Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Sagar sambhag me anusuchit jati ke antragat Ahirwar samaj ki samajik avm sanskriti k sthti ka vishleshan ak adhyan

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Sagar sambhag me anusuchit jati ke antragat Ahirwar samaj ki samajik avm sanskriti k sthti ka vishleshan ak adhyan

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Abstract In the context of Indian literature, marginalization is a representation of various aspects. So, in India there are so many points which show the marginalizations like Dalit, Female, Tribal and gender bias. The situation whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded lesser importance or little importance at all is termed to be marginalized. This is predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs and desires are ignored. Throughout the world millions of people are affected by this experience of marginality. The marginalized people have little control over their lives and the resources available to them. Due to this they are like handicapped and powerless in the society. The inhuman treatment meted to the marginalized prevents them from participating in local life. Marginalisation deprives a large majority of the people from participating in the development. Many English writers in India have been writing about the social exclusion of the so-called low caste and about their sufferings and exploitations that they undergo without resistance or protest. Writers like Mulkraj Anand, Raja Rao, Bhabani Battaacharya, Arundati Roy have all discussed in a very elaborate way the sufferings and the pitiable plight of this socially excluded group. But Anita Nair has tried to give a warning to the society by depicting what will happen if the weaker sections of the society retaliate. The paper focuses on this aspect with reference to Anita Nair's The Better Man.

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Keywords: marginalization, bias, minority, inhuman, social exclusion, exploitation, resistance, protest

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Sublingual drug delivery represents a promising alternative route for systemic medication administration, offering significant advantages over conventional oral formulations. The sublingual region exhibits superior permeability compared to other oral mucosal areas due to its thin epithelium (100-200 ?m), extensive vascularization, and high blood flow. This comprehensive review examines the anatomical basis of sublingual absorption, mechanisms of drug transport, formulation strategies including fast-dissolving tablets and advanced delivery systems, and emerging technologies for improving sublingual bioavailability. The sublingual route enables drugs to bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism, achieving bioavailability improvements of 3-10 times compared to conventional oral administration. Clinical applications include cardiovascular medications, analgesics, antiemetics, and emergency medications where rapid onset of action is required. Despite advantages, challenges including drug stability, taste masking, and patient compliance require continued research. This review synthesizes current knowledge and future perspectives on sublingual drug delivery systems, highlighting innovations in formulation technologies, permeation enhancement strategies, and personalized medicine applications. Emerging trends including nanoparticle-based systems, biocompatible polymers, and digital health integration represent promising future directions for optimizing sublingual drug delivery efficacy and patient outcomes.

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Sublingual drug delivery, bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, fast-dissolving tablets, oral mucosal delivery, formulation technologies, permeation enhancement

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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs play a pivotal role in the economic development of India by contributing significantly to employment generation, industrial output, and exports. With the rapid expansion of digital technologies, e-commerce has emerged as a powerful tool for MSMEs to enhance market reach, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. Despite Karnataka being one of the technologically advanced states in India, the adoption of e-commerce among MSMEs remains limited and uneven. This study aims to analyze the major barriers hindering e-commerce adoption among MSMEs in Karnataka through an empirical secondary analysis. The study draws evidence from government reports, academic literature, industry surveys, and policy documents. The findings reveal that technological limitations, lack of digital skills, financial constraints, trust and security concerns, and regulatory complexities are the dominant barriers. The study concludes with policy recommendations to promote inclusive digital transformation among MSMEs in Karnataka.

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MSMEs, E-commerce Adoption, Digital Transformation, Barriers, Karnataka.

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Children are the bright future of India. Children are responsible citizen of India so it the responsibility of the society to protect the children from sex crime. there are provision in the constitution of India under Article 15 to protect the children in tender age.sex crime on child were committed during Vedic Period in India and King was the Judge who give punishment to the offender. There was provision of severe punishment during princely rule in India, during Mohammedaan dynasty in India. Indian Penal Code was enacted during British rule in India and there were provision of severe punishment according to crime committed in the British rule. Courts of Justice are doing justice and giving punishment to the offender but numbers of sex crime on children are increasing regularly in India so society should also protect children from sex crime.

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sex crime, child, dignity, Protect, compensation, witness

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The rapid growth of e-commerce has transformed consumer purchasing behavior and increased demand for fast, reliable, and cost-effective delivery services. Among the various stages of the logistics process, last-mile delivery is considered the most complex and expensive. It directly impacts customer satisfaction and operational efficiency. E-commerce companies face numerous challenges in last-mile delivery, including rising transportation costs, traffic congestion, inaccurate addresses, failed deliveries, labor shortages, and sustainability concerns. This study aims to analyze the key challenges faced by e-commerce companies in last-mile delivery logistics and examine customer perceptions regarding delivery performance. The research adopts a descriptive research design using primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. Data analysis is performed using percentage analysis, tables, and charts. The findings highlight that delivery delays, high costs, and poor infrastructure are major obstacles. The study concludes with practical suggestions to improve last-mile delivery efficiency through technology adoption and better logistics planning.

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Last-Mile Delivery, E-Commerce Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Customer Satisfaction, Urban Logistics

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Optimize NOCIL Limited's supply chain against cost pressures and volatility, this study identifies three key areas for digital transformation: Inbound Procurement: Automate routine purchase requisitions using rule-based SAP S/4HANA workflows to eliminate manual delays. Warehouse Management: Implement Automated Data Capture (ADC) via barcodes and QR codes to improve inventory accuracy and replace manual verification. Export Logistics: Formalize multi-stage QA checkpoints to mitigate operational and environmental risks. Conclusion: Transitioning from manual processes to an integrated digital framework (SAP and ADC) directly reduces lead times and technical errors, securing NOCIL's profitability and resilience in a high-risk industry.

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Logistics Optimization ,Supply Chain Management, Rubber Chemicals, Inventory Management, Automation, Warehousing & Dispatch, Cost Reduction

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The impact of women's health on the community

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The impact of women's health on the community

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The number of Gig workers including both platform and non-platform workers in India has shown a remarkable increase in this digitalised world. Inclusion of labour centric regulations will lead to increase in productivity of labour and the development of industry. This research paper is an attempt to delve deeper to know how the implementation of social security codes transforms the life of gig workers by bringing them in the formal set-up. These codes provisioned for a strong social protection, safer work-places for all labourers. All business and industrial units should be included in this modern and unified system to pass on the benefits to all workers including gig workers.

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Gig workers, Platform and non-platform workers, social security code

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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks continue to pose a significant threat to service availability by overwhelming network and host resources with malicious traffic [1][7]. While machine learning based intrusion detection systems have demonstrated high classification accuracy on benchmark datasets, their direct deployment in operational environments is often limited by false positives, delayed reaction times, and the lack of explainable enforcement mechanisms [4][5]. This paper presents a hybrid DDoS detection and mitigation system that integrates machine learning based flow classification with active Linux firewall enforcement, supported by independent detection signals from an FPGA-based monitoring module. Network traffic is captured and aggregated into flows, from which engineered features are extracted and classified using a Random Forest model trained on CIC-DDoS2019 data. Instead of relying on a fixed decision threshold, confidence calibration is performed using precision recall analysis to optimize detection reliability under class imbalance [4]. To enhance robustness, ML outputs are combined with heuristic overrides based on packet volume and burst behavior, enabling rapid mitigation through dynamic iptables rule insertion. An FPGA-based SYN flood detector operates in parallel to provide deterministic, low-latency alerts that corroborate software-based detections and motivate hardware-assisted scalability [9][10]. The system further integrates Suricata as an IDS/IPS layer and Splunk for centralized logging and visualization, enabling cross-layer validation of attack events. Experimental results demonstrate consistent detection behavior across software and hardware signals, reduced false alarms, and timely mitigation, highlighting the effectiveness of hybrid, multi-layer DDoS defenses.

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DDoS, firewall, machine learning, FPGA

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Water constitutes approximately 70% of the Earth's surface and is essential for all known life forms. Oceans and seas contain nearly 97% of the planet's water, leaving only about 2.3% as freshwater. Of this, nearly 99% is stored as ice and groundwater, with less than 0.4% present in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere. Although it provides no calories or organic nutrients, access to safe drinking water is critical for human health and ecosystem sustainability. Despite improvements in global water accessibility over past decades, around 900 million people still lack safe drinking water, and more than 2 billion lack adequate sanitation. A significant correlation is observed between access to clean water and a nation's gross domestic product per capita. Projections indicate that by 2025, over half of the world population may face water scarcity, and by 2030, several developing regions could experience water demand exceeding supply by approximately 45%. In this major project, water samples were collected from six lakes: Himayat Sagar, Mir Alam Tank, Shamirpet Lake, Pedda Cheruvu, Kuntloor Pedda Cheruvu, and Injapur Lake. Extensive physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological analyses were conducted and benchmarked against Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) criteria. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated for each lake to quantitatively assess and compare their water quality status.

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Water Quality Index (WQI), Lakes of Hyderabad, Physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological analysis

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The research paper delves into the Desi elements of Indian classical dance, as described by Parshvadeva in the Sangeet Samaysaar. These elements encompass various aspects of dance aesthetics, techniques, and emotions. The paper meticulously explores and analyzes the nuances of each Desi Anga, highlighting their significance in shaping the dance tradition. Starting with Mukhara?a, which enhances facial radiance through stagecraft, the paper traverses through Saushtava, Lali, Bhava, Tukali, Anumana, Pramana, Jhanka, Reva, Surekha, Anga, Ananga, Dhala, Dhillayi, Navani, Kittu, Tarhar, Ullas, Vaivartana, and Savartana. Each Desi Anga is examined for its role in expression, movement, symmetry, emotional resonance, and their interaction with rhythm and melody. The paper weaves in insights from classical texts like Natya Shastra and Nritya Ratnavali, establishing the rich heritage and context of these elements within the broader classical dance framework and its similarity with kathak dance.

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Sangeet Samaysaar, Desi Ang, Parshvadeva

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Abstract India is a leading source of migrant labor, with over 18 million Indian workers employed abroad (World Bank, 2022). While international employment provides economic benefits, Indian workers often experience wage exploitation, contract fraud, poor working conditions, and lack of legal protection. This paper explores labor migration trends, types of exploitation, and policy recommendations, supported by data tables, charts, and case studies.

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Keywords: Indian migrant workers, wage exploitation, international labor, Gulf countries, remittances, labor rights

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The nature of work in India has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades, driven by technological advancements, digitalisation, and evolving economic structures. A key manifestation of this shift is the gig economy, characterized by short-term, task-based, and flexible work arrangements facilitated through digital platforms. This study examines the growth, structure, and sectoral distribution of gig employment in India, highlighting its contribution to workforce participation and economic development. Drawing on secondary data, particularly the NITI Aayog (2022) [1] report, the analysis reveals a significant expansion of gig employment, with the number of gig workers projected to increase from 25.2 lakh in 2011-12 to 2.35 crore by 2029-30, accounting for nearly 6.7% of non-agricultural employment. The gig workforce is concentrated in service sectors such as transportation, retail, and food services, while also showing diversification into high-skilled digital and knowledge-based roles. While the gig economy enhances flexibility, autonomy, and inclusive participation--especially for youth and women--it also poses challenges, including income volatility, limited social security, and precarious working conditions. The study underscores the need for comprehensive policy interventions that balance the benefits of flexible work with adequate worker protections, skill development, and social security, thereby ensuring the sustainable integration of gig employment into India's labour market.

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Gig economy, platform work, employment generation, workforce transformation, digital labour

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Investigating the intersection of Pancha Bootha/ five elements with an eminent guru can make any landscape, Therapeutic. The importance of Geographic location opens a new dimension in the world of therapeutic landscapes. In the process of maintaining a physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being of an individual,Landscape plays an important role. The therapeutic spaces are not restricted to any geographic region, rather spread across civilizations. This paper delves into the concept of "Therapeutic Landscapes" and their profound significance on individual well being and healing process. Also, exploring how living organisms play a vital role in healing process,amplification of sound and silence in healing process are examined. Few case studies are analysed to make better understanding of inter-relationship between land, culture and health that make an environment therapeutic. One can get to know, how the materialistic influence can have a huge impact in one's healing process. The research highlights the role of nature and its temperament in fostering mind-body connection to have a holistic health. This paper aims to deepen the understanding on how therapeutic landscape can have positive effect on individuals' physical and mental health.

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Therapeutic Landscapes, Nature, Holistic health, Healing, Pancha boothas, Geography.

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Rapid urbanisation in city has led to increased population density, shrinking open spaces, and rising public health concerns such as physical inactivity, stress, and lifestyle-related diseases. In this context, urban parks have become important public spaces that support healthier urban living. This study examines the socio-economic benefits of urban parks in enhancing public health in Lucknow City, Uttar Pradesh. The main objectives of the study are to analyse patterns of urban park usage, to assess the impact of parks on physical and mental health, to examine their role in promoting social interaction, and to explore the perceived economic benefits associated with urban parks. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire survey of 240 respondents from different parks of Lucknow City. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted, and the data were analysed using percentage-based and descriptive methods. The findings of the study indicate that a large proportion of city residents regularly use urban parks for activities such as walking, jogging, yoga, and relaxation. Most respondents reported improvements in physical health, including better fitness levels, reduced stress, and improved sleep quality. Urban parks were also found to contribute significantly to mental well-being by providing calm and green environments that help reduce anxiety and mental fatigue. In addition, parks function as important social spaces that encourage community interaction and strengthen social cohesion. From an economic perspective, urban parks support small-scale vendors, informal workers, and service providers, thereby contributing to local livelihoods. The study concludes that urban parks are not merely recreational spaces but essential components of public health and socio-economic infrastructure. Recognising and strengthening the role of urban parks in urban planning and policy-making is crucial for promoting sustainable, inclusive, and healthy urban development in cities like Lucknow.

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Urban Parks, Public Health, Sustainable Development, Urban Green Spaces, Socio-Economic Benefits, Social Inclusion, Emotional Wellbeing

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Pesticides are widely used for crop production because to prevent plant diseased, weeds, pests and to enhance the quality of the food products. Pesticides collected from Merck Mumbai. Such as Acephate, Acetamiprid and Imidacloprid were selected for the present study in order to determine their effects on the activities of soil enzyme urease. Results observed that the effects of selected pesticides on enzyme activity of urease enzyme flabbily decrease while without pesticides enzyme activity of urease enzyme flabbily increase

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Soil, Acephate, Acetamiprid, Imidacloropid and urease enzyme.

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The 73rd Constitutional Amendment to the Indian Constitution provided constitutional status to rural local self-government institutions (Panchayati Raj Institutions) and ensured reservation for women, thereby significantly increasing their political representation at the grassroots level. With a minimum of 33 percent reservation (extended to 50 percent in many states), women's participation in Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis, and Zilla Parishads has expanded considerably. However, a gap continues to exist between numerical representation and effective participation in decision-making processes. This paper examines women's representation in rural local self-government institutions and analyzes its social consequences. The study highlights that women's participation in local governance has led to positive social outcomes such as greater emphasis on issues related to drinking water, sanitation, health, education, and women and child welfare. Women leaders also serve as role models, contributing to increased educational aspirations among girls, enhanced social awareness, and gradual changes in traditional gender attitudes within rural society. Furthermore, women's representation strengthens inclusive and participatory local democracy. At the same time, the study identifies several challenges that limit the effectiveness of women's representation, including patriarchal social structures, lack of education and administrative experience, proxy representation by male family members, and the burden of dual responsibilities at home and in public life. The paper concludes that women's representation in rural local self-government institutions has the potential to bring meaningful social transformation, provided it is supported by capacity-building measures, training, institutional support, and a conducive social environment.

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Rural Local Self-Government, Women's Representation, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Social Impact, Women Empowerment.

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Experiential Learning, Kolb Cycle, Perception, Mathematics, middle stage students

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Abstract Takeshi Kitano's Hana-bi (1997) holds a unique spot in world cinema due to its careful emotional expression, unconventional story structure, and sudden bursts of violence. Unlike typical genre films, especially crime and police movies, Hana-bi builds emotional tension not through story escalation or character psychology, but through formal techniques in its editing. This paper explores how editing acts as an emotional framework in Hana-bi, shaping feelings through silence, broken time, and the contrast of calmness with unexpected violence. Using ideas from film phenomenology, trauma theory, and Japanese aesthetics--especially the concepts of impermanence--the study claims that Kitano's editing methods turn absence, delay, and disruption into key expressive elements. The paper also places Hana-bi within a larger Japanese film tradition by examining the impact of Yasujir? Ozu's subtle editing style and how Kitano reshapes that tradition in a modern, violence-driven context. By highlighting editing as the film's main emotional and moral structure, the study adds to larger conversations about emotional cinema, minimalism, and different ways of experiencing films.

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Takeshi Kitano; Hana-bi; Film Editing; Affective Cinema; Silence; Temporal Fragmentation; Japanese Cinema; Trauma and Memory; Yasujir? Ozu

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