Volume 12 | Issue 11

 Abstract

ABSTRACT: The judicial system is a crucial tool for defending and defending citizens' rights in a democracy. It is imperative that this arm of government be autonomous in its operations in addition to having a judiciary in place. To ensure fairness in the decision-making process, independence is necessary. The public is unable to see sensible justice if the decision-making process lacks impartiality. Judges must be independent, but they must also be accountable and transparent. Justice will be a mirage for the public if there is a lack of judicial independence, accountability, and transparency. One of a democratic system's most crucial goals is justice. In law, justice is a primary objective. For any democratic system to thrive, justice is crucial because when the public is treated unfairly, it eventually causes discontent, disenchantment with the government or ruler, and rebellion against the state. The accountability of judges for their job cannot be separated from judicial independence. Because they are human, judges are subject to human fallibility. Judges must be subject to the institutional oversight system. Adopting an appropriate system for accountability and transparency is the goal of judicial independence.

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KEYWORDS: Justice, Good Governance, Indian Judiciary Transparency, Accountability, judiciary

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In today's intricate financial landscape, maintaining financial integrity is vital for trust in economic systems. Financial fraud poses a persistent threat, and forensic accounting has emerged as a potent tool to combat it. This literature review explores multifaceted forensic accounting techniques, including data analysis, financial statement analysis, interviews, forensic auditing, digital forensics, document examination, and fraud risk assessment. These techniques act as powerful deterrents to financial misconduct and provide critical support in legal proceedings. Forensic accountants, armed with investigative acumen, legal knowledge, and modern technology, uncover unusual patterns in financial data, laying the foundation for justice. In an era where financial misconduct could undermine economic stability, forensic accounting and skilled professionals are indispensable guardians of financial integrity. As financial landscapes evolve, these techniques adapt, ensuring ongoing transparency and accountability. Forensic accountants must remain vigilant and adapt to combat fraud, preserving trust in economic systems effectively.

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Forensic Accounting; Techniques; Fraud Detection; Application

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Machine Learning, Web Content Analysis, Feature Extraction, URL Analysis.

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The Campus Pay system enables cashless payments on campus by integrating RFID-enabled ID cards. This system addresses the need for secure, offline transactions in environments with unreliable internet connectivity. Transactions are stored on RFID-enabled cards and later synced with a cloud-based system when connectivity is restored. The paper outlines the architecture, design, and implementation of Campus Pay, emphasizing the technical integration of RFID with existing infrastructure and the role of cloud data analytics in transaction monitoring

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Offline payment, Payment systems, Campus transactions, Cashless systems, RFID integration, Data synchronization, Contactless payment

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India Post, an indispensable system of the national infrastructure, assumes a pivotal function in the orchestration of logistics and the dissemination of mail across a multitude of geographical landscapes. This analysis meticulously scrutinizes the current logistics framework operational within India Post, delineating its inherent strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential avenues for enhancement. Additionally, it delves into the ramifications of digital transformation on the operational efficiency and efficacy of India Post's supply chain management. The paper postulates that the strategic implementation of digital innovations such as automation, data analytics, and the integration of e-commerce can profoundly augment the velocity, transparency, and overall efficacy of the postal network, thereby playing a significant role in bolstering the economic advancement of India.

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India Post, Logistics Post, Digitalization, E-Commerce

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With the rapid rise in urbanization and public surveillance infrastructure, ensuring public safety has become a significant challenge. Traditional surveillance methods are limited by manual observation, leading to delayed responses and inefficiencies. This research proposes a Violence Detection System using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (3D CNNs) and transfer learning techniques. By analyzing spatial and temporal video features, the system detects violent behaviors in real-time. The proposed model achieves robustness against variations in video quality, resolution, and lighting conditions. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate its effectiveness across diverse datasets, offering a scalable solution for modern surveillance applications.

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Public Safety, Video Analysis, Real-time Detection, Deep Learning, Violence Detection, Surveillance Systems

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In today's digital landscape, the significance of an online portfolio is paramount for professionals, students, and creatives. This project, the Portfolio Website, utilizes cloud technology to offer a robust platform for showcasing skills, projects, and experiences. By leveraging cloud infrastructure, the website addresses challenges commonly faced with traditional web hosting, such as scalability, reliability, and performance. Digital platforms have revolutionized how individuals present their work, transforming portfolios from static resumes into dynamic showcases. Unlike traditional methods, such as printed materials, online portfolios provide enhanced accessibility and interactivity. Cloud technology facilitates real-time updates and easy access, significantly improving user engagement. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture, design, and implementation of the Portfolio Website, focusing on the integration of cloud services for efficient hosting and data management. Ultimately, the Portfolio Website presents a modern solution to the challenges of online presentation. By harnessing cloud technology, it delivers a scalable, reliable, and user-friendly platform. This project meets the evolving demands for effective online presence and sets the foundation for future enhancements as technology advances. Through this innovative approach, users can maintain a dynamic and engaging showcase of their work, thereby enhancing their career prospects in an increasingly digital world.

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Cloud technology, Portfolio website, Online presence

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This paper investigates the role of cognitive biases in contributing to market anomalies and stock pricing deviations through a systematic literature review. Traditional finance models, particularly the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), assume that markets are efficient and that stock prices fully reflect all available information. However, behavioral finance research challenges this assumption, showing that psychological biases--such as overconfidence, anchoring, representativeness, and the disposition effect--caused investors to make systematic errors, resulting in irrational trading behaviors and persistent inefficiencies in market pricing. Overconfidence, for instance, drives excessive trading and market volatility, while anchoring causes delayed reactions to new information, leading to price inertia. Longitudinal studies further support the persistence of these biases across different market conditions, indicating that anomalies are not isolated but recurring patterns in stock behavior. The findings highlight the need to incorporate behavioral insights into financial models and call for strategies to mitigate bias-driven distortions in asset pricing. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of market dynamics by integrating psychological factors, suggesting that recognizing and addressing cognitive biases could enhance market efficiency and investment outcomes.

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Behavioral biases, Behavioral finance, Cognitive biases, Market anomalies, Modern finance, Stock pricing

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Event management systems rely on dynamic applications that require scalability, fast deployments, and high reliability. With the rise of microservices, event management platforms can leverage distributed service models that enhance flexibility and responsiveness. However, the complexity of managing numerous microservices requires an efficient and automated workflow for code integration, testing, and deployment. Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) pipelines offer a solution, providing the automation necessary to streamline the deployment process, reduce human error, and maintain consistency across all services. This paper discusses the importance of CI/CD in microservices architecture for event management, exploring the specific benefits and challenges involved, and outlining key components of an effective CI/CD pipeline. By establishing a structured CI/CD pipeline, event management platforms can achieve faster release cycles, improve collaboration, and support the scalability that microservices architecture demands.

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CI/CD Pipeline, DevOps, Microservices Architecture, Docker, Kubernetes, Jenkins.

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The rainfall trend analysis study helps to assess the monsoon pattern of the Ahmedabad region so as to predict chances of occurrence of drought and flood. This study aims to analyse the rainfall trend in Ahmedabad of Gujrat state in India. Forty-one years (1981-2022) of monthly rainfall data has been analysed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimation methods. In Mann- Kendall test, the test statistics (Zc) for January, March, June, July, August, September, October, November and December shows a rising trend while Zc values corresponding to the months February, April, and May are showing negative trend during the study period.

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Trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's Slope factor

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The advancement of X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been fundamentally influenced by the discovery of X-rays, the introduction of the Radon transform, and the progress in X-ray digital data acquisition systems alongside computer technology. In contrast to traditional X-ray imaging (general radiography), CT generates cross-sectional anatomical images of internal structures based on X-ray attenuation coefficients, which approximate tissue density across nearly all body regions. This article examines the key physical principles and technical features of the CT scanner, highlighting significant developments in CT technology that have led to the creation of helical, multidetector, cone beam, portable, dual-energy, and phase-contrast CT. It also discusses integrated imaging modalities such as positron-emission-tomography CT and single-photon-emission-computed-tomography CT, as well as various clinical applications, including image acquisition parameters, CT angiography, image enhancement, flexible image visualizations, volumetric and surface rendering on computer workstations, radiation treatment planning, and target localization in radiotherapy. A comprehensive understanding of CT characteristics will enhance patient care in diagnostics and radiotherapy, potentially improving image quality and optimizing exposure doses.

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Computed Tomography, Physical Concept, Clinical uses, Technical aspects, Radiation dose.

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Rag pickers are a crucial yet often unrecognized workforce in urban waste management, collecting and segregating recyclable materials from municipal waste streams. This study examines the pivotal role of rag pickers in waste segregation within the Patna Municipal Corporation and their contribution to environmental upgradation. Data was collected through field surveys, interviews with rag pickers, and consultations with waste management officials. The findings highlight the substantial positive impact of rag pickers on waste diversion and recycling, demonstrating their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating environmental degradation. However, rag pickers in Patna face significant health risks, social stigma, and economic instability due to their work conditions and lack of formal recognition. The study suggests that formalizing their role within Patna's waste management framework could improve waste segregation practices, enhance the livelihoods of rag pickers, and promote a more sustainable waste management model.

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Rag pickers, Patna Municipal Corporation, Environmental upgradation, waste management

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Sustainable Waste Management is a censorious component of environmental stewardship and public health, focusing on limiting the unpropitious impacts of waste through ingenious practices and decisive policies. The approach of the researcher encompasses waste reduction, reuse, recycle and recovery, sighting to create a zero- waste economy where materials are frequently repurposed rather than discarded. Effective sustainable waste management amalgamates technological advancements, such as waste-to-energy systems and advanced recycling technologies with behavioral changes and supervisory frameworks that promote accountable consumption and waste grasping. By sequencing waste minimization at the source, intensifying the efficiency of waste processing systems, and stimulating community engagement, sustainable waste management seeks to mitigate environmental pollution, conserve resources, and contribute to a healthier planet. The fruitful execution of these strategies requires a collaborative support among government, industries and individual to address the compounded challenges of waste management in a swiftly evolving world. The point in this scenario, is not to keep away from the generation of waste limit may be- but set apart according to the types and avoid from paying irrelevant costs for useless treatment and get upper hand of securing income from waste. Waste depletion can be supplied in the individual level by gobbling less, organizing the shopping and daily life deliberately, encouraging the 3-R (Recovery, Recycle and Reuse). Sustainability can only be accomplished only if the waste allows getting favorable revenues. By sundering and processing wastes accordingly, will give immense advantage in solving the waste challenges and also procure profit.

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Waste Management, Sustainability, Recycling, Reuse, Energy Recovery, Integrated Waste Management

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NIRVIGHNA is an innovative Android-based application designed to address waste management challenges by offering an intuitive platform for waste segregation and disposal. This project enables users to categorize waste types (e.g., organic, plastic, metal) and guides them to the nearest dumpsite. By integrating real-time user feedback, locality selection, and reward systems for users who weigh and properly dispose of waste, NIRVIGHNA promotes sustainable waste management practices. The app leverages Android Studio for frontend development, MySQL Workbench for backend data storage, and Python Flask for API connectivity, providing a complete system for effective waste disposal. Additionally, the app's user-centric features are designed to encourage consistent participation in eco-friendly waste disposal, potentially reducing the impact of improper waste management on the environment. This paper outlines the application's development process, implementation, and its potential impact on community-driven waste management.

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Android, Python Flask, MySQL Workbench, Waste Disposal App, Sustainability

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Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) belongs to the class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. it is used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of AIDS. Tenofovir and lamivudine are also effective against hepatitis B Virus. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is rapidly absorted from the gastrointestinal tract and is converted to tenofovir with peak plasma concentration occurring within 2 hours. Tenofovir is widely distributed in the body tissues, particularly in kidneys and liver. It is excreted mainly in urine. The objective of this review is to summarize and collect a number of studies that have already been published in various national and international literature platforms for the purpose of estimating the amount of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pharmaceutical formulations and bulk, with a particular emphasis on UV spectrometric methods. There are several parameters employed with the UV Spectro photometric technique, but two important parameters are ? max and solvent. This compilation review covers all of the analytical techniques that have been utilized to estimate Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate along with their key parameters. This will be helpful for researchers and will further the body of knowledge in this area.

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Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate , UV spectro photometric method, ? max , viral disease,AIDS, Lamivudin , Emtricitabine , Efavirenz

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The use of smart attendance system facial recognition is an innovative way to prevent and automate attendance issues in educational institutions and workplaces. Traditional access systems, which rely on handheld or RFID playing cards, are time-consuming, slow, and often proxy attendance Our program uses advanced facial recognition technology as attendance provide a simple, green, and relatively accurate management solution. This machine employs cutting-edge computer imaginative and prescient techniques and tool mastering algorithms to come upon and apprehend faces in actual-time. Utilizing a camera set up on the access points of school rooms or offices, the machine captures pics of people as they enter the premises. These images are then processed the use of facial recognition software program to in shape in opposition to a pre-enrolled database of legal faces. Upon successful identity, the attendance is routinely recorded within the device, casting off the need for manual intervention. The first approach follows five sections which are face detection, data preprocessing, data training and, face recognition using AI through which attendance will be marked [1]. Key capabilities of the Smart Attendance System consist of high accuracy in face detection and popularity, real-time attendance logging, and sturdy safety to shield touchy information. Additionally, the gadget can generate complete reports and analytics, offering insights into attendance styles and traits.

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Facial Recognition, Real-Time Processing, Deep Learning, Feature Extraction, Computer Vision, CNNs.

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Over the past ten years, the market for cosmetics derived from marine sources has grown at an incredible rate. A prospective source of new bioactive chemicals for the creation of novel cosmetic ingredients is marine resources. However, while creating cosmetic components, sustainability concerns also become a factor to be taken into account. The fishing, farming, and processing sectors of the fisheries industry produce a lot of waste that contains precious materials that can be used as powerful sources of components for cosmeceuticals. The marine by-product has a number of bioactive compounds that could be isolated and used as a powerful element in cosmetic goods. Those bioactive compounds (for instance, chitin from crustacean waste and collagen from fish waste) could be used in skin barrier, hair care, and anti-photoaging and anti-wrinkle treatments.

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Cosmetics, marine cosmetics, medicinal usage, metabolites, organisms, skin health, and skin care

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This study examines gender difference in self-esteem and psychological wellbeing among sample of 50 participants, with 25 males and 25 females. sample has taken from people of age between 18- 30 years. Data was collected using psychological wellbeing scale (Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale) and self-esteem scale (The State Self-Esteem Scale developed by Heatherton and Polivy in 1991.) Statistical analysis was done through SPSS, descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test was applied for evaluation of results. Descriptive statistics are presented to analyze the mean stress levels, standard deviations, and statistical significance between the two gender groups. The results reveal that for psychological well-being, females had a mean score of 87.56 (SD = 14.26), while males had a mean score of 88.20 (SD = 11.27. The t-test for equality of means revealed no significant difference in psychological well-being scores between genders, (t (48) = -0.176), (p = .861), with a mean difference of -0.64 (95% CI: -7.95 to 6.67). Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, indicating no significant gender difference in psychological well-being. For self-esteem, females (n = 25) had a mean score of 69.60 (SD = 11.13), and males (n = 25) had a mean score of 71.64 (SD = 13.84). The t-test for equality of means indicated no significant difference in self-esteem scores between genders, (t (48) = -0.574), (p = .568), with a mean difference of -2.04 (95% CI: -9.18 to 5.10). Thus, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, indicating no significant gender difference in self-esteem. These results suggest that gender does not significantly impact self-esteem or psychological well-being in this sample.

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self-esteem, Psychological wellbeing, Male, Female

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Judicial restraint is a guiding principle in constitutional law which encourages the courts of the nation to interpret laws based on their plain text and legislative intent, with minimal intervention in legislative and executive functions. In democratic systems, judicial restraint supports the separation of powers, ensuring that the judiciary respects the policymaking roles of elected representatives. This paper explores the role of judicial restraint in upholding constitutional values in Indian jurisprudence. Through an analysis of case law, constitutional provisions, and theoretical frameworks, it examines how judicial restraint promotes democratic principles, stability, and neutrality in the judicial process, while also assessing the potential risks associated with over-reliance on restraint. Using a doctrinal approach, preliminary sources i.e., judicial declarations and constitutional provisions, along with secondary academic commentaries, provide insight. Cases like Kesavananda Bharati Case, Naz Foundation Case, and the recent Supriyo v. Union of India illustrate the Indian judiciary's application of restraint. The analysis shows that judicial restraint in India has supported the separation of powers, especially during the nation's formative years. However, periods of excessive restraint, such as during the Emergency, reveal limitations, where restraint compromised fundamental rights. Post-Emergency, the Indian judiciary has navigated a middle path, using restraint to defer to legislative action while still protecting core constitutional values, especially through doctrines like the "basic structure" doctrine. Judicial restraint is crucial for maintaining a balanced democratic system and preserving judicial legitimacy, yet it poses challenges when excessively applied. The paper concludes that while judicial restraint encourages democratic solutions to rights-based issues and legislative accountability, over-reliance on restraint may inhibit necessary interventions, especially in emerging areas of social justice. Balancing judicial restraint with selective activism allows the judiciary to protect rights without undermining democratic governance, ensuring the judiciary remains a guardian of both constitutional principles and democratic values.

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Judicial restraint, fundamental rights, legislative autonomy, separation of powers.

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The conventional routes of drug administration remain most popular and convenient methods with many Advantages. But it also has number of disadvantages and challenges, like Frequent dosing, Fluctuation in bioavailability, release date/time of drug. Over the last two Decades, Two major challenges in front of novel drug delivery. First is achieving sustained zero order release of drug for long period of time, and second one is controlled delivery of therapeutic molecule. To overcome these problems, there was essential need to develop new dosage form that release drug at controlled rate at targeted site. A promising alternative delivery method is the use of polymeric implantable devices that deliver drug molecules. It results in improvement of novel drug delivery system which optimizes therapeutic properties of drug. Implantable drug delivery system provides constant release rate, targeted delivery, reduced dosing with minimizing adverse effects. Currently various techniques of implantation are used for number of therapeutic applications like oncology, dentistry, ophthalmology, contraception, neurology, etc. In this review we discuss about these implants and their implantation techniques.

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Implantable drug delivery system, implants, novel drug delivery system, controlled release drug delivery system

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