Volume 11 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Modern medicine has experienced a benchmark transformation through advanced drug delivery systems, which now boost therapeutic results simultaneously as they minimize systemic damage and improve medicine consumption behavior. Standard drug delivery techniques have several major limitations due to their low drug absorption rate, reliability of drug release, and additional unwanted side effects of the received treatment. The article evaluates novel drug delivery methods offering therapeutic agents' exact delivery through nanocarriers, biodegradable implants, and smart polymer systems. The study combines a literature review with case studies to analyze these methods' performance, biological suitability, and restrictions. The research findings demonstrate how nanocarriers use their ability to improve drug solubility while enabling targeted treatment of specific disease locations, biodegradable implants maintain extended drug delivery patterns, and smart polymers enhance drug delivery through biological response monitoring. Technological achievements demonstrate major potential benefits in the medical care of chronic illnesses, cancer conditions, and disorders affecting the nervous system. The next stage of research development will concentrate on enhancing drug delivery effectiveness while resolving regulatory requirements to achieve clinical market entry.

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Drug Delivery, Nanocarriers Technology, Biodegradable Implants, Smart Polymers, Targeted Therapeutics, Controlled Release

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In this work, an attempt has been made to explore the concept of affect and that of creativity. Then, to find out the relation between the two. It has been found that there is no consensus regarding the nature of the above relation. Finally, an attempt has been made to explore the different ways to encourage creativity among the young minds within classroom situation.

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affect, creativity, relation, encouragement

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This research examines how an understanding of the money stuff influences online buying behaviour, in particular impulse buying and the shopping costs and the process of decision making. To understand how money savvy tricks can help us identify a financial difference between the cost of product delivery, tax, and other handling fees, as well as whether they can make a real sizing of the actual prices of products they purchase online, they communicated with 79 individuals. The findings indicate that the majority of the population is well-informed about money, nevertheless, there are still knowledge gap areas that need to be addressed (particularly interest rates and the cost of long-term products). Limited-time offers, flash sales, targeted ads give impulse buying an enormous credit that impressed more than 62% that the tricks lured them into spontaneous purchases. Secret expenses also influence purchasing decisions, with persons claiming the freight expenses to be the biggest reasons that prevented them purchasing. According to the study, an increase in financial literacy or certain elements related to how and what people shop online, such as budgeting, interest rates, and unseen charges is a solution to more responsible internet purchasing. Online shoppers can be empowered, and smarter money laws are likely to make more purchases healthy, resulting in improvements in habitual satisfaction.

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Financial Literacy, Impulse Buying, Online Shopping Behaviour, Hidden Costs, Consumer Decision-Making.

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The incarceration of women in India exposes critical gaps in the recognition and protection of maternal healthcare rights. Despite constitutional guarantees under Article 21 and judicial pronouncements affirming the right to health, women prisoners, especially those who are pregnant or mothers of young children, continue to face systemic neglect, inadequate medical infrastructure, and poor hygiene conditions. This paper examines the constitutional, statutory, and international human rights frameworks governing maternal healthcare in prisons, with particular reference to landmark judgments such as Sheela Barse v State of Maharashtra and R D Upadhyay v State of A.P.. It also evaluates comparative practices from the United Kingdom, United States, and South Africa to highlight potential models for reform in India. Drawing on a human rights, feminist, and public health perspective, the study identifies key challenges in implementation and proposes gender-sensitive reforms, alternative sentencing for mothers, and stronger monitoring mechanisms. Ultimately, the paper argues that ensuring maternal healthcare in prisons is not merely a welfare concern but a constitutional and human rights imperative.

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Maternal Healthcare, Women Prisoners, Right to Health, Prison Reform, Human Rights

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Abstract CdMnS is an important class of dilute magnetic semiconductor material. It is reported that the CdMnS thin film have been used in photoelectrochemical cell. CdMnS dilute magnetic semiconductor thin films are synthesized on both glass and stainless steel substrates using a chemical bath deposition method CBD. The deposition parameters such as growth temperature, time, pH of bath solution, concentrations of precursor, etc., were optimized to obtain device grade and good oriented polycrystalline films. The layer thickness was found to be dependent on Mn2+ concentration . Composition of the as-grown films was determined by an EDAX technique. The electrochemical cells were fabricated by using the as deposited films of CdMnS of different composition as the active photoelectrodes, an electrolyte and a counter electrode. The cells were then characterized for their dark and illumination properties. different cell parameters such as Voc,Isc, FF, Rs,Rsh, ? , nd and ?B were determined from these experiment and the cell performance has been assess with a reference of Mn2+ concentration in CdS. A remarkable

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Cd1-xMnxS Magnetic semiconductor, DMS, Photoelectrochemical cell, Magnetic properties, fill factor.

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The term ''Biodiversity,'' short for ''Biological diversity,'' has gained widespread attention during the last two decade. It's risen to prominence on the international political stage. The concern for biodiversity has arisen from to streams of developments - the increasing loss of biodiversity and habitats on the one hand and the rapidly growing recognition of the economic importance of biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit. India is signatory to this convention, it has three primary objectives: conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. To promote the objective the convention the Indian Government enacted The Biological Diversity Act 2002. The Act aims to provide conserve biodiversity established three tier systems of authorities, National Biodiversity Authorities, State Biodiversity Boards and local Biodiversity Management Committees. In this paper on Author make some attempt analyses the role of the Karnataka State Biodiversity Board in the conservation and management of the state's rich biodiversity.

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Karnataka Biodiversity Board, conservation of biodiversity, State Biodiversity Boards, Biological Diversity Act.

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In this paper, we provide the analysis of the natural transformation for certain distribution spaces in terms of the fractional integral and differential operators of the transform. There are two parts to this composition. The first is a brief introduction to fractional operators and the less researched and well-known natural transform. The basis for the research study is the understanding that the fractional integral and the Laplace and Sumudu transforms may be expressed as one of the appropriate representations of the Abel integral problem.

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Derivatives, Natural transformation, Integrals, Equation

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 Abstract

यह अध्ययन सरकारी और निजी बी.एड कॉलेज शिक्षकों की शिक्षण प्रभावशीलता और शिक्षण पेशे में समायोजन का पता लगाने के लिए किया गया था। शोधकर्ताओं ने यादृच्छिक रूप से 150 बी.एड कॉलेज शिक्षकों का एक नमूना चुना। कर्नाटक राज्य के धारवाड़ जिले से कक्षा 9 और 10 के 75 निजी तौर पर प्रबंधित बी.एड शिक्षकों और 75 सरकारी तौर पर प्रबंधित बी.एड कॉलेज शिक्षकों का चयन किया गया। यह अध्ययन दर्शाता है कि सरकारी और निजी बी.एड कॉलेज शिक्षकों की शिक्षण प्रभावशीलता में महत्वपूर्ण अंतर है।

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समायोजन, शिक्षण प्रभावशीलता।

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India is a country where sports play a vital role in one's life. The country has served as a hot spot for various emerging sports. Apart from this, India has been the centre of Sporting systems over the past two decades. Over the past two decades or so, there has been a significant shift in India concerning the commercialization of sports. This is the result of economic liberalization and media expansion along with corporate funding and the beginning of professional leagues. This Research paper aims to analyze the role of media, sponsorships, and private investments by various houses on the sports of India and why sports is being commercialized. Trends concerning revenue generation, viewership, market growth, and other factors are analyzed and represented graphically. Apart from these, the research also focuses on the athletes, fans, and the impact of sports commercialization on the sports ecosystem as a whole. These financial shifts and enhancements to varying degrees of competition and ethics indicate that there is a rising financial concern in sports, even though commercialization appears to be beneficial to some domains within the sports structure.

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India is a country where sports play a vital role in one's life. The country has served as a hot spot for various emerging sports. Apart from this, India has been the centre of Sporting systems over the past two decades. Over the past two decades or so, there has been a significant shift in India concerning the commercialization of sports. This is the result of economic liberalization and media expansion along with corporate funding and the beginning of professional leagues. This Research p

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The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) is a comprehensive transformation initiative in the Indian education system, aimed at providing quality, inclusive, flexible and skill-based education.This research evaluates the implementation and impact of this policy at the grassroots level.The study found that the policy has introduced innovations such as pre-primary education, teaching in mother tongue, flexible curriculum, and digital learning, which have shown signs of improvement in the quality of education in rural areas.However, factors such as lack of infrastructure, lack of technical resources, unavailability of trained teachers and lack of awareness are hindering the effective implementation of the policy. Despite this, NEP 2020 has generated new thinking and interest towards education in villages and small towns. This research suggests that if the policy is implemented according to local needs and government and social support is increased, it can change the scenario of education in India from the grassroots level.

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Evaluation of the new education policy at the grass root level

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Women empowerment refers to the process of enhancing the social, political, educational, economic, and cultural status of women. In India, the Panchayati Raj system, a system of local self-governance, plays a central role in decentralizing power and promoting inclusive governance. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992) mandated the reservation of one-third of the seats for women in Panchayati (local governing bodies), which has helped increase womens participation in decision-making processes. In Haryana, the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) serve as an effective tool for promoting women's empowerment at the grassroots level. This study explores how women's involvement in PRIs in Haryana has contributed to their empowerment.

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Study on Women Empowerment through Panchayati Raj Institutions in Haryana

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This study explores the changing position of women in Indian society from the ancient period to the present day. It traces the historical evolution of women's roles through various stages--beginning with the primitive and Vedic periods, followed by the epic and medieval eras, British colonial rule, and post-independence India. The paper examines how religious beliefs, cultural practices, social structures, and political developments have influenced the status and rights of women over time. While early texts and traditions show women as respected and even revered figures, later periods saw a decline in their status due to patriarchal norms and restrictive customs. The colonial era brought both challenges and reform movements that addressed women's education, rights, and social conditions. Post-independence, the Indian Constitution guaranteed gender equality and empowered women legally, socially, and politically. Despite significant progress in education, employment, and political participation, Indian women still face issues such as gender-based violence, economic inequality, and social discrimination. The paper concludes that although challenges remain, ongoing legal reforms, awareness campaigns, and social movements continue to push toward a more equitable and inclusive society for women.

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Gender, Reform, Literature, Property, Equality, Status

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Abstract: The Char areas of Assam, formed by the shifting sandbars of the Brahmaputra River, are among the most economically and socially marginalized regions in the state. This paper explores the multifaceted nature of poverty in these regions and its profound impact on the lives of the Char people, who are predominantly engaged in subsistence agriculture and unskilled labor. Recurrent flooding, erosion, and geographic isolation severely restrict access to basic infrastructure, education, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities, thereby perpetuating a cycle of deprivation. The study highlights how poverty not only affects economic well-being but also exacerbates social exclusion, particularly among women and children. Issues such as displacement, illiteracy, child labor, early marriage, and political disenfranchisement are prevalent and interconnected. Although various government schemes aim to alleviate rural poverty, inadequate implementation and lack of targeted interventions in the Char areas have limited their effectiveness. The paper calls for a comprehensive, context-specific policy approach that addresses both the structural causes of poverty and the unique vulnerabilities of the Char population. Empowering local communities through inclusive development, social protection, and better governance is essential for sustainable change.

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Keyword: Literacy, Poverty, Erosion, Immnigrant, BPL, Flood etc

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The Kale River Basin in the Eastern Himalayas presents a dynamic hydrological system shaped by intense monsoonal rainfall, diverse land use patterns, and complex topography. This study investigates the interrelationship between rainfall, land use, surface runoff, and channel discharge over three hydrological years (2020-2023) using field-based experiments, remote sensing, and geospatial analysis. Results indicate a strong correlation between rainfall variability and both surface runoff and river discharge, with barren and agricultural lands showing the highest runoff sensitivity. Forested areas, while contributing significantly to total runoff, showed a moderate response, indicating their role in buffering hydrological extremes. Surface runoff and channel discharge accounted for an average of 78.2% and 70.6% of the total water volume, respectively, highlighting rapid conversion of rainfall into flow with limited groundwater recharge. The increasing discharge trend corresponds with rising rainfall and changing land use, highlighting the integrated watershed management. This study emphasizes the need for sustainable land-use practices, forest conservation, and enhanced water retention strategies to mitigate flood risks and ensure long-term hydrological resilience in the ecologically fragile Eastern Himalayan region.

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Kale River Basin, hydrological dynamics, surface runoff, channel discharge, rainfall variability, landuse, Eastern Himalayas, watershed management, LULC, sustainable water resources.

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Gandhi was not a conscious theoretician. His entire life symbolizes a relentless search for Truth. Truth and Non-violence are the two pillars on which is entire philosophy rests. In his constant fight against injustice and untruth, it was difficult for him to compartmentalize the social, political economic and ethical issues. Gandhi firmly believed that, "the whole gamut of man's activities today constitute an indivisible whole. You can not divide social, economic, political and purely religious aspects into water tight compartments".1

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The Constitutive Concept of Gandhian Swaraj

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This study attempts to examine the effect of school climate on the emotional intelligence of adolescents studying in secondary schools. The hypothesis of the study is that there is no significant effect of school climate on the intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management, interpersonal management and emotional intelligence of adolescents studying in secondary schools. The researcher has used survey method in this study. The investigator adopted stratified random sampling technique to select ten secondary schools of district Haridwar. The investigator selected twenty students from each school. In this way, the investigator selected the required two hundred adolescent boys and girls randomly. Emotional intelligence is the dependent variable and school climate is the independent variable involved in the present study. Mean, S.D. and two-way analysis of variance have been used for the statistical analysis. Findings revealed that there was a significant effect of school climate on the intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management of adolescents. Adolescent boys and girls who get good school climate had highest intrapersonal awareness, interpersonal awareness, intrapersonal management and interpersonal management. Significant effect of gender has been found on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Adolescent girls had better emotional intelligence as compared to adolescent boys. There has been found a significant effect of school climate on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Adolescent boys and girls who get good school climate had highest emotional intelligence. Interaction of gender and school climate has not been found to create a significant effect on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Adolescent boys who get good school climate had highest emotional intelligence.

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School Climate, Intrapersonal Awareness, Interpersonal Awareness, Intrapersonal Management, Interpersonal Management and Emotional Intelligence.

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This study investigates the impact of agricultural mechanisation and migrant labour on female work participation in Palakkad district of Kerala an area known for its agrarian economy and high reliance on female labour in paddy cultivation. While mechanisation has enhanced productivity, it has simultaneously displaced many women from traditional agricultural roles due to limited access to technology, training, and ownership. The influx of male migrant workers from other Indian states has further reduced employment opportunities for local women, exacerbating wage disparities and social exclusion. Using a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with 50 female agricultural workers and relevant stakeholders, the study reveals a sharp decline in female workdays, increasing economic vulnerability, and gendered barriers in accessing mechanised employment. The findings underscore the urgent need for gender-inclusive agricultural policies, skill development programs, and regulated labour practices to mitigate the socio-economic displacement of women in agriculture.

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Female work Participation, Mechanisation, Migrant Workers

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The recognition of handwritten characters, numbers, special characters and mathematical expressions is difficult and challenging task and encourages a several applications, for example, text reader, bank check preparing system and many more. The framework capacities by performing four operations: preprocessing, feature extraction, segmentation and classification. Converts an input image into gray scale image, and then resize the image to standard size, and finally getting binary image of resized image. Segmentation of the preprocessed image by morphological operations like thinning should be done. In this work, for recognition of handwritten characters, number and mathematical symbols using zone based statistical feature extraction technique is proposed. The zone based statistical technique works in two stages. During training stage, the zone based statistical features are extracted from training tests and knowledge base is constructed. During testing stage, the image is prepared to acquire zone based statistical features and recognition of mathematical symbols is done using nearest-neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The strategy is robust and insensitive to variety in style, skew and different corruptions. The recognition exactness of 90% is accomplished.

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Segmentation, Image Processing, Normalization, symbol extraction.

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Juvenile delinquency is a significant social issue that stems from various individual, familial, societal, and economic factors. This paper explores the root causes of juvenile delinquency, including broken family structures, lack of education, peer pressure, poverty, and exposure to violence. Psychological and biological influences also play a crucial role in shaping delinquent behavior. The effects of juvenile delinquency extend beyond the individual, impacting families, communities, and the criminal justice system. Understanding these causes and effects is essential for developing effective intervention strategies, legal frameworks, and rehabilitation programs. By addressing the underlying factors, society can reduce juvenile delinquency and promote the reintegration of young offenders into mainstream society.

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Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect

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