Volume 12 | Issue 11

 Abstract

This research paper details an experimental investigation into the design, construction, and testing of a novel prototype detachable afterburner employing butane combustion. The motivation behind this study stems from the pursuit of innovative solutions to enhance the efficiency and environmental sustainability of jet engine afterburners. The prototype incorporates a fan with a 12V motor, a glow plug, and a carefully designed arrangement within an acrylic pipe to channel butane combustion. The study explores the stability of butane combustion, its impact on flame characteristics, and the potential for thrust augmentation. Preliminary results provide insights into the feasibility and performance of the detachable afterburner design, opening avenues for further research and development in advanced propulsion systems. This experimental study contributes to the evolving landscape of afterburner technology, offering a unique perspective on the use of alternative fuels for aerospace applications.

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Detachable afterburner, Butane combustion, Advanced propulsion systems, Environmental sustainability, Thrust augmentation

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Chromatography is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the quantification of drugs and other pharmaceuticals. Among the various chromatographic techniques, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has gained popularity due to its speed, versatility, applicability, and ability to analyze more than 100 samples simultaneously. Given its potential applications, researchers worldwide have utilized this technique for pharmaceutical analysis. This review summarizes research conducted on 63 formulations, of which 38 contain one active ingredient, while 25 contain two active substances. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the utility of this technique in pharmaceutical analysis and to assist scientists interested in using HPTLC for their analytical purposes.

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HPTLC, Pharmaceutical analysis, Method development, Active ingredient, Pharmaceutical formulation.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a profound exploration of the themes of sin, remorse, and forgiveness. The poem follows the journey of an unnamed mariner who commits the grave sin of killing an albatross, a symbol of nature's harmony. This action triggers a series of catastrophic events, leading to the suffering and death of his fellow crew members. The mariner is burdened with guilt, symbolized by the dead albatross hung around his neck, which represents his spiritual and moral transgression. As the poem unfolds, the mariner's suffering reflects the consequences of violating natural and divine laws, and his eventual redemption emerges from his sincere expression of remorse. The mariner's moment of realization occurs when he acknowledges the sanctity of life in all its forms, particularly in his blessing of the water snakes, which signifies his true repentance. The poem's treatment of sin and forgiveness mirrors broader theological and moral reflections found in religious and philosophical traditions. Coleridge's depiction of the mariner's penitence aligns with the Christian concepts of repentance, redemption, and divine forgiveness, drawing parallels to the process of atonement for sin. Through his journey, the mariner learns that forgiveness is not simply an external act of absolution but an internal transformation of the self. The poem highlights that genuine remorse and the recognition of one's faults are necessary for redemption. This paper examines The Rime of the Ancient Mariner as a representation of the cyclical nature of sin, remorse, and forgiveness, offering insights into the moral consequences of human actions and the possibility of spiritual renewal through self-reflection and divine grace.

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 Keywords

committing sins, forgiveness, guilt, redemption, remorse, sufferings

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Image Colorization involves colorizing grayscale image and giving the image a deeper meaning. This is a sophisticated task that requires prior knowledge of image content. Also, since the objects in the image may have several colors, it consists of numerous possible techniques to add colors to the pixels of the image, which shows there is no distinctive solution to this problem. Deep Learning techniques like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and General Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been used to colorize grayscale images. This paper delves into analyzing and comparing the effectiveness of the two approaches (i.e., Convolutional Neural Networks and General Adversarial Networks) to colorize grayscale images. First, a dataset of images was created, which was subsequently converted to a dataset of grayscale images in the initial dataset. The grayscale images were then colorized using the two deep learning techniques of CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) and GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks). The resultant colorized images were compared and analyzed with the original colorized images with their corresponding image histograms using comparison methods like 'Chi-Squared test' and 'Correlation distance'. The results obtained were then explained in the paper.

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Comparative study, colorization, CNN, GANs

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Ficus benghalensis also known as banyan tree is a large, evergreen tree native to the Indian subconstituent and southeast asia. It belongs to the family moraceae. Acacia nilotica also called as Babool or gum arabic, is a tropical tree native to africa, Asia and Australia, belong to family fabaceae. The ficus benghalensis and Acacia nilotica linn bark powder was converted into batches on the basis of their particle size. It has observed that, batch A (sieve no.44) passes all the preformulation parameter. This batch was finally used to prepare the antipyretic & analgesic capsule with different concentration. After that F2 batch was checked for weight variation, disintegration test, moisture content, pH. It has been observed that disintegration test F1, F2, F3 and F4 was 9.58 sec, 8.12 sec, 8.48 sec, 9.40 sec respectively Also, batch f1 passes the weight variation test. The antimicrobial test against E.coli, C.albicans and S.aureus was performed that, it shows zone of inhibition around -ve, 21mm, 19mm after 24 hrs.

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ficus benghalensis, Acacia nilotica, antipyretic and analgesic capsule, moraceae, fabaceae.

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Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) system is required to be provided for all operational thermal power plants and the new plants being operational in future for meeting the new guidelines laid by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). FGD system provides the "Environmental Sustainability" by reducing the SO2 gas liberated to the atmosphere, which is a health hazard causing respiratory infections, eye irritation, breathing difficulty, asthma, etc. FGD is a system which reduces the SOx in flue gas through chemical treatment converting the captured SOx into a by-product which is used by some other industry. To achieve acceptable dispersion of SOx emission from thermal power plants, Chimney height criteria has been adopted in India based on the emission rate of the SOx. This paper highlights the sustainable design aspects considered in the design of 125m tall Chimney with structural frames for a 2x600MW power plant.

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Flue Gas De-Sulphurisation, FGD, SOx, MOEF, Air-pollution, Chimney, Sustainability, Flue Can

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The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has transformed teaching and learning in educational institutions, offering benefits like improved communication, better resource access, and enhanced efficiency. However, this technological shift has also introduced significant challenges for teachers, notably in the form of technostress. Technostress, which refers to the psychological and physical strain caused by the complexities of ICT use, has become a major obstacle to effective technology adoption in education. Factors like information overload, techno-complexity, and techno-insecurity contribute to these challenges, often leading to burnout, anxiety, and decreased job satisfaction for educators. This article examines the impact of technostress on teachers, focusing on how the perceived usefulness of ICT can help reduce its negative effects. It looks into key moderators such as ICT literacy, technical support, and organizational support, which can alleviate technostress and create a more supportive teaching environment. Additionally, the study integrates models like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model to offer insights into how educational institutions can enhance teacher well-being through targeted interventions. The findings stress the importance of a balanced approach that addresses ICT-related challenges while also harnessing its potential to improve teaching and learning outcomes.

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ICT Usefulness, Technostress, ICT Adoption, ICT Literacy, Technical Support, Organizational Support, Teacher Well-Being

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In order to forecast TATA Chemicals' stock prices over the next ten days, we use machine learning and deep learning techniques. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is used to assess the model's accuracy. In order to achieve prediction accuracy, we employ time series forecasting techniques and historical stock price data, specifically using models like GRU, LSTM, Linear Regression(LR), Random Forest Regression(RFR), and XGBoost. To predict future patterns, these models are trained on historical stock values. We may evaluate the effectiveness of the prediction model by using RMSE as a statistic to quantify the difference between the actual and forecasted stock prices. The outcomes show how well the model captures transient changes in stock prices, making it a useful tool for analysts and investors.

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GRU, LSTM, XGboost, RMSE, RFR, LR

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This research focuses on leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance energy efficiency in smart homes. By integrating advanced techniques such as load disaggregation, Energy Management Systems (EMS), and demand forecasting, AI-driven smart homes optimize energy consumption while ensuring user comfort. The proposed model demonstrates the potential of AI to dynamically adapt energy use, minimize costs, and reduce environmental impact. Case studies like Tesla's Power Wall and IoT-based smart lighting solutions underscore the practical implementation of these technologies. The paper highlights challenges such as data privacy and infrastructure limitations while envisioning future advancements in AI-enabled energy-efficient solutions.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Smart Homes, Energy Efficiency, Energy Management Systems (EMS), Load Disaggregation, Forecasting Engine, Internet of Things (IoT), Renewable Energy, Smart Lighting Solutions, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), AI-Driven Energy Optimization, Home Energy Consumption, Machine Learning, Energy Forecasting, Smart Meters.

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This research paper examines the interplay between curiosity and consequence of characterization of Gothic protagonists in William Beckford's Vathek, Matthew Gregory Lewis's The Monk, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and H.G. Wells's The Island of Dr. Moreau. Through a comparative analysis, the study explores how each protagonist's insatiable curiosity leads to their eventual downfall of their journeys. The paper will explore how curiosity leads to downfall in Gothic protagonists. It examines how their insatiable curiosity drives them to cross natural and moral boundaries, resulting in tragic consequences. These gothic fictions serve as cautionary tales about the dangers of unrestrained ambition, unchecked desires, and scientific hubris. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the role of curiosity and its consequences of selected gothic fictions in shaping the Gothic protagonists.

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Comparative analysis of protagonist, Curiosity Scientific Hubris Supernatural Elements Tragic Consequence Decadence.

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AbstractAn essential step on the path to women's economic empowerment is financial literacy. Women's ability to achieve financial independence and security is hampered by the gender gap in financial literacy, notwithstanding notable advancements in a number of fields. This article highlights the value of financial education in advancing gender equality as it examines the relationship between financial literacy and women's economic empowerment. It examines recent research, notes socioeconomic and cultural obstacles, and showcases effective financial literacy initiatives across the globe.According to the research, women who possess financial literacy are considerably better able to manage their money, make wise decisions, and engage more actively in the economy. Initiatives like She Counts and the Global Banking Alliance for Women have shown promise in raising women's financial literacy and outcomes. Additionally, internet resources and digital tools have become popular ways to deliver easily accessible financial education, especially in underprivileged areas.The significance of financial literacy in encouraging women to establish and grow businesses is highlighted in this article, which also shows how financially savvy women are more likely to do so. It also looks at how financial services catered to women's needs by microfinance organizations empowers women.The topic of debate is the necessity of public-private partnerships and gender-sensitive financial policies in order to advance thorough financial education. We can unleash women's potential and reap the rewards of wider economic growth and societal advantages by bridging the gap in financial literacy. In order to support women's economic empowerment, this article ends with legislative proposals and a call to action for stakeholders to finance financial literacy.

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Keywords: women empowerment, financial literacy, economic empowerment.

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This study examines how parents play a crucial role in enabling individuals with disabilities (Divyangjan) to pursue self-employment, emphasizing how they support resilience, independence, and business success. Purposive sampling approaches were used in a descriptive research design to interview ten parents of self-employed Divyangjan in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. The results show that parental support is multifaceted and includes networking opportunities, financial aid, skill development, mentorship, and emotional support. For overcoming early entrepreneurial obstacles, parents offer seed money, information exchange, and operational support. Emotional support boosts self-esteem and motivation, and physical assistance, such workspace and tools, creates a basis for long-term projects. Long-term development is encouraged by parental role modeling, which instills virtues of tenacity and flexibility.

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Divyangjan, Parent, Self-Employment

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This paper is based on the historical context of death penalty along with highlighting upon the constituent assembly debates along with the opinions of the renowned proponents. This paper deals with legal provisions which consist of the death penalty especially in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. This paper also navigates on the validity of death penalty along with highlighting upon the "rarest of rare doctrine" by also focusing on the landmark judgements which emphasise upon the doctrine also balancing it with Article 21 of the constitution of India. The researcher also navigates the international perspective of death penalty which includes the human rights perspectives on death penalty highlighting on the International conventions. This paper also navigates the perspective of different countries on the death penalty highlighting abolitionist and retentionist point of view with regard to death penalty where the abolitionist side emphasises more on right to life of the offender and states that capital punishment is inhumane whereas the retentionist side contends that death penalty serves as a deterrent. The researcher emphasises upon the attitudes and psychological impact of the individuals who are involved in the death penalty process along with navigating on the psychological impact of the victims' families. This paper further discusses other punishments which can be imposed apart from the death penalty. Further, the paper makes some suggestions on the reformative methods alternative to death penalty and its implementation in the legal system. Lastly this paper inclines more on retaining the practice of capital punishment and does not favour abolishing the same.

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Death Penalty, Retention, Abolition, Capital Punishment

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Phyto compounds have constituted an alternative source of antimicrobial agents. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on the documented procedures. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using modified disc diffusion method. The chemical constituents of the herbal drugs were assessed using gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, glycosides. The GC-MS analysis revealed the following major bioactive compounds: 25 Compounds were identified in lichen Parmelia perlata powder .The ethyl acetate and aqueous extract was inhibited the growth of selected Gram positive bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus in the range of 16 mm and 14.5 mm by comparing standard Linezoid 15.5 mm, and Bacillus subtilis 15mm and 15mm by comparing standard Tetracycline 14 mm .Gram negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli in the range of 17mm and 13 mm comparing standard Sulbactum 16 mm and Proteus vulgarius in the range of 15.5 mm and 14 mm by comparing standard Cefotaxim 34 mm respectively (Table 5). The antifungal activity of Candida albicans in the range of 16.5 mm and 11.5 mm by comparing standard Fluconazole 17mm. The ethyl acetate extract of Parmelia perlata in all gram positive and gram negative microorganisms showed maximum good inhibition and also the anti fungal activity maximum good inhibition in ethyl acetate extract of Parmelia perlata.

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Phytocompounds, GC-MS , Anti microbial activity, Anti fungal activity.

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Abstract: Tribal groups are the earliest settlers in any civilization. Their culture manifests in their Oral tradition as a part of their socio-cultural need which perpetuates their wisdom and knowledge across the time. Tribes share their knowledge as a part of community resources. Oral- tradition popularly known as folklore is a part of the social function and social control in tribes. The tradition is popular in Jaunsari culture. The Jaunsari are a small community found in Northern India more specifically in the Jaunsar Bawar region of Garhwal Division. Jaunsari people trace their ethnic origin from Pandavas of the mythological tale 'Mahabharata' which has a tremendous social and religious impact. Jaunsar has the belief that the Pandavas spent their final year of exile in the Jaunsar region of Garhwal, and that the Pandavas made their final ascent to heaven through the Himalayas.The major vehicle by which Jaunsari' express and explore their understandings of Mahabharata is pandav lila, a local tradition of ritual performance. It is more precisely described as a "ritual drama." This representation is visible in their local fairs, festival, food, dress and culture. The present paper discusses the importance of the oral tradition of Jaunsar in this modern era with special reference to Tyuni, a place in district Dehradun of Garhwal Region

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Tribal ,Jaunsar, Mahabharata , Mahsu Devta

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ABSTRACT Holi is a very important festival of the whole of India. It is celebrated as a very big festival for forty days in Braj Mandal. This forty-day Holi starts from Vasant Panchami, after that Phalera Dooj, Barsana ki Holi, Laddu Maar Holi, Lathmar Holi, Nandgaon ki Holi, Rang Bharni Ekadashi, Holika Dahan, Dolot sav (Dhulendi), Dauji ki Holi and this Hora festival of Braj continues till Holi Purnima. With the onset of Dhanda on Vasant Panchami, the festival of Hori also begins in the temples here. Holi is celebrated by different sects of Braj in different temples here according to different seva methods. Samaj-Gayan goes on continuously every day in the temples. Holi Dhamar are sung with the accompaniment of many types of instruments. Meanwhile, the visitors who come to the temple cannot stop themselves from dancing, lost in this devotional music. Samaj Gayan is also organized on a very large scale in Barsana Holi, in which many Rasiya are sung along with Holi Dhamar. People from all over the country and abroad come to see these amazing scenes. Holi of Braj is completely related to Radha Krishna and the verses and songs of Holi are also related to Radha Krishna. This devotional Holi of Braj has a deep connection with music. Braj Holi is incomplete without Samaj Gayan, the sweet sound of various instruments and the dance of Gop-Gopis.

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key words-Braj, Holi, Music, Dandha, Samaj Gayan, Dhamar, Huranga, Rasiya.

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The present article explores the sociocultural dynamics and developmental paths of Madhya Pradesh's three Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs): the Baiga, Bharia, and Saharia. It uses a cross-cultural analytical methodology to investigate how customs, cultural resiliency, and the current developmental obstacles that these communities face interact. The study explores important aspects like livelihood patterns, education, health, gender roles, and access to government welfare programs using fieldwork, secondary data, and ethnographic narratives. The analysis reveals the conflicts between these communities' cultural identity and developmental goals while highlighting their distinctive adaptive strategies. Their interactions with contemporary institutions and technologies are specifically examined, along with the implications of these interactions for heritage preservation. The results highlight the necessity of context-sensitive and participatory policies that close the gap between PVTGs' sociocultural realities and sustainable development goals. In order to promote pathways toward equitable and culturally aligned development, the article ends by offering frameworks to improve the efficacy and inclusivity of interventions targeted at these tribal communities.

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Keywords: Cultural Attributes, Baiga, Bharia, Saharia

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Abstract-Captions by allowing the model to focus on relevant parts of the image while generating the text. These attention mechanisms have been successfully integrated into image captioning models, resulting in more accurate and contextually aware captions. The combination of object detection and image captioning techniques opens exciting possibilities for applications such as automated image description, visual search, and assistive technologies for the visually impaired.

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Object Detection, Caption Generation, Deep Learning

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The paper highlights the grim reality faced by Indian women, who are often unable to refuse sexual intercourse with their husbands due to the societal normalization of marital rape. It asserts that this decriminalized offense severely impacts women's psychology and mental health, subjecting them to ongoing trauma. The author critiques Section 63 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita , which defines rape but includes an exception stating that sexual intercourse with a wife is not considered rape. The article analyzes legal provisions and case law to argue that this exception is unconstitutional, asserting that marriage does not imply consent for sexual intercourse. Marital rape violates constitutional rights to bodily autonomy, dignity, and equality, aligning with protections in Article 21 (right to life) and CEDAW. The paper advocates for marital rape to be recognized as a crime, aligning India's laws with international standards and providing justice to married women who face sexual violence within marriage. The paper examines the evolution of rape laws in India, tracing their development from the Indian Penal Code of 1860 to present-day amendments. While key issues such as the role of consent and the age of consent have been clarified over time, the contentious issue of marital rape remains unresolved. Despite public protests and reforms aimed at harsher punishments for sexual violence, incidents of sexual assault continue to spark outrage. The paper reviews various amendments made to address these concerns, highlights the loopholes such as exemption of marital rape from the BNS, inadequate protection of married women, violation of constitutional rights, no remedy in civil law, psychological impact and social stigma, and emphasizes the need for further reforms to ensure comprehensive legal protection against sexual violence in India.

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 Keywords

marital rape, sexual intercourse, section 375 of Indian penal code, section 63 of Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, consent

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Sound treatments are gaining attention as innovative, non-invasive methods for enhancing the shelf life of perishable fruits like grapes. This study examines the impact of sound frequencies (250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1000 Hz) on the post-harvest quality of Thompson Seedless grapes. Grapes were exposed to sound waves for varying durations (5, 10, and 15 minutes) and stored under controlled conditions. Quality parameters, including weight loss, firmness, decay rate, color retention, and microbial load, were assessed. Results showed that sound treatment, particularly at 500 Hz for 10 minutes, significantly improved the shelf life by reducing weight loss, microbial activity, and decay rates while maintaining firmness and color stability. This study establishes sound treatment as a sustainable and chemical-free alternative for enhancing post-harvest management.

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Sound treatment, grape preservation, microbial decay, post-harvest technology, shelf life extension, quality retention

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition