Volume 11 | Issue 11

 Abstract

The sand mining has several impacts on the river environment. Sand mining disturbs and completely remove the habitat from the mined zones. It leads to changes in its channel form, physical habitats and food webs - the river's ecosystem. It also increases the velocity of flow in river which destroy flow-regime eventually erodes the river banks. Sand mining and exposure to toxic material through riverrine is an increasingly serious problem the world over. The unscientific use of hazardous materials in mining industries and its dumping has created a great risk for human life, plants and animals. In This Study, Plant Eclipta alba and soil samples were analyzed to determine the heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium & Arsenic) Three Samples of Plant Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba) and Soil were collected from the Karwi District of Chitrakoot (U.P.) & Rajapur (U.P.) (i.e. near the riverline and less polluted area) and the one sample of Plant and soil from natural Habitat with very minimum pollution forest area across Chitrakoot region. The extent of soil contamination by heavy metals and the potentials of herbaceous plant species to remediate the soils at a selected mining site were assessed. Physico Chemical studies were carried out as per Standard Protocol and heavy metals were analyzed using SOP.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Bhringaraja, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Sand Mining, Heavy metal

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

we are see overall study about earthquake resistance building. The main goal of earthquake resistance building is to design building that can sustain seismic activity of reasonable magnitude. In this paper we discuss about to prevent the building from earthquake effect there are several technices that are use now a days such as base isolation,damper, bracings etc we can study the different seismic zones in India. This analysis is carried out by using ETABS software. ETABS are commonly used to analyze high and low rise building, shysrapers and concrete structure.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

earthquake resistence building, seismic activity, seismic zones, ETABS software, analysis of building.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The banking industry in India, crucial to the country's economic growth and stability, is experiencing a radical digital revolution, ushering in a new era of customer-friendly service. However, several new cybersecurity challenges have emerged as a result of this shift. This study digs into the core areas of cybersecurity in Indian banking, with a primary focus on identifying the primary difficulties, evaluating the solutions in place, and providing recommendations to strengthen the cybersecurity resilience of the sector. In the context of Indian banking, the importance of cybersecurity cannot be emphasized. Beyond just keeping money safe, it also ensures that personal information is kept private. Cybercriminals are drawn to the industry because of the volume of valuable financial data it stores. There is a great deal riding on customers' ability to trust digital transactions while using financial services. The study aims to shed light on the most pressing issues in banking sector cybersecurity in India. Constant attention is required due to the ever-changing nature of cyber threats. Indian banks have taken a number of proactive measures in response to these threats. The article finishes with some suggestions for strengthening Indian financial institutions' resistance to cyberattacks. The suggestions include doing things like updating old systems, creating a mindset that values cybersecurity, using strong encryption for data, joining joint efforts, and educating the public. The study highlights the essential role of Indian banks in maintaining financial assets, consumer trust, and data integrity. Increasing cybersecurity resilience is an ongoing process that calls for constant teamwork, attention, and dedication to safety in this digital age marked by a constantly shifting cyber threat scenario.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cyber Security, Indian Banking, Challenges & Strategies, Resilience

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The continuous practice of rice cultivation extensively in huge proportion of land parcels, impervious granite rock portions, non-perennial nature of Halia River, increase in urbanization, soaring temperatures and irregular rainfall patterns all together caused the steep decline in groundwater levels in Munugode and ChandurMandals. As such this research problem is taken up to unveil the potential groundwater areas reliably using GIS technique in short period for their sustainable development.Inventory used are soil, geology, geomorphology, lineaments density, drainage density, land use land cover, slope and rainfall data layers extracted from NBSS & LUS, GSI and ISRO Bhuvan portals. The above layers are processed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 and ARCGIS 10.1 software which produced five types of groundwater prospective areas by weighted overlay analysis tool. The results show that the research unit has large area of moderate groundwater prospects encompassing 369.87 sq.km viz., 75.58%. Very low (4.88 sq.km) and low (81.81 sq.km) groundwater prospects together share (17.71%) of study area creating no scope for further groundwater development. High (6.08%) and very high (0.6%) groundwater prospects are the least portion and enclose an area of 32.74 sq.km.This facilitates in judicious planning of groundwater resources.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Groundwaterprospects, Weighted overlay analysis, GIS,Telangana,Nalgonda

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Shopping and buying are an integral part of our daily lives. Big Supermarkets have a wide variety of items and different stores can have different varieties of goods. It is difficult for many consumers to stand in long queues, just for billing of the goods purchased. This leads to a waste of time and a poor experience for the customer. Trolleys are used in supermarkets & grocery stores to make shopping simpler. However, it is difficult for customers to handle the trolley while shopping.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Raspberry-pi, QR Scanner, Image processing.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

यह शोध पत्र भारत के छत्तीसगढ़ के अनूठे संदर्भ पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए डिजिटल युग में प्रबंधन संकाय सदस्यों के सूचना खोज व्यवहार की जांच करता है। आज के ज्ञान-संचालित समाज में, डिजिटल तकनीक ने व्यक्तियों के जानकारी प्राप्त करने और उस तक पहुंचने के तरीके को बदल दिया है। इस अध्ययन का उद्देश्य इस बात पर प्रकाश डालना है कि कैसे प्रबंधन संकाय सदस्य डिजिटल सूचना संसाधनों के विशाल परिदृश्य को नेविगेट करते हैं, उनकी विश्वसनीयता का मूल्यांकन करते हैं, और अपनी शैक्षणिक और व्यावसायिक आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए अपनी सूचना-प्राप्ति रणनीतियों को अनुकूलित करते हैं।छत्तीसगढ़ में प्रबंधन संकाय के सामने आने वाली विशिष्ट आवश्यकताओं और चुनौतियों को समझकर, यह अध्ययन उनकी डिजिटल सूचना साक्षरता को बढ़ाने और तेजी से विकसित हो रहे डिजिटल युग में प्रभावी सूचना पुनर्प्राप्ति और उपयोग सुनिश्चित करने के लिए रणनीतियों की जानकारी देना चाहता है।

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

सूचना खोज व्यवहार, डिजिटल युग, प्रबंधन संकाय, छत्तीसगढ़, डिजिटल सूचना साक्षरता, सूचना-प्राप्ति रणनीतियाँ, शैक्षिक प्रौद्योगिकी, अनुसंधान व्यवहार, ज्ञान प्रबंधन, शैक्षिक अनुसंधान आदि।

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

mehrunisha parvez ki khaniyao me badalte stree purush sambandh vividh sandarbho me

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

mehrunisha parvez ki khaniyao me badalte stree purush sambandh vividh sandarbho me

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

All the states of the globe face a common problem like deviant and criminal behaviour in the current era among the youth. Individuals' transmutation from childhood to youngster or youth is the great challenge stage to everyone either physically or psychologically. The period of youngsters or youth at the stage of ambiguity, as it requires attentive thought at every level of action. Individuals' youth stage is procreated with the influence of the past life along with the family and their environment in which they use to survive their lives. It is every so often stalwartly severed from childhood, contradicting on the basis of what has been hoarded and integrated. Youth is a perilous period in the individual's life full of challenges, misperceptions, and uncertainties. Youth ensures not to be contingent on authentic physical and psychological expansion significantly with cultural features which fluctuate from culture to culture also from the stage of development of the individual in its way of striking with an instruction and connotation which give the impression of transitory, chaotic, and muddled. That period of life expectancy cannot be evidently demarcated either by populace information or by lawful description. The demeanour of youth crime is a cumulative apprehension in the framework of the circumstances that crime rates have been gradually intensifying in India. There is an imperative need to scrutinize and examine the whys and wherefores, if curative steps are considered in converse of the inclinations. The intensifying objectives due to the blowout of education amid the youth have not inevitably been coordinated with the conception of employment opportunities in India. The main social institution of the family is in a fleeting segment and a skirmish galloped social edifice with the stratification of caste, class and gender are thrown down the gauntlet by the infringement downcast of social control mechanisms. The youth is stroking with incomparable pressure on infrastructure and social structures due to unemployment and lack of minimum needs of livelihood. It is a segment that acts as a conduit amongst childhood to adulthood and it is a modification concerned with the inquisitive stage as it comprises individuality, role, and dynamism.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

youth; transmutation; perilous; infringement; individual; inquisitive; connotation; ambiguity; chaotic.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a multifaceted and intricate condition characterized by the bidirectional dysfunction of the heart and kidneys, often encountered in the critical care setting. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of CRS in critical care, delving into its pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, clinical management, and the latest advancements in therapeutic strategies. Key topics include the interplay between cardiac and renal systems, hemodynamic alterations, neurohormonal dysregulation, and the impact of critical illness on CRS. We explore the significance of early recognition and integrated care for patients with CRS, emphasising the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cardiorenal Syndrome, Critical Care, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, Multidisciplinary Approach, Therapeutic Strategies, Neurohormonal Dysregulation, Hemodynamic Alterations.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ? ??:????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? "?????? ?????????"1 ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????-????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????-?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

????-??????, ????????, ???????????? , ???????, ?????????, ????????? ?????, ???????-???????, ????????, ??????????, ?????????-???????, ?????????, ??????????? ?

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Witness plays a crucial role in any criminal justice system in aiding to attain the justice. The testimony given by a witness is very important. Hence the protection of witness is to be considered with utmost importance. The foundation of justice system will fall if the witnesses are intimidated, threatened to give their testimony and provide evidence in court of law. This paper deals with witness protection framework in India, the USA and China. Later a comparison has been drawn to understand about the best practices and provisions in the laws. In the end a conclusion has been drawn to understand the position of India in comparison with the USA and China.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Witness Protection, Witness Protection Scheme 2018, Witness Security Program of USA, US Marshal, Witness Protection Ordinance 2000

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Civil is a precondition for the realization of true democracy. Civil society - a new social movements in India. Gandhi's Sarvodaya Movement, Bhoodan movement, Chipko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Anna Hazari's movement against corruption are some of the examples which emphasize the right of the common people to implement different welfare schemes and Government initiative for betterment of the people. It would encourage the citizens to fight for common cause and try to establish true democracy in India. Gandhi never talked about civil society explicitly but his action of including all in the society and respecting each-others views made him an exponent of civil society in India. His Ashram society and fight against social evils based on civic virtues created a civil society in India. His concept of civil society is totally different from the western concept because he always made a critique to modernization The civic virtues like toleration, mutual respect, self-sacrifice are the basic tenets of Gandhi's civil society. His concept of civil society is based on live-and-let-live where the violence between groups would be ended.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Civil society, True democracy, India, Independence, Post-Independence, Modern

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Yann Martel in his short story The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios narrates the friendship of two young college friends among whom one dies of AIDS. The narrator of the story is a college senior who is shocked when he comes to know that his 19-year-old junior Paul has been diagnosed with AIDS. The narrator becomes the part of the family, spends his time to take care of Paul. Then he devises a plan of storytelling to pass their time. They invent family named Helsinki of Italian origin and create stories that will mirror the events of the 20th century. The story creates a perfect balance between the moments of a Paul's deterioration. Moments of pure passion, anguish, love and pain are connected with snippets of major historical events that have been ear marked as major moments of the twentieth century. Martel's choice of intermingling various literary allusion, direct quotation from literary and non-literary texts proves to be an intertextual reading.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Postmodernism, Intertextuality, Storytelling, Historical Events, Literary Allusion

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The success of a democratic system depends on the fairness of its election mechanism. Free and fair elections are essential components of any democratic country. For conducting free and fair elections it not only requires the legal framework and transparent electoral process, but also it requires the institutional structure which regulates the campaign finance that adequately ensures the governance priorities to the welfare of general public, over the interest of special interest which is required for fair elections. It signifies the sovereignty of the people, and it also provides legitimacy to the authority of the government. For the success of democracy, free and fair elections are important and it's necessary to conduct free and fair elections in our democratic country. But today's elections are not conducted in proper manner prescribed because of huge amount of money which required to be spent and the one who is contesting for election he should have large influential power to win the elections. The major defects which come in the electoral system in India are: money power, muscle power, Criminalization of politics, poll violence, booth capturing, communalism, castism, non-serious and independent candidates etc.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Elections, Democracy, Electoral system, Criminalization.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Robotic manipulators equipped with redundant degrees of freedom offer increased flexibility and dexterity but are prone to encountering singular configurations that hinder performance and control. This paper introduces novel strategies for singularity avoidance in redundant manipulators, focusing on optimizing their performance. Drawing inspiration from existing research, an innovative approach based on the Monte Carlo method for singularity analysis is proposed. By randomly mapping the robot's workspace and identifying points closest to a given trajectory, detection and characterization of singularity states is determined. Unlike traditional inverse calculation methods, this approach reduces computational demands while providing a clear graphical representation of singularity occurrences. Through rigorous mathematical analysis and illustrative graph ,the effectiveness of this method in singularity avoidance is presented. Furthermore, exploring practical applications through case studies involving various robot configurations is possible. This research contributes valuable insights and tools for improving the operational efficiency and adaptability of redundant manipulators in diverse robotic applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Redundant manipulators, Singular configurations, Universal Robots UR5e, Kinematic redundancy, Jacobian matrix, Null space, Geometric constraints, Configuration space, Mathematical properties, Joint angle solutions, Finite State Machine (FSM), Monte Carlo method, Probability assessment, Workspace analysis, Robot systemdesign, Operational efficiency, Human-robot collaboration, Robotic adaptability, Industrial automation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Literacy is the key indicator of development. It has become an inevitable part of human life. Financial literacy enables individuals to navigate the financial world and make informed investment decisions, minimizing the chance of misled. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of financial literacy and determine the savings pattern among the women in Bangalore. The research was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Women are the inseparable part of modern society. Women's takes various financial decisions which cannot be effective without having proper knowledge of financial literacy. The study would also determine the prevailing gap in the level of financial literacy and would suggest possible measures to be undertaken to overcome it.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Financial decision, financial literacy, investment decision, financial world

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present article provides an overview of the microorganisms present in pharmaceutical waste, which is composed of expired or unused medications, solvents, pharmaceutical dust, sewage water, and other materials generated during the production, distribution, and consumption of medicines. The article highlights the potential risks of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance associated with pharmaceutical waste, particularly the presence of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, which may or may not show multidrug resistance. The objective of the study is to identify useful bacteria and a wide range of medicines that can treat infections caused by these microorganisms, as well as to eliminate dangerous bacteria. The article emphasizes the significance of proper disposal and treatment of pharmaceutical waste to avoid environmental pollution and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to public health, especially when multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are present. These are bacteria that are resistant to one or more drugs from three or more antibiotic categories. Several mechanisms can cause antibiotic resistance, including enzymatic resistance, reducing permeability, altering target sites, and genetic mutation. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial in developing effective strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pharmaceutical waste, multi drug resistance, antibiotics, dangerous bacteria

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In this production of BIOETHANOL, many raw materials are used in order to prepare the final product. Bioethanol is an example of biofuels which are used as an alternative for the fossil fuels and also used for the travelling purpose. Biofuels are produced over a short span of time from biomass where as formation of biofuels is a very slow process from fossil fuels. Bioethanol is environmental friendly fuel and cleaner fuel which reduce the emissions of CO2 and Green House Gases (GHG's) which effect the environment which are mainly produced from the transport sector. Bioethanol is mainly used for road travelling process which is based on alcohol and used as an alternative for petrol. Bioethanol is produced from raw materials like starch, sugar, lignocellulose materials which produce glucose under several process and following other process gives bioethanol. Bioethanol has advantages as well as disadvantages for the environment. Bioethanol blended petrol is a mixture of ethanol and petrol which gives more efficiency for the usage for reduction of emission gases at high percentage level. Bioethanol blended petrol is used in many countries which is used as the best alternative fuel. Bioethanol blended petrol is sometimes harmful to use because it causes accidents which are dangerous for human life. Bioethanol blended diesel is also one of the bioethanol blended fuels used as an alternative fuel for travelling purposes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Fermentation, Sugar, Starch .Lignocellulose, Ethanol blended fuels

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies, which is associated with poor cognitive development and growth. Objectives: To study the status of vitamin B12 deficiency in children with SAM attending NMCTH pediatrics department. Results: Among 95 children enrolled in this study, 54 (56.85%) were vitamin B12 deficient. Among vitamin B12 deficient children, 38(70.37%) were male, and 16(29.62%) were female. The mean age of vitamin B12 deficient children was 18.91 months, and the mean vitamin B12 level of the overall patient was 299.7 pg/ml. Out of 54 vitamins B12 deficient children, the majority, 51.57%, had severe anemia, 72.63% belong to upper lower socioeconomic status. The overall majority were boys, about 55.89%, and 42.10% were female. Conclusions: Micronutrients play a central part in the metabolism and maintenance of tissue function. The present study concludes a relatively high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in severely malnourished children. Efforts should be directed to prevent its deficiency in pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants with special attention in malnourished children. Deficiency of vitamin B12 should be considered in all cases with SAM children regardless of blood indices.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Anemia, Severe acute malnutrition (SAM), Vitamin B12 deficiency

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Numerous sports psychologists reveal through their literatures and experiments that the level of anxiety changes dramatically during competition as its cognitive and somatic components alters with time and situation. Anxiety affects the overall performance through physiological and behavioural effects and personality changes. When players could not cope with anxiety, personality shall be changed and negatively effect on performance. Aim: That's why the researchers took an attempt to evaluate the impact of personality on pre-competitive anxiety (PCA) of soccer players. Method: Total Eighty (N=80) district level soccer players were selected randomly as subjects from Nadia, Kolkata and Uttar Dinajpur Districts of West Bengal for the current investigation. Their age were ranged from 18 to 21 years. Four dimensions of Personality i.e., Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie and Pre-Competitive Anxiety were considered as independent and dependent variables respectively for the present experiment. Personality was measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Short Scale) and Pre-Competitive Anxiety was measured by the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Results: In order to analysis the collected data, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation of Co-efficient was applied to find out the association between personality and pre-competitive anxiety of soccer players. On the basis of the findings, the researchers noted that PCA was significantly associated with Extraversion and Neuroticism. Along with that, it was also observed that PCA was insignificantly associated with Psychoticism and Lie of soccer players.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Personality, Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Lie, Pre-Competitive Anxiety and Soccer players.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition