trims greatly improve crash performance. Carbon fiber composites showed the highest strength (5027.7 N), followed by E-glass fiber (2167.2 N), compared to the original polypropylene trim (460.44 N). The study concludes that using composite materials makes vehicles safer and more fuel-efficient due to weight reduction and enhanced structural integrity.

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Keywords: B-Pillar Trim, Composite Materials, Finite Element Analysis, B-Pillar, Automotive Safety.

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Recent scholarship has increasingly highlighted the significance of Dalit women's suffering within India's caste-stratified society. Dalit refers to communities historically oppressed and excluded through the caste system, resulting in deep seated social, economic, political, and religious marginalization. Dalit feminist theology interprets this oppression not as divinely ordained but as a manifestation of structural sin embedded within caste patriarchy. Within this framework, Dalit women endure intersecting forms of violence shaped by caste, class, and gender, positioning them among the most vulnerable yet resilient subjects of history. Drawing on the biblical notion of dal, the crushed and powerless, this study reframes Dalit women's suffering as a critical theological site of resistance and divine solidarity. Focusing on the Jogulamba Gadwal region, the article foregrounds Dalit women's lived realities of landlessness, labour exploitation, social stigma, and patriarchal control, while affirming their agency, survival strategies, and ongoing struggles for dignity, justice, and liberation.

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Reframing Social Justice: Dalit Women's Experiences in India

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ABSTRACT Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1) aims to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030, yet persistent challenges such as inequality, climate change, and geopolitical instability threaten progress. This essay evaluates advancements in poverty reduction, identifies systemic barriers, and proposes actionable strategies to accelerate SDG 1. While global extreme poverty rates declined from 36% in 1990 to 8.4% in 2019, COVID-19, climate disasters, and structural inequalities have reversed gains, pushing 90 million people into poverty in 2020. Case studies from China, Brazil, and Sub-Saharan Africa illustrate the role of policy innovation and governance. The essay advocates for multidimensional approaches, technology-driven solutions, and climate-resilient frameworks to achieve equitable progress. Policy recommendations emphasize inclusive fiscal reforms, global collaboration, and adaptive governance.

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Keywords: SDG 1, extreme poverty, multidimensional deprivation, climate resilience, social protection.

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Kaibarta, Malo, Patni, Maimal and Namasudra are the major fishing communities of Assam (Day,1989). The process of globalization, Liberalization and privatization effectively started from 1991 in India. In the last few decades, the life style of Indian people both in urban and villages have drastically changed due to take place globalization of marketing, liberalization of different policies and privatization of service sectors like health, education etc. Now unlike the other communities of Assam. The fishermen community also engaged in different areas like government, private and entrepreneurial works. Occupation is closely interrelated with socio-economic and cultural factors, that's why it is important to make a study to understand the cause, for which they adopt new occupation in response to the process of social change. The present study is under taken in two fishermen dominated villages of Nalbari District to explore about the occupational mobility among them. It also focuses what are new occupations they were chosen and what factors are responsible for adopting new livelihood source.

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Occupation, Social Change, Fishermen Community.

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