Volume 13 | Issue 11

 Abstract

Heavy metal pollution in soil has become a major environmental issue across the world. It threatens the health of ecosystems, the productivity of farms, and the health of people. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) are three hazardous heavy metals that are especially bad because they stay in the environment for a long time, may build up in living things, and are found in many polluted areas. Chemical speciation, which is how metals are spread out among different geochemical forms, affects how easily they move through the environment, how available they are to living things, and how hazardous they might be. Total metal concentration is not enough to tell. Nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) has garnered significant attention as a novel nanoremediation technique that may immobilize heavy metals via reduction, adsorption, and precipitation processes. This study paper investigates the efficacy of nZVI treatment in modifying the chemical speciation and diminishing the mobility of Cd, Pb, and Zn in contaminated soils. The core-shell structure of nZVI, which has a reactive zero-valent iron core and an iron oxide/hydroxide shell, gives it a unique dual role for cleaning up contaminants. Using successive extraction methods like the Tessier and BCR protocols, scientists may measure how metals move from mobile, bioavailable fractions (such exchangeable and acid-soluble) to more stable, residual fractions after nZVI therapy. Field and laboratory research show that using nZVI efficiently makes heavy metals less mobile by changing them into forms that are less bioavailable. However, how well it works depends on the soil's pH, organic matter content, moisture, nZVI dose, and weather circumstances. However, issues such as nanoparticle aggregation, quick oxidation, possible ecotoxicity, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional iron-based remedies necessitate thorough evaluation. This thorough study brings together what we know about nZVI-mediated changes in chemical speciation, remediation mechanisms, evaluation methods, environmental effects, and future directions for sustainable soil remediation.

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Chemical Speciation and Mobility of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) in Contaminated Soil Following Remediation with Nano-Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)

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This paper traces the conceptual evolution of disability from the medical to the social model, examining how this paradigm shift shaped the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) and subsequently influenced India's legislative and policy framework. Through a descriptive research design, the paper narrates the historical emergence of both disability models, analyzes the UNCRPD's adoption of the social model, examines India's obligation to implement the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act 2016, and provides a comprehensive analysis of how central government schemes and programs align with the Act's provisions. The paper argues that while the RPWD Act 2016 represents a significant legislative achievement in aligning with the social model and UNCRPD principles, the effectiveness of its implementation depends critically on the design and reach of complementary policies and programs administered by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan), under Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of India.

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Social Model of Disability, Medical Model of Disability, UNCRPD, RPwD Act 2016, Disability Policy in India, Social Welfare Schemes, MoSJE.

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The research study, based on the Raspberry Pi as a central processing unit, the system can control the appliances in house with natural language commands, incorporating voice recognition software including Google Assistant, Python libraries, such as Speech Recognition. The design uses the Raspberry Pi and the GPIO pins, providing access to relays to control lighting, fans, and security systems. This IoT connectivity enables remote control and data processing through cloud storage and camera integration that increases the personal security of house through live-surveillance. The implementation aims at ensuring better energy efficiency through scheduling the operation of the devices and an easy-to-use interface to all age groups of human being. With on-device AI processing and hardware integration, the framework provides a highly flexible and affordable solution to today's smart house ecosystem, with a comfortable and advanced environmental monitoring.

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Energy efficiency, Home automation, Internet of Things (IoT), Natural language processing, Raspberry Pi, Voice recognition, etc.

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Leguminous plants have emerged as promising candidates for phytoremediation due to their nitrogen-fixing capabilities, high biomass production, and metal tolerance. This review systematically compares phytoremediation efficiency across major legume species, focusing on quantitative performance metrics, metal accumulation patterns, biomass production, and underlying mechanisms. Analysis of comparative studies reveals significant interspecific variation in remediation strategies and efficiency. Medicago sativa (alfalfa) demonstrates superior biomass production (up to 15 t/ha dry weight) and moderate metal accumulation, making it suitable for phytostabilization. Lupinus species exhibit high metal translocation factors (>1.0 for Cd and Zn) and bioconcentration capabilities, positioning them as effective phytoextractors. Sesbania species show exceptional tolerance to extreme contamination levels while maintaining growth. Trifolium species display balanced accumulation-biomass profiles suitable for multi-metal contaminated sites. Species-specific differences in root architecture, symbiotic associations, and biochemical tolerance mechanisms significantly influence remediation outcomes. This review provides quantitative benchmarks for species selection based on contamination type, remediation goals, and site conditions, offering practical guidance for implementing legume-based phytoremediation strategies.

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phytoremediation, legumes, heavy metals, bioaccumulation, translocation factor, biomass production, comparative analysis

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Autonomy has been a central instrument through which the Indian state has sought to manage ethnic diversity and political claims in the Northeast. Institutionalized primarily through the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, autonomy is envisaged as a mechanism for self-rule, cultural protection, and participatory governance for tribal communities. This paper examines the gap between the notion of autonomy and its praxis through a case study of the Dima Hasao Autonomous Council (DHAC) erstwhile North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council in Assam. Drawing on historical analysis, constitutional provisions, and secondary literature, the paper argues that autonomy in Dima Hasao operates as a negotiated and constrained form of governance rather than substantive self-rule. While DHAC provides symbolic recognition and limited administrative powers, its functioning is shaped by financial dependence, bureaucratic control, internal political hierarchies, and security imperatives. The paper concludes that autonomy in Dima Hasao reflects broader contradictions within India's subnational governance framework, where decentralization coexists with strong centralized oversight

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Autonomy, Sixth Schedule, Dima Hasao, Northeast India, Governance, Ethnic Politics

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Total Quality Management is adopted by the management education institutions in order to reach their goals and objectives. However the changing business environment also made it mandatory to the institutions to provide value added education to the students in developing dynamism to face competition. It is also important to the institutions to control and develop their qualitative practices in preparing their students to have a good career. In this backdrop present study is an attempt to study and evaluate the TQM practices by the institutions in the B-Schools of Shivamogga District.

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TQM, Management Education, Business Environment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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By applying the concept of 'Negative Capability' by John Keats to the field of Translation Studies, this research paper examines how the praxis of this theory allows uncertainty to be born in the act of translation. The very concept of uncertainty underlined by suspicion makes the translator resist the limit of the stability of the meaning of the given text pulling it out of the narrow renderings. More often than not, Translation Studies have been offered as a battle ground between the opposites like loyalty and disloyalty, loss and gain, imitation and re-creation etc. This research paper argues that the best act of translation inhabits in ambiguity, uncertainty, indeterminacy and the suspension of interpretive finality due to the textual openness without "irritable reaching after the fact" (Keats 1962: 257). By making a comparative study between Translation Studies and Keats' concept of Negative Capability, this paper argues that the application of the negative capability by a translator can make the translation bear uncertainty which is not a weakness rather a required condition of translation process. Operating the concept of Keats, the Target Language Text is prepared to resist closure of the text situating translation between mimesis and originality. Making Keats to have a dialogue with certain contemporary theories of Translation Studies, it is attempted to project that translation is not an activity to solve problems but rather it is an intensive intentional condition to allow them to inhabit in the Target Language Text. This makes the translator a practising John Keats in the area of translated literature who is bound to resist the closure, to negotiate the multiplicity of meanings and to preserve alterity.

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Negative Capability, Keats, Translation Studies, Uncertainty, Interpretation, Originality, Creativity

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The rapid proliferation of mobile phones has significantly altered the daily environment of young children, even during early childhood years. Mobile phones are now frequently used not only for communication but also as tools for entertainment, learning, and behavioural management within households. Children aged 3-8 years, a critical developmental period characterized by rapid cognitive, emotional, and social growth, are increasingly exposed to screen-based devices, often under parental supervision or control. To assess parental perspectives on mobile phone use patterns among young children aged 3-8 years, including duration, purpose, supervision, and associated behavioral concerns. Methods A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 parents (expanded from initial target of 120 for enhanced representativeness) selected through convenience sampling from selected community and school settings in Sri Ganganagar district, Rajasthan. Data were collected using a structured parent-reported questionnaire and a self-developed behavior checklist. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) were used for data analysis. Results The majority of parents were aged 30-39 years (59%) and mothers (64%). Most children (43%) used mobile phones for 1-2 hours daily, primarily for entertainment (59%), with only 36% always supervised. Behavioral concerns were common, with 59% of children showing irritability when phones were removed and a mean behavioral concern score of 3.27 (SD = 1.45, range 0-8). Conclusion High entertainment-driven use, limited supervision, and prevalent behavioral concerns highlight the need for parental education on safe mobile phone practices to mitigate developmental risks in early childhood.

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Mobile phone use, young children, parental perspectives, screen time, behavioral patterns, cross-sectional study

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FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH KARNATAKA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

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FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH KARNATAKA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

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Artificial intelligence has advanced through a convergence of mathematical theory, computational power, and data-driven modelling. Although modern systems often appear to rely primarily on engineering scale and empirical performance, their behaviour is best understood through rigorous mathematical frameworks that articulate representation, optimisation, inference, and generalisation. This paper examines the principal mathematical structures underlying contemporary artificial intelligence and analyses how these structures interact with deep networks, generative architectures, and reinforcement learning. It also considers the emerging role of artificial systems in mathematical discovery, where learning models participate in theorem exploration, symbolic manipulation, and proof development. Through this integrated study, the paper demonstrates that mathematics and artificial intelligence form a bidirectional and evolving relationship in which theory clarifies system behaviour and artificial systems generate new mathematical questions.

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Mathematical foundations, artificial intelligence, optimisation, statistical learning theory, deep learning, generative modelling, reinforcement learning, geometric methods, theorem proving, computational intelligence

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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trunk muscle activation, core stability, tennis biomechanics, electromyography, serve, forehand, kinetic chain, rotational power.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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LearnSphere AI is an AI-powered personalized learning platform designed to overcome the limitations of traditional e-learning systems. Conventional platforms often lack personalization, real-time feedback, and engaging content--resulting in low learner motivation, poor retention, and high dropout rates. It addresses these challenges through adaptive learning paths, gamification, and interactive features. The platform uses artificial intelligence to customize content based on the learner's experience level--beginner, intermediate, or expert. It includes daily tasks like quizzes, scenario-based questions, and polls to maintain consistency and engagement. Gamification elements such as leaderboards, badges, and streak-based rewards encourage learners to stay active and progress daily.

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Gamification, Personalized Learning Platform

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Context: The double-handed backhand (DHB) is a fundamental stroke in modern tennis, executed from a variety of stances, primarily "square" and "open." While the biomechanical implications of stance have been explored in the forehand, the specific demands on the trunk musculature during a DHB remain less understood. The trunk is critical for power generation and transfer. Objective: This study aimed to quantify and compare the muscle activation patterns of key trunk muscles - bilateral rectus abdominis (RA), serratus anterior (SA), and erector spinae (ES) - between the open and square stance DHB drives in skilled players. Methods: A total of 15 university-level tennis players (N = 15) participated in a repeated-measures, within-subjects study. Muscle activation was recorded using surface electromyography (sEMG) from six targeted muscles. Each participant executed a series of double-handed backhand (DHB) drives delivered by a ball machine under two stance conditions: (1) traditional square stance and (2) modern open stance. For each stroke, mean integrated EMG (iEMG) values were computed for the execution phase and normalized. Differences in muscle activation between stance conditions were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests. Results: The square stance DHB elicited significantly higher levels of muscle activation (p < 0.001) in the bilateral rectus abdominis (Right RA: +45.5%; Left RA: +49.5%) and the bilateral erector spinae (Right ES: +10.7%; Left ES: +8.5%) compared to the open stance. Conversely, the serratus anterior muscles showed a minor, non-significant trend (p > 0.05) towards higher activation in the open stance. Conclusion: Stance selection during the double-handed backhand was shown to have meaningful biomechanical and physiological implications. The square stance placed greater demands on both anterior and posterior trunk-stabilizing muscles, contrasting with prior findings on forehand strokes. These results suggest that the bilateral nature of the DHB produces distinct trunk recruitment patterns. Such evidence underscores the importance of incorporating stance-specific considerations into coaching pedagogy and strength and conditioning programs.

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Tennis Biomechanics, Double-Handed Backhand, Trunk Muscle, Electromyography (EMG), Stance, Core Activation.

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As per the National Sample Survey about 4-5 percent of the elderly live alone and nearly 8% of urban aged live with their spouse while only 33-35 percent of elderly live with their children and about 5 percent live with other relatives. More than 80% of the elderly are living in rural areas. In rural areas about 6 percent of the women are elderly while in urban areas it is 5.1 percent. More importantly, about 64.3 percent of the elderly women were widowed and most of them were dependent on others. it is presented the study with the objective of find out the Socio-demographic and health conditions of the elderly in the study area along with following null hypothesis there is no statistically significance difference of health status among the male and female.

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Elderly, Sample, Rural areas

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Social media is a popular trend today, especially among students. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of social media on academic performance among the Higher Secondary students and find out the association between the impact of social media on academic performance and selected socio demographic variables. In this study, non experimental descriptive design method was adopted for collecting and analyzing the data. A 100 numbers of sample were collected by using systematic random sampling method. A self-structured tool was developed to collect information and analysis was done by using Inferential and descriptive analysis. The results show that majority (70%) had moderate impact, 21% had mild impact and 9% had severe impact on academic performance and there is no association between the impact of social media and selected socio-demographic variables. There is an impact of social media on academic performance of the students.

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assess, impact, social media, higher secondary students, academic performance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Workforce agility refers to an employee's ability to quickly adapt, respond, and adjust to changing workplace demands. Agile employees can handle new tasks, embrace change, and remain productive in dynamic environments. Psychological empowerment is a motivational concept that reflects how employees perceive their work in terms of meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact. This sense of empowerment fosters higher engagement, initiative, and adaptability. Previous studies done by several authors have consistently highlighted the positive relationship between psychological empowerment and employee outcomes such as job satisfaction, performance, and organizational commitment. This study investigates the influence of psychological empowerment on workforce agility among IT professionals using quantitative methods. Data collected from 107 full-time IT employees were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses. Findings indicate that psychological empowerment significantly enhances workforce agility. The study also highlights demographic influences such as age, gender, marital status, education, work experience, and income on both empowerment and agility. Practical implications for HR policies and empowerment-focused interventions to foster agility in IT organizations are discussed.

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Keywords: Psychological Empowerment, Workforce Agility, IT Sector, Employee Adaptability

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Protecting digital infrastructure and sensitive information has become a critical priority as the use of web applications and institutional networks expands. Automated vulnerability scanners play a vital role in efficiently identifying and addressing security gaps that may otherwise be overlooked by manual assessments. This project outlines the design of an Automated Web Vulnerability Scanner that combines static and dynamic techniques to uncover threats such as SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Comprehensive reports and prioritized risk scores help users respond quickly to the most severe issues while reducing reliance on manual checks. The tool also supports cybersecurity education by giving learners practical insight into vulnerability detection, ultimately encouraging stronger security practices in both academic and organizational environments.

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Vulnerability Scanner, Cyber security, Vulnerability Assessment, Network Security, Cyber security Awareness, Digital Security, Security Tools, Threat Mitigation, Vulnerability Management

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Banks are an integral part of the economy and the role of banks paly is indispensable. Every change in the banking industry affects strongly on the individual as well as on the economy of the nation. Regulatory bodies and governments should take cognizance of changes taking place in the field of banking. Credit Deposit Ratio has been changing rapidly and dramatically in the recent past. The CD ratio of some of the banks has been crossing the healthy limit, that limit consider to be the safe limit. The present study is focusing on the credit deposit ratio of private and public sector banks in India. Researcher have selected ten banks from each sector. Secondary data have been used and that data is extracted from the India Banking Association website for the analysis.

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Credit Deposit Ratio, Private and public sector bank, healthy CDR.

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This research paper presents an analysis of the multifaceted contributions of freedom fighter and social .reformer Pandit Sundarlal Sharma. His role is evaluated in the context of the national movement, political awakening in Chhattisgarh, the spread of social consciousness, and Dalit emancipation. The study highlights the historical context in which the Chhattisgarh region was grappling with social inequalities, caste divisions, and colonial exploitation. The research employs a historical-analytical methodology, including Pandit Sharma's biography and literary works as primary sources, and a comparative study of government reports, speeches, and contemporary political activities as secondary sources. Conclusively, the study reveals that Pandit Sundarlal Sharma not only accelerated social reforms but also politically awakened the public consciousness in the freedom movement. His programs, such as the eradication of untouchability, peasant movements, and the spread of education, organized rural society and paved the way for the renaissance of Chhattisgarh, providing strong support to the national movement.

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 Keywords

Social Reform, Pandit Sundarlal Sharma, Chhattisgarh, Rajim , dalit ,Chhattisgarh ,danlila.dularwa. mahandi

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Abstract Non-performing loans (NPLs) weaken bank balance sheets, constrain credit, and amplify economic downturns. When NPLs accumulate, they complicate both going-concern supervision and failure-time resolution. This paper synthesizes the legal mechanisms used across jurisdictions to manage NPLs throughout the lifecycle of banking distress--prevention, early intervention, recovery planning, and resolution. It explains the architecture of creditor rights and enforcement frameworks, specialized out-of-court restructuring tools, regulatory and accounting treatments, transfer and securitization structures, asset management companies (AMCs or "bad banks"), and resolution powers under modern regimes. It also examines cross-border frictions, state aid and competition safeguards, consumer protection interfaces, and operational execution challenges. The paper closes with practical design principles for policymakers and bank leadership to reduce NPL stocks, shorten resolution timelines, and preserve value during crises.

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Legal mechanisms, provision,SARFAESI and DRT , Non Performing loans , Banking recovery

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition