Volume 12 | Issue 11

 Abstract

Society has traditionally viewed women as subordinate participants in politics. Despite constituting nearly half of the global population, women's active involvement in politics remains limited. Worldwide, the empowerment of women has attracted significant scholarly attention, emphasizing the urgent need for equality. As a result, various developmental programs have been introduced to integrate women into the development process at all levels. This movement has gained momentum post-independence; yet achieving gender equality remains a distant goal. This paper explores the challenges faced by Sumi Naga women in a deeply patriarchal society. While they have made significant strides in leadership roles across various sectors, their involvement in politics, particularly in decision-making bodies, is still dominated by men. Although the status of women has improved, political participation remains a significant barrier. The paper examines the evolving roles of Sumi women, the challenges they face in political inclusion, and offers suggestions to enhance their participation and representation in politics.

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 Keywords

Women, Naga women, Sumi women, political participation.

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This paper explores the fundamental role of women's reproductive rights in advancing social progress, particularly within the frameworks of gender equality, health outcomes, and socioeconomic development. The reproductive rights and health of women play a important role in driving social transformation and empowering women. This abstract delves into the multidimensional impact of ensuring reproductive rights and health access, emphasizing their integral role in fostering gender equality, enhancing socio-economic growth, and promoting human rights. Reproductive rights encompass the right to access comprehensive reproductive healthcare, including family planning, safe childbirth, and the ability to make informed decisions regarding one's reproductive life without discrimination, coercion, or violence. Ensuring these rights is fundamental to empowering women, as they provide autonomy over reproductive choices, enhance participation in education and the workforce, and ultimately break cycles of poverty and dependency.

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reproductive rights, empowerment, reproductive healt

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Cosmetics are incredibly in demand since historical time. These days focus shifted more towards naturally derived cosmetic products. Among all cosmetic products, lip balm formulations are most widely used to enhance the beauty of lips and add glamour touch to the makeup. Lip balms offer a natural way to maintain and promote healthy lips. Current cosmetic lip products are based on use of enormous chemical ingredients with various side effects. Hence in this work, an attempt has made to study natural ingredients used to formulate natural lip balm. This article reviews on the essential ingredients used for natural lip balm along with their merits and limitations. The natural lip balm can made using naturally occurring base, oils, extract, colour and flavouring agents which can be evaluated for their resistance to temperature variations, pleasant flavour, and smoothness during application, adherence and easy intentional removal, etc.

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natural lip balm; herbal Cosmetics; natural ingredients

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The following research question guides this study: How do economic factors affect housing finance and the major indicators that influence interest rates or housing affordability? They are as follows: To find out the said economic indicators, appraise their changes and analyze their impact on housing finance. Working hypotheses for the purpose of carrying out the research studies are as follows: In order to compare and contrast the interest rate policies of various types of banks, including those in the public and private sectors as well as HFCs and international banks? What relationship exists between inflationary pressures and housing affordability? Secondary data is collected with the help of using renowned online databases, government reports, and financial magazines to study the trends in the interest rates of the recent times and the other economic indicators. Some of the important quantitative techniques for analyzing data and presenting relationships between economic variables and housing finance indicators are data visualization techniques. These literature theories are then supplemented with secondary data in order to arrive at a synthesis which consists of current theoretical and empirical literature. It is possible to note that public sector banks show a relatively steady competition on interest rates, while private sector banks indicate a wider arsenal of interest rates. Variability is seen in some HFCs, while others have kept rates standard and some have a slight or big gap. Global banks follow this pattern with interest rates from 8.45% and above. Furthermore, this work finds inflationary pressures have an inverse relationship with housing affordability, further affirming the difficulties that prospective homeowners are likely to encounter due to escalating property prices and flatlining incomes. Policymakers, financial institutions, and other interested parties can use these results to better understand how to manage economic volatility and promote long-term homeownership by expanding our understanding of the complex relationships between housing finance and macroeconomic indicators.

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Economic Impact, Housing Finance Companies (HFC's), Interest Rate, House Affordability.

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This research introduces an innovative solution to tackle the persistent challenge of riverborne debris and floating waste accumulation. The project centers around a smart water trash collector, utilizing a Node MCU microcontroller, designed for efficient and remote-controlled debris retrieval in diverse river environments. The core of the system is a remote-controlled boat equipped with a conveyor belt system optimized for precise trash collection. The boat's operations are orchestrated by the NodeMCU microcontroller, integrating robust engineering and programming to ensure effective navigation and debris retrieval. A distinctive feature of this environmentally conscious project is the incorporation of NodeMCU technology, not only enhancing the adaptability and maneuverability of the trash collector but also facilitating remote control functionality. Furthermore, the research highlights the sustainable aspect of the initiative by incorporating a power supply from a solar panel, making the system eco-friendly. This innovative approach represents a proactive step in mitigating environmental concerns and combating the adverse effects of floating waste on aquatic ecosystems. The paper delves into the intricacies of the boat's design, technological frameworks involving NodeMCU, solar power integration, and the anticipated positive impact on fostering cleaner and healthier water bodies. The research contributes to the broader efforts towards sustainable environmental management and underscores the significance of integrating smart technologies and renewable energy sources for effective waste management in water ecosystems.

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NodeMCU, aquatic debris, NodeMCU APK

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Adhatoda vasica (L), Nees. (Syn- Justicia adhatoda L.) of family Acanthaceae is a shrub with opposite ascending branches and is considered the most significant medicinal plant, commonly known as Vasaka, Vasica, Adusa, and distributed in various regions of India as well as the World. The plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for nearly 2500 years. It is a well- known plant as a drug in Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal system. Traditionally it was used for the treatment of various acute and chronic diseases and showed strong pharmacological activity particularly for bronchial infections, cough, common cold, asthma, tuberculosis, reproductive disorders etc. All the parts of the plant are used by indigenous peoples or folklores to treat various diseases and many medicinal formulas have been developed by Ayurvedic experts due to its unique phyto chemical profile. In order to detect the phytochemistry various laboratory techniques can be used, one of them is a High performance liquid chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS), generally known as LC-MS technique. LC-MS is a powerful analytical technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of HPLC with the mass analysis capabilities of MS. Coupled chromatography LC - MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the individual capabilities of each technique are enhanced synergistically. The leaf extract of vasaka was separated and charged ions detected by LC-MS that may be help to identify each separated component. The LC-MS data may be used to provide information about the molecular weight, structure, identity and quantity of specific sample components.

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Vasaka, Ayurveda, Bronchodilator, Alkaloids. Vasicine, Extract, HPLC-MS, Folklores, Chitrakoot

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Communicative English has become essential in today's globalized and linked society, necessitating new teaching techniques to match learners' changing demands. This study looks at the current trends, technology, and pedagogical techniques used in teaching communicative English. It also delves into the issues educators and students confront, including the digital gap, various learning backgrounds, and reluctance to change. The research examines technologies such as e-learning platforms, task-based learning, and artificial intelligence to demonstrate their usefulness and adaptability in teaching communicative English. Finally, it makes recommendations to solve these issues, highlighting the need for teacher training and curricular change.

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Communicative English, language pedagogy, innovations in education, teaching challenges, digital tools, e-learning, language fluency

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This study examines the eco-critical approaches in few of the books by Anita Desai, Arundhati Roy, Kamala Markandaya, Ruskin Bond and Amitav Ghosh. The focus of the work is on addressing the continual destruction of the environment and the deterioration of humanity's relationship with it. Since novelists condemn human inhumanity and the abuse of natural components, they are all regarded as excellent environmentalists. Diverse unreasonable and unethical human attitudes towards the environment and one another have long been undermining the planet's hospitable atmosphere. The imperialist inclinations and advancing modernity of the invaders which have destroyed the natural environment and the cordial interaction between man and nature have been highlighted by all novelists in their works. The present article's aim is to examine the eco-critical point of view as they are portrayed in selected international English language literary writings.

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Eco-criticism, Environmentalism, Diversity, Humanity, Challenges, Literature

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This paper introduces a straightforward yet powerful method for designing Variable Gain Amplifiers (VGAs) using Negative Capacitance Field Effect Transistor (NCFET). To maximize bandwidth while minimizing size, the design employs an inductor-less approach. Additionally, a novel technique utilizing a self-compensated transistor is proposed to correct gain errors. As a result, the VGA exhibits an inherently accurate linear characteristic without requiring additional exponential generators for gain control. The concept was validated by fabricating the VGA using NCFET technology. Experimental results demonstrate that the VGA's voltage gain can be adjusted from -20 dB to 25 dB. Furthermore, a bandwidth exceeding 80 GHz is maintained across the entire gain range. The VGA consumes 0.350 mW of power, including the output buffer.

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NCFET, Variable Gain Amplifier, Fixed Gain amplifier, Buffer

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This paper explores the complex and evolving concept of Indigenism, particularly in the context of Mexico, Peru, and Ecuador. The debate on the rights and citizenship of indigenous peoples has been a significant topic in Latin America, shaped by historical, social, and political factors. The study highlights the emergence of Indigenism as both a political and intellectual movement, particularly post-Mexican Revolution, focusing on integrating indigenous peoples into national societies. The paper examines how this movement was influenced by social anthropology and literary expressions, especially through the indigenous narrative, which portrays Indigenous struggles against colonialism and socio-economic marginalization. Key figures like Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gamio and the impact of Marxist and culturalist thought on the movement are discussed. The paper also delves into how Indigenous issues are portrayed in literature, particularly novels that reflect Indigenous communities' social, cultural, and political conditions. Finally, it touches upon the contemporary relevance of Indigenism, including the ongoing struggles for the recognition of indigenous rights and the complexities of defining indigeneity in modern Latin America. The comparative approach of the paper underscores the unique but interconnected challenges faced by indigenous peoples in these three countries.

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Latin America, Indigenism, Mexican Revolution,

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The burden of diabetes is high and increasing globally, and in developing economies like India, mainly fueled by the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. The estimates in 2019 showed that 77 million individuals had diabetes in India, which is expected to rise to over 134 million by 2045. Approximately 57% of these individuals remain undiagnosed. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives: To know the socio-economic profile and demographic background of the rural adult women respondents; To assess the nutritional status of the rural adult women respondents through Anthropometric assessment and Bio chemical estimation among rural adult women-respondents. A well structured interview schedule was framed to know the socio economic status and obesity was assessed through anthropometric measurement like Height, Weight, BMI; bio chemical estimation: Fasting Blood Glucose was recorded. And the present study concludes that 81.3% of the rural adult women respondents were either obese or overweight. Total 89.7% of the rural adult women were at risk level with abdominal obesity. The present study that more than two-fifth of the women's fasting blood glucose level was at risk.

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Overweight, Obesity, Fasting blood glucose, Diabetes

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Yogi Vemana, an eminent Telugu poet of the middle ages, explores the deep connection between mental discipline and spiritual growth in his poetry. He highlights the transformative power of focusing the mind on divine awareness and self-realisation, which bridge the physical realm and higher spiritual truths. Vemana's wisdom emphasises the importance of unwavering mental focus and inner vision in achieving spiritual enlightenment and inner harmony. He asserts that mastering and aligning the mind with spiritual goals can transcend worldly illusions and attain a heightened state of consciousness. Vemana advocates for the purification of the mind, concentration on divine truths, and the abandonment of distractions. His teachings offer a profound guide for individuals seeking to navigate the path toward spiritual fulfilment, enlightenment, and ultimate transcendence.

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mental discipline, mind, inner vision, self-realisation, spiritual enlightenment

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Role of Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab Politics: A Study in the Perspective of Sardar Prakash Singh Badal

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Role of Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab Politics: A Study in the Perspective of Sardar Prakash Singh Badal

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3D printing, also provide as digital fabrication, are a quickly developing technique uses incremental material addition to turn geometrical representations into tangible items. Mass customisation, open source designs, the automobile, locomotive, healthcare, agricultural, and aviation sectors all make extensive use of it. With this technology, material may be deposited layer by layer straight from a computer aidid design model. An overview of three dimensional printing technology, their uses, and material used in manufacturing is given in this study.

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3D-PRINTING ASPECTS AND SOME PROCESS APPLY IN THEN 3D PRINTING : SHORT OVERVIEW

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This article critically examines the intersection of caste, class, political power, and social justice during Communist rule in West Bengal, with a focus on the state's reservation policies aimed at addressing caste-based inequality. Marginalized communities--particularly Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)--have long faced systemic exclusion in social, economic, and political spheres. In response, West Bengal implemented a range of affirmative action policies, including reservations in education, government employment, and political representation. While these policies were designed to reduce disparities, they also produced complex outcomes, both progressive and problematic. The article analyses the role of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) [CPI(M)] in shaping the state's political and social landscape, particularly its class-based approach to politics. The CPI(M)'s emphasis on economic redistribution sought to address class inequality, but its impact on caste-based disparities was more ambivalent. While the party promoted policies that aimed to empower marginalized groups, it also faced challenges in reconciling its commitment to class struggle with the persistent realities of caste-based oppression. Through an examination of these policies, the article highlights the tensions and contradictions inherent in the CPI(M)'s approach to social justice. It also addresses the ongoing challenges in implementing affirmative action, including legal and political uncertainties surrounding the categorization of backward communities. Ultimately, the article offers a nuanced critique of how Communist rule in West Bengal shaped the social, political, and economic landscape for marginalized groups, with mixed results for social justice and equity.

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Caste-based inequality, Social Justice, Reservation Policy, Other Backward Classes (OBCs), CPI (M), Supreme Court, Affirmative Action, Marginalized communities.

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The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge of the health risks related to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Pakistan. 470 patients in clinical settings and hospitals in Lahore were given a thorough questionnaire. With 78.1% of the population using CAM, the response rate was 81.7%. With liver illnesses being the most common, Hakeem (a natural therapist) provides the most alternative medication. Instead of being dissatisfied with traditional therapy, respondents were drawn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) because of its advertised bogus advantages. According to the study's findings, a sizable portion of Pakistan's population uses complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments from different practitioners, despite a lack of knowledge about their illnesses and the long-term consequences of receiving the wrong care. Although CAM-related adverse effects are not unusual, delays in Treatment may result in life loss or other severe repercussions. The term "alternative medicine" describes therapeutic approaches that deviate from conventional medical treatments and have no scientific backing, such as chiropractic adjustments, herbal homeopathic remedies, and healthcare naturopathy. Traditional care, which is given by physicians, osteopathic practitioners, and allied health professionals, does not contain these unconventional treatments. Patients can obtain alternative care without requiring traditional therapies by using complementary medicines, which are nonstandard treatments given in addition to typical treatments.

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Modern medicine, complementary and alternative medicine, liver diseases, and conventional therapy

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This study investigates how Bharathidasan University postgraduate students, M.phil and P.hD scholars use electronic resources and how they seek knowledge. Given the growing abundance of digital resources, it is essential to optimize academic support by comprehending how students access, use, and face difficulties with e-resources. Data were gathered from 160 postgraduate students, M.phil and PhD scholars using a convenience sample technique and a survey study methodology. The results show that e-books and e-journals are widely used due to the demand for up-to-date, subject-specific information. Students, however, deal with issues such a lack of digital literacy, information overload, and poor internet connection. In particular, women say they struggle more to use technology resources efficiently. In order to better assist academic performance, the report ends with recommendations for institutions to improve digital infrastructure, strengthen training programs, and solve e-resource reliability issues. These observations advance our knowledge of how digital resources are used in higher education and provide direction for creating more useful and accessible academic materials.

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E-Resources, Information Seeking, E-Services, Usage Pattern

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Democracy goes beyond mere majority rule; it empowers citizens and forms governments responsive to their needs. True democracy requires public opinion and consent, as reflected in electoral accountability, preventing misuse of absolute power. Known for its great leaders and traditions, it embraces diversity with harmony. The Constitution introduced 11 Fundamental Duties, inspired by the USSR, through the 42nd and 86th Amendments, promoting moral responsibilities among all citizens. With nearly 60-65% of India's population between 18 and 40, the country holds immense potential as one of the world's youngest democracies. However, the youth's lack of engagement and sense of civic duty is a concern. A prevalent "I don't care" attitude detaches many young people from participating in democratic processes, thereby weakening their potential impact on the nation's political and social landscape. India, a vibrant blend of cultures and faiths, stands for unity, peace, and democracy. The youth in India can achieve anything and bring back the golden era glory to it, a stepping stone for Atman Nirbhar Bharat.

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Fundamental Duties, Youth, Atman Nirbhar Bharat, Democracy, youth of India

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This model presents the hardware implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, aimed at enhancing both speed and security. AES is widely used to safeguard sensitive information, including passwords and financial data. The goal of this work is to develop a low-power, high-speed hardware solution by leveraging a hybrid of memristor and CMOS technology. The memristor, a device with properties of both memory and resistance, is utilized in specific parts of the AES algorithm to reduce power consumption while improving performance. This hybrid approach is particularly effective for devices requiring robust encryption, such as in banking systems or smart devices. The project demonstrates that incorporating memristors can enable power-efficient AES implementations without compromising the processing speed necessary for real-time applications. Various tests were conducted to evaluate performance, power consumption, and reliability, suggesting that this design has the potential to address key challenges in secure and efficient encryption in the near future.

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Advanced Encryption Standard(AES), Hardware security , Encryption algorithm, Memristor, S-box , Cryptographic hardware.

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Subaltern scholarship, which strives to provide voice to the masses has revolutionized the academic discussions, especially the way in which we look at power relations of the society. World over, scholars have increasingly engaged themselves in a subaltern enquiry of various topics and fields transcending various humanity disciplines. Naturally, religion being one of the most foundational aspects of the life of a larger section of human population, a subaltern enquiry in this regard becomes all the more important. Moving along this discussion, we have tried to understand Kabir in this light. Coming from a family of weavers, he gave voice to the common masses, their sense, beliefs and aspirations regarding varied aspects of life, something which we often find missing in the nuanced compositions of other intellectual writings. This can be very well ascertained from the fact that his following cut across religions and classes. A nirguna social reformer and a poet par excellence, he is not one of those who write just for preaching good values; but also, to expose the hypocrisies engrained in our societies, attack our dominant belief systems and challenge the status quo. Kabir's ideas on religion was thus quite peculiar. This paper is an attempt to explore this peculiarness in all its manifestations.

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Kabir, Subaltern, Religion, Dogmas, Untouchability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition