Volume 13 | Issue 10

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The Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) is an initiative by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) towards integrating sustainability and responsible business conduct into the corporate reporting framework. It is an attempt to align Indian disclosure requirements with global Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) standards and is in conformity with National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct (NGRBC), which outline nine principles guiding ethical, transparent, and sustainable business behavior. It enables stakeholders, investors, and regulators to assess the performance of companies beyond financial indicators. Hence, with the growing emphasis on BRSR disclosure, this research examines the temporal consistency and variation in disclosure practices across companies and sectors. The study had examined the companies from High-Carbon intensive and Low-Carbon intensive sectors across 9 principles of BRSR considering both essential and leadership indicators by using SEBI's BRSR Guidance Notes as the framework. A scoring mechanism was developed by allocating equal weightage to essential and leadership indicators for 9 BRSR principles. A sample of 24 listed companies was analyzed over a three-year period to evaluate their reporting patterns. Statistical tests such as Intra-Class Correlation, Kruskal Wallis H Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were applied. The findings revealed that there exists differences in reporting practices amongst the companies within both sectors but the High-Carbon intensive sector demonstrates the need for stronger and more transparent sustainability reporting practices particularly in environmental protection and customer value, given its higher environmental impact.

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NGRBC, High-Carbon intensive, Low-Carbon intensive, sustainability reporting

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Vrana (ulcer), in Ayurveda is defined as a structural deformity in the skin and deeper structures (gaatra avachurnana), associated with ruja (pain), srava (discharge) etc and caused either by the vitiation of the doshas (humuors of the body) or by trauma. Vrana is basically of 2 types- Dushta vrana and Shudha vrana. Shudha Vrana (acute ulcer) is easily treatable, whereas Dushta vrana is a chronic ulcer, mostly require long-term treatment. Acharya Sushruta has described Shashti Upakram for treating such vranas (ulcers). Chronic venous ulcers (CVUs) are persistent, often painful wounds that result from poor circulation in the lower extremities. These ulcers are notoriously difficult to heal, leading to a prolonged suffering experience for affected individuals .Chronic venous ulcers (CVUs) are a common and persistent clinical challenge, often requiring long-term management and wound care. In Charaka Samhita, Acharya Charaka has described Twaksanjanan churna for the wounds.With reference to that Twaksanjanan Ghruta aids in the development of new skin tissues (Twakasanjanan) and promotes wound healing (Ropan). We have applied Twaksanjanan Ghruta in a patient suffering from Chronic venous ulcer i.e Dushtavrana and we got good results in reducing Vranastrava,Vranagandha and Twakasanjanan i.e. Ropana effect .Treating chronic venous ulcers with Twakasanjanan ghruta can be very effective which stimulate cellular regeneration, improve blood circulation, and faster skin recovery.

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Chronic venous ulcer, Dushta vrana ,Twaksanjanan ghruta.

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The aim of this research to control of GHG emissions from transportation that caused as a resulting of combustion of fossil fuels inside vehicle engine.GHG emissions contain types of gases that produced from burning fossil fuel such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) , nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which distributed and trap into atmosphere caused high temperature named as (global worming ). CO2 is the most common unwanted gas formed about 83% of total GHG into atmosphere, since 1 Kg of Fuel produces about 3Kg CO2.The objective of research to reduce GHG pre-combustion and during combustion of fuels, measuring and calculation fuel emissions as smart steps using different methods as emissions factors, carbon footprint, with review materials and operation to reduce emissions using tools with all databases and resources of transport sector to analyzing and estimate approximate over all GHG emissions impact occurs due to growth in developing world therefore arrange mobility management of strategies to address fuel consumption and emissions in the future depending on upon number of factors and use suitable tools to analyzing and measuring any change in environmental impact to avoid consequences of GHG emissions in the future. Finally provide the travelers with all information to use public transportation that will be reduced 86% of all emissions caused by transportation.

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GREENHOUSE ,GASES (GHG) EMISSIONS , TRANSPORTATION

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Urbanization and the expansion of agriculture are a burning problem

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Urbanization and the expansion of agriculture are a burning problem

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NAZRULER SHYAMASNGEET : SHAKTA BHABNAY ATMABEDANAR KABYA

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NAZRULER SHYAMASNGEET : SHAKTA BHABNAY ATMABEDANAR KABYA

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In the 21st century, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerged as the most powerful tool across a spectrum of sectors. It is transforming and reshaping the landscape of teaching-learning processes and pedagogical methods. It personalizes education, providing assistance to learners according to their individual pace and style. Tools such as intelligent tutoring systems and automated assessment facilitate time efficiency for the educators and enhance the support quality. The integration of Artificial Intelligence into Teacher education marks a transformative shift in how prospective teachers are trained. This article presents the application of AI system across the core courses of Teacher education i.e. contextual, techno-pedagogical, administration and management, field survey and internship. By bridging traditional teaching principles with intelligent tools, AI empowers educators to create and deliver personalized, data-driven, and immersive educational experiences from predictive modeling and real-time simulations to intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive assessments. AI is reshaping classrooms, labs and field-based learning. The article also covers innovative teaching methodologies, practical applications, and real-world case studies, demonstrating how AI not only enhances comprehension and engagement of learners but also aligns Teacher education with the needs of a rapidly evolving profession. Ethical considerations, implementation challenges, and future prospects have been also highlighted to provide a holistic view of AI. Nonetheless, issues persist, such as maintaining privacy, equity and equipping individuals with values and appropriate skills. Judicious usage of AI can ultimately contribute to the development of a more intelligent, equitable and future-oriented educational framework.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Teacher education

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An abstract on cause of action and jurisdiction under the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) must outline how the "bundle of material facts" that defines a cause of action decides where and if at all a civil suit may be filed, and how courts sift out plaints at the threshold regarding jurisdictional competence and revelation of a cause. Cause of action is not specifically defined under the CPC, but Indian courts always refer to it as all the facts which the plaintiff must establish, if navigated, in order to secure a judgment; it is the matrix of facts connecting a right, its violation, and the defendant's challenged acts. Jurisdiction over civil actions interconnects with cause of action via Section 20 CPC, which gives territorial jurisdiction when the defendant is found, carries on business, or where the cause of action accrues wholly or in part; hence, even partial accrual of crucial facts can determine forum competence. Standards of pleading support this nexus: Order VII Rule 1 mandates setting out the cause of action in the plaint, whereas Order II Rule 2 necessitates inclusion of the entire claim based on the same cause for avoiding multiplicity of proceedings. At the stage of gatekeeping, courts can dismiss a plaint under Order VII Rule 11 for non-disclosure of a cause of action or for a prima facie jurisdictional bar, examining only the averments in the plaint on a face-value basis to eliminate vexatious or incompetent suits. Doctrinally, Indian precedent defines both narrow and expansive meanings of cause of action--from facts which constitute violation of a right to the entire ensemble of material facts required for relief--each with implications for territorial forum choice and maintainability. In total, cause of action is the factual basis of a civil claim and the functional basis of territorial jurisdiction under Section 20; combined with rules of pleading and the power of rejection under Order VII Rule 11, it frames where suits are instituted, how they are articulated, and whether or not they move beyond the threshold.

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Bundle of material facts; legal right and its violation; right to sue; wrongful act or omission; injury/damage; causation; damages; maintainability; disclosure in plaint. Territorial jurisdiction; defendant resides/carries on business/works for gain; forum selection; place where cause of action arises. Relief claimed; facts constituting cause, breach; injury; concurrence of right, duty, and wrong; material facts vs evidence. Pecuniary,subject-matter jurisdiction, bundle of facts

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This thorough paper first examines the limits of patent protection in India, highlighting the 20-year exclusive rights bestowed to inventors. Additionally, a historical review shows how Indian patent rules have changed throughout time, culminating in the current Patent Act of 1972. In order to determine eligibility, the standards of patentability, such as novelty, inventive steps, and industrial application, are analyzed. Later, the article expands on the topic of patents with concepts of non-patentable inventions, from agricultural methods to frivolous claims, which are carefully examined under Section 3. The entire essay explores the intricacies of innovative steps, highlighting non-obviousness as a crucial patentability requirement. It ends by emphasizing the careful balance that patent rules uphold, guaranteeing adherence to the concepts of innovation and non-obviousness and industrial utility.

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Indian invention history, Section 3 exclusions, standards of patentability, Standards of Patentability and eligibility requirements for patents.

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The current study focused on understanding the relationship between Daily Spiritual Experiences and Forgiveness among emerging adults. The study also aimed to analyze the extent of influence of Daily Spiritual Experiences in determining Forgiveness among emerging adults. The Convenience sampling method was employed to collect a sample of 200 participants among males and females between the age group of 18 and 25 years. Daily Spiritual Experiences was measured using the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (Underwood, 2011), and Forgiveness was measured using the Bolton's Forgiveness Scale (Amanze & Carson, 2021). The data for the study was assessed using Pearson Product Moment correlation, and Multiple Linear Regression through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 25.0). The results portrayed that there was a significant positive correlation between Daily Spiritual Experiences and Forgiveness among emerging adults. It also demonstrated a positive influence of Daily Spiritual Experiences on Forgiveness among the chosen sample.

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Spirituality, Daily Spiritual Experiences, Forgiveness, Emerging Adults

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Through her own gaze, a woman emerges not as a fragment of another, but as a complete creation in herself. Yet, throughout history, she has been cast primarily as a muse in artistic creation, her presence reduced to an object that adds lavanya (grace) or beauty to a painting. This perspective, shaped largely by the male gaze, disregards her inner realities, what she thinks, feels, and endures each day. As Neera Desai and Usha Thakkar note in their book, 'Women in Indian Society', when men are asked what their wives do, the common response is "nothing." Such a dismissal reflects how even visible labor remains unrecognized, let alone the invisible layers of emotion women conceal in order to meet societal expectations. Society has long written women into narrow scripts, casting them as caregivers, keepers of hearth and home, and arbiters of others' needs, while their own inner landscapes remain largely unread. The joys, fears, longings, and silences of women are rarely recorded, except in fragments glimpsed through the eyes of others. It is only when women themselves take up the pen, brush, or voice that these worlds fully emerge, vibrant and unmediated. This study seeks to disturb the authority of male-centred narratives, where "man," "him," and "his" masquerade as the universal, and to place "her" at the centre of discourse. This paper turns to the work of Amrita Sher-Gil, whose paintings capture women not as silent muses or icons, but as subjects in their own right, embodying moods, emotions, and truths that continue to resonate today. It aims to reclaim the unspoken, to give form to the silenced emotions and lived experiences of women, insisting that their stories, feelings, and perceptions are not peripheral annotations but vital, dynamic, and indispensable threads in the tapestry of human understanding.

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Feminine Subjectivity, Patriarchy, Artistic Representation, Lived Experiences

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This paper presents a detailed study on the behaviour of idempotent elements in the structural framework of stable and pseudo-stable near-rings. Idempotent elements play a central role in the decomposition and organization of algebraic systems, and their influence on the formation of ideals provides valuable insight into the internal properties of near-rings. The study of stability conditions within algebraic systems has been a central theme in understanding their internal symmetries and operational consistency. In this paper, we investigate stable and pseudo-stable properties in the context of near ring substructures. A near ring, being a generalization of a ring without the requirement of full distributivity or commutativity, provides a rich framework to analyze weaker forms of algebraic regularity. We define and explore the conditions under which substructures such as ideals, subnear-rings, and quasi-ideals exhibit stability under homomorphic images, endomorphisms, and composition mappings. The concept of pseudo-stability is introduced as a relaxed form of stability, wherein closure properties hold under specific mappings or restricted operations rather than universally. Comparative results between stable and pseudo-stable substructures are established, highlighting their interrelationships and dependencies on the structural constraints of the parent near ring. Illustrative examples and counterexamples are provided to demonstrate distinct behaviours within different classes of near rings. These findings contribute to the deeper understanding of near ring theory and open pathways for further exploration in algebraic systems exhibiting partial distributivity.

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Idempotents, central, decomposition, ideals, distributivity, Commutativity, sub near rings, homomorphism.

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Highway maintenance is crucial within transportation infrastructure because it directly affects the efficiency and safety of transit systems. Well-maintained highways reduce traffic, lower accident risks, and boost economic growth by ensuring the smooth transport of goods and people. As transportation needs change, using advanced maintenance strategies, like road maintenance outsourcing, has become vital for road authorities. These strategies help optimize resource allocation and improve service delivery. While these strategies offer potential benefits, research shows conflicting views on their actual effectiveness. Because of this, a full evaluation of how they're put into action is needed. Additionally, keeping up with highway maintenance is key as technology and traveler expectations change. An interactive and personalized approach can really improve the user experience and make travel decisions easier.

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Selaing and Stitching

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Background: Menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation and the end of a woman's reproductive capacity. It is a natural biological process, often accompanied by a variety of physical, psychological, and urogenital symptoms due to hormonal changes. Objective: This study aims to assess the quality of life of Indian postmenopausal women and compare their menopausal symptoms with those reported in other countries. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 398 women aged 45-55 years in urban and rural areas of Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), which evaluates 11 common menopausal symptoms categorized into somatic, psychological, and urogenital domains. The MRS was translated into the local language for better understanding. Results: The most prevalent symptoms reported were muscle and joint discomfort (79.8%), depressive mood (70%), anxiety (69.4%), hot flushes (68.7%), and sleep disturbances (65.7%). Psychological symptoms were found to be the most severe, with 52.3% of women experiencing them at a high level and 11.6% at a very high level. Somatic complaints were predominantly moderate (43.7%), while urogenital symptoms were mostly low to moderate (41.0% and 36.6% respectively). Conclusion: The findings highlight that psychological symptoms are the most distressing among postmenopausal Indian women, requiring urgent attention. Somatic and urogenital symptoms, while common, are generally moderate. A comprehensive management approach focusing on mental health, physical wellness, and reproductive health education is recommended.

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Menopause, Menopause Rating Scale, Psychological Symptoms, Somatic Complaints, Urogenital Symptoms, Quality of Life, Postmenopausal Women, India.

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Urban flooding and groundwater depletion represent critical challenges in rapidly urbanizing regions Globally. Urban flooding is primarily driven by unplanned urban expansion, loss of natural water bodies and Green spaces, inadequate and outdated drainage infrastructure, high population density, poor solid waste management, and the effects of climate change, including increased rainfall intensity and altered rainfall Patterns. These factors collectively enhance surface runoff and overwhelm existing drainage systems, exacerbating flood events. Groundwater depletion results chiefly from over-extraction due to increased demand for industrial, domestic, and agricultural use, inefficient water management, contamination, and reduced natural recharge caused by impervious urban surfaces and deforestation. This imbalance between ground water withdrawal and recharge threatens sustainable urban water security. Addressing these intertwined issues demands innovative and integrated solutions like permeable pavements, effective storm water management, urban green infrastructure, and groundwater recharge strategies, aligning with sustainability and climate resilience goals.

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Rainwater Harvesting, Hexagonal Road Tiles, Storm water Management, Urban Drainage Systems, Sustainable Pavement Design, Water Filtration.

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This study investigates the impact of mindfulness practices on stress reduction, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Mindfulness, defined as present-moment non-judgmental awareness, has been shown to foster adaptive coping, reduce psychological distress, and enhance well-being. Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 250 young adults was assessed with validated scales measuring mindfulness, perceived stress, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. Correlational and regression analyses revealed that mindfulness is negatively associated with stress and positively associated with both emotional regulation and life satisfaction. Moreover, emotional regulation partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. These findings highlight the role of mindfulness-based practices in promoting resilience and overall life satisfaction.

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mindfulness, perceived stress, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction, cross-sectional design, Correlational and regression analyses and foster

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This study investigates the impact of digital marketing strategies on consumer purchase intentions in the Indian e-commerce retail sector. With the rapid expansion of online shopping platforms and increasing internet penetration, understanding the factors that drive consumer behavior has become crucial for businesses seeking competitive advantage. The research examines key variables including discount promotions, social media engagement, brand trust, customer satisfaction, and personalized marketing on purchase decisions. Using a descriptive research methodology, primary data was collected through structured questionnaires from 150 respondents across major Indian cities who actively engage in online shopping. Statistical analysis was performed using correlation and regression techniques to examine the relationships between independent variables and purchase intentions. The findings reveal that discount strategies and social media marketing significantly influence purchase intentions, while brand trust and customer engagement act as mediating factors in building long-term loyalty. Among all variables examined, social media engagement showed the strongest positive correlation with purchase intentions, followed by personalized marketing and discount promotions. The study provides practical insights for e-commerce businesses to optimize their digital marketing strategies and enhance customer retention in the competitive Indian market. The research contributes to existing literature by examining the Indian market context specifically and offers actionable recommendations for businesses operating in emerging digital economies.

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- Digital Marketing, E-commerce, Purchase Intentions, Consumer Behavior, Discount Promotions, Social Media Marketing, Brand Trust, Customer Engagement

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The presence of a child with an intellectual disability necessitates considerable adjustment on the part of parents and other family members. While some families demonstrate greater resilience in adapting to this reality, others encounter significant challenges. This study investigates and compares the needs of parents--both mothers and fathers--raising children with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. Conducted at the State Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research (SIRTAR), Rohtak, Haryana, the research employs a purposive sampling method involving 24 parents of children aged 5 to 25 years, categorized by IQ levels (mild: 50-70; moderate: 35-50). Using the NIMH Family Needs Schedule and an interview-based approach, the study explores parental needs across cognitive, material, social, and emotional domains. Findings reveal that mothers consistently reported higher needs than fathers, particularly in areas related to child management and emotional support, while fathers expressed greater needs for vocational planning and access to government services. The study underscores the importance of early, individualized, and family-centered interventions that address both child-specific and broader familial needs. It concludes that assessing and responding to parental needs from the family's perspective is critical to improving developmental outcomes and enhancing parental capacity.

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Intellectual disability, parental needs, family support

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Breast engorgement refers to the painful swelling and firmness of the breasts that commonly occurs when they become overly full of milk, blood, and fluid. It often happens in the early postpartum period, typically 3-5 days after delivery, but can also occur later if feeding or milk expression is delayed. A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the postnatal mother's knowledge concerning breast engorgement and its intervention in a selected hospital of Moodbidri Taluk, with the aim to create an information booklet. The study utilized a descriptive design and included postnatal mothers as samples. The results indicated that 45% of the mothers had poor knowledge, 50% had average knowledge, and only 5% had good knowledge. The mean score of knowledge was 40.63% and the standard deviation was 3.611. Among demographic variables, 32.5% of mothers were aged between 22-25 years group, 65% were joint families, 47.5% were Muslim religion, and 72.5% had a vaginal delivery. Additionally, 52.5% of the study participants were multiparous. The results of the study show the enhanced awareness and education strategies are required to bridge the knowledge gap. Preparation of an information booklet can be useful tool to educate postnatal mothers on identification, management, and prevention of breast engorgement. The research highlights the need for organized postnatal education to improve maternal health and breastfeeding outcomes.

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Postnatal Mothers, Breast engorgement, Knowledge, Health education, Information guidesheet

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Digital literacy encompasses and navigates technological information across the nation. It has evaluated the critical world with 21st century skills such as communication and use of online digital tools. It ensures safety for cybersecurity which is an enhanced data threat issue. Adapting to technologies makes creation of digital tools for content creation. There have been continuous collaboration and engagement of people through different mediums of communication that have embarked upon usage of digital platforms. This paper examines the critical role of digital literacy as a core 21st century skill essential for success in education, work and civic engagement. The paradigm shift to knowledge connects society to conceptualize literacy moving beyond technical proficiency. This develops sociological and ethical competencies across the globe. The definition of multifaceted digital literacy includes information and data literacy, communication among people, online content creation, safety and protection of data and digital citizenship. The digital competence adopts to rapid technological change. Also, there have implications to which digital literacy skills have perpetuated digital divide limiting economic development. Therefore, the need for digital literacy has been overcome by transforming changes and developmental strategies. It also improves the ability to how to use digital technology, how to collaborate with teachers and peers and how to engage with communities. Digital literacy equips young people from online to virtual communication initiating technological skills. By actively participating workshops, individuals acquire valuable skills to move ahead with the digital era. The schools and universities have equipped integration of digital literacy in curriculum. Hence, it is an opportunity for students to develop their skills through their academic studies. The importance of digital literacy empowers people to be vigilant enhancing the use of technology. The analysis of practical implications for educational policy ensures students to thrive digital landscape of the 21st century giving them ability to have essential technological knowledge.

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Digital Literacy, 21st Century Skills, Digital Citizenship, Information Literacy, Media Literacy

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Parenting style plays a crucial role in shaping young adults' emotional and behavioural development. It affects both how attachment patterns form and how aggression is expressed. This study examined how parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive), attachment styles (secure, avoidant, dismissive, anxious, and ambivalent), and aggression (physical, verbal, anger, and hostility) relate among young adult males and females aged 18-25. Data were collected from a sample of 100 participants. Tools were used: the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (APQ-SF), and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Results from Pearson correlation analysis indicated several statistically significant positive relationships (p < .001). Authoritarian parenting was moderately correlated with anxious attachment (r = .451), while ambivalent attachment was positively associated with avoidant (r = .491), dismissive attachment(r = .400), and physical aggression was both moderately correlated with dismissive(r=.347) and ambivalent attachment(r = .403). Verbal aggression correlated with both dismissive attachment (r = .343) and physical aggression (r = .689) whereas, anger moderately correlated with avoidant(r=.337) and strongly correlated with physical aggression(r=0.577). Moreover, hostility showed strong associations with physical aggression (r = .760) and anger (r = .641), as well as moderate correlations with authoritarian parenting (r = .328), avoidant (r = .352), and ambivalent attachment (r = .451) and lastly, dismissive attachment is strongly correlated with avoidant attachment(r=0.534). Overall, the results suggest that insecure attachment patterns and authoritarian parenting behaviours are closely tied to increased aggression and hostility. Encouraging supportive parenting and secure attachment may help reduce aggression among young adults.

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Parenting Styles, Attachment Styles, Aggression, Insecure Attachment, Young Adults.

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