Volume 13 | Issue 10

 Abstract

Experiential learning is a learner-centered pedagogical approach that emphasizes learning through direct experience, reflection, and active participation. In primary education, experiential methods such as project-based learning, field activities, simulations, and collaborative tasks foster deeper conceptual understanding and enhance motivation. This paper examines how experiential learning shapes cognitive, emotional, and social development in young learners. Drawing from constructivist theories by Dewey, Kolb, and Piaget, it explores how real-world experiences promote engagement, creativity, and lifelong learning. Empirical evidence suggests that experiential strategies improve problem-solving skills, teamwork, and intrinsic motivation. The paper concludes with recommendations for educators to integrate experiential learning within school curricula for holistic child development.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Experiential Learning, Primary Education, Constructivism, Child Development, Active Learning, Reflection

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

One of the most important sectors to provide social and economic stability in a developing country such as India is insurance. It works based on good faith, risk-sharing and covering against unpredictable losses. However, the complicated question of insurance contracts usually puts the policyholder at a disadvantage. The necessity to protect the policyholders against exploitation, unfair trade practices and the lack of service has thus become a legal necessity. The implementation of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, as a successor to the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, has reinforced the system of protection of policyholders as consumers. This research paper evaluates how the consumer protection legislation has evolved in the insurance sector, and how the 2019 Act has enhanced the consumer protection measures in the form of the Central Consumer Protection Authority, more stringent definitions of unfair trade practices, and lessened grievance redressal processes. The paper also discusses the historic decisions of the courts, which have assumed the shape of the rights of the insurance consumers and the influence of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) in the pursuit of accountability. It also ends by outlining enforcement problems, areas of overlap with other legal mechanisms, and the way forward towards building a more policyholder-friendly insurance regime.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Policyholders, Consumer Protection Act, Insurance Law, Dispute Redressal, IRDAI, Legal Safeguards, Consumer Rights, Unfair Trade Practices, Deficiency in Service.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Literature is the essence of human life in its contextual existence. No other arts can represent human existence in its complete panorama as literature does. Literature is the reflection and reproduction of philosophy in its true essence. Philosophy, in its true sense, finds its abundant expression in literature. The text is prepared in a context and its meaning is truly derived by the context and removing the context out of the purview. The meaning is an interpretation; multiple meanings are possible for multiple interpretations. Society is in constant negotiation with literature and literature exercising its autonomy sees and scrutinizes social structures on which entire society built. Literature is the criticism of human life and society in its larger context. In Telangana revolutionary movement various authors played their vital roles in bringing awareness and unity among the diversified groups of society through which separate state hood had become a possibility. Critical evaluation of Allam Rajaih's short stories makes the picture clear which is the result of human suffering in the hands of power systems. Various critical theories ventured to analyze the modus operandi of literature, but no single theory can claim its authority as the only one possibility of explanation of how literature is created and how it envisages the dialogue among the various forces at play. Allam Rajaiah's works have been taken as a case study to fathom their reliability in promoting a unified consciousness among the victims to raise their voice against draconian suppression in the name of varied dilapidated system. Literature works as a backbone to the flow of change, without change there is no progress and progress is the real worth of being alive otherwise life and social structures become meaningless.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key terms: Revolution, Short story, Subjugation, Power systems, Ideological Framework, Feudal System, Exploitation, Bonded Labor, Positivism

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has grown as a minor subset of computer science to become an influential technology in our lives. It assists students in their learning, professionals at work and aids farmers make better decisions on their crop. The effectiveness of AI systems depends on the manner in which people interact with them. The design of accurate and relevant instructions to such systems has become one of the critical skills of effective human AI interaction, which is referred to as prompt engineering. In this paper, the author explains what prompt engineering is and how it can be utilized and enhanced the performance of large language models, such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Google Gemini, in various practical scenarios.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Prompt Engineering, Large Language Models, Zero-shot Prompting, Chain-of-Thought, Human-AI Interaction, Applied AI, Responsible AI Design, Six-Step Method, Real-World Applications, Education.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research paper examines the transformative integration of artificial intelligence in visual effects and computer-generated imagery within Tamil cinema, with particular focus on developments from 2020 to the present. The study investigates how AI technologies have revolutionized traditional VFX pipelines, enabling unprecedented creative possibilities while optimizing production efficiency in Kollywood. Through comprehensive analysis of industry practices, technological implementations, and aesthetic outcomes, this research reveals how Tamil filmmakers have leveraged machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and generative AI to enhance visual storytelling across genres. The findings demonstrate a paradigm shift from labour-intensive manual processes to intelligent, automated workflows in areas including de-aging, digital humans, environment creation, and post-production enhancement. Major productions like "Indian 2," "Kalki 2898 AD," and the upcoming "Thalaivar 170" have incorporated AI-driven VFX to achieve global quality standards while maintaining cultural authenticity. The research also identifies challenges including skill gaps, ethical considerations, and artistic integrity concerns that have emerged alongside technological adoption

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Visual Effects, CGI, Tamil Cinema, Machine Learning

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research explores into how Pupil-teachers see the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in teacher preparation. ICT's importance in education has grown as a result of how the digital revolution is impacting many different industries. This study's goal is to ascertain how student-teachers see the use of ICT tools and techniques in teacher preparation courses. With the use of a mixed-methods approach, information from student-teachers enrolled in various teacher education programs was gathered via surveys and interviews. According to the findings, student-teachers have a generally favourable outlook on the application of ICT in teacher education and are aware of how it might improve teaching and instructing environments. However, issues including restricted technology access, inadequate training, and doubts regarding the usefulness of ICT technologies were also noted. Now in present situation ICT plays an important role in teaching learning field. ICT helps to understand the difficulties in easiest way. ICT make understand the pedagogical things in different perspectives. Teacher Educators will understand pedagogical issues by using ppt, animation, videos. ICT integration effectively raises the standard of teacher preparation. Teacher education is a Nobel profession; it makes teacher self-reliance. By the teacher education program, we can develop the inner potential of the teachers. In normal methodology of teaching, we can develop the teacher education in one perspective but by use of ICT (Information and communication Technology) we can develop the innovative idea of teacher educators. Now in present situation ICT plays an important role in teaching learning field. ICT helps to understand the difficulties in easiest way. ICT make understand the pedagogical things in different perspectives. Teacher Educators will understand pedagogical issues by using ppt, animation, videos. Integration of ICT make effective to improve the quality of teacher education. This study will help teaching learning process more productive in Teacher Education institute. This study also emphasizes how crucial a friendly and accommodating atmosphere is for the use of ICT in teaching and learning that works for student-teacher.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pupil-teachers, Teacher education, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Perception, Digital transformation, Technology access.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Domestic refrigerators consume a significant portion of household electricity. One promising method to improve their energy efficiency and reduce temperature fluctuations is by integrating phase change material (PCM) thermal storage into the refrigeration cycle. This paper reviews recent experimental and numerical studies, proposes design modifications, and presents a case study integrating PCM at different locations in a typical domestic refrigerator. Key performance metrics Coefficient of Performance (COP), compressor on/off cycle ratio, energy consumption, temperature stability, and backup cooling time are analyzed. Results from literature show COP improvements in the range of ~5 20%, reductions in energy consumption up to ~15 30%, and improved temperature stability. Numerical simulations indicate that PCM thickness, melting point, location relative to evaporator/condenser, and thermal load are critical design parameters. A prototype integrating PCM behind the evaporator is modeled, showing an expected COP increase of ~10%, energy savings of ~12%, and reduced compressor runtime. Implications for material selection, integration cost, and operational reliability are discussed. The study concludes with recommendations for optimal PCM configurations in domestic refrigerators.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

COP, PCM, Compressor work, Energy consumption

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research work give a comparative investigate on the effect of temperature variation and surfactant on the thermodynamic and transport properties of binary and ternary system involving 18-crown-6 ether and alkali metal ions. The binary liquid system (18-crown-6 + 1 millimoles alkali metal salt) and ternary liquid system (18-crown-6 + 1 millimoles alkali metal salt + 1 cmc surfactant) were investigated at 298.15K, 308.15K. Thermodynamic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (Ks), free length (Lf) and acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated to understand the complexation and interaction in between 18-crown-6 and alkali metal ions, while transport properties such as viscosity provided comprehension into 18-crown-6 ether and alkali metal ions mobility and dynamic behavior governing the host guest chemistry in binary and ternary systems and point up the influence of thermal condition and surfactant on supramolecular interaction. In binary and ternary systems 18-crown-6 crown ether formed strong complexation with alkali metal ions as the following order RbBr > RbCl > CsBr > CsCl

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

18-crown-6, surfactant, alkali metal ions, binary system, ternary system, temperature supramolecular interaction, complexation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Transfer of property Act, 1882 is an important statute under Indian property law which governs the transfer of property between living persons. The statute focuses on depicting the structured legal framework for various types of property transactions such as sale, mortgage, lease, exchange, and gift. Also defines the rights and obligations of parties involved in property transfers, the Act ensures legal certainty and protects ownership interests. This project explores the key provisions of the Act and its implications within the framework of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The CPC plays a crucial role in enforcing the substantive rights granted by the Transfer of Property Act, especially in civil suits related to possession, title disputes, and injunctions. It highlights the procedural aspects of property disputes, judicial interpretations, and the balance between substantive and procedural justice.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

1. Transfer of Property, 2. Civil Code, 3. Property Rights, 4. Legal Procedure, 5. Ownership, 6. Title, 7. Possession

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Santosh Kumar Ghosh occupies a distinctive place in modern Bengali fiction. Among the writers who engaged with the theme of Partition, Ghosh emerges as a novelist of a different sensibility and perspective, reflecting the moral and psychological crisis of the time in a unique narrative voice. In his stories reflect the refugee crisis caused by the Partition, communal harmony that followed, the pain of displacement, the recollection of past memories, and the struggle for identity in the post-Partition period. His stories vividly portray the harsh realities of those who, not only in East or West Bengal but even beyond the borders of India, suffered and led helpless lives as victims of the Partition. In this paper, I have discussed Santosh Kumar Ghosh's short story 'Dwij' in the context of the refugee crisis, exploring the conflicts and complexities of middle-class existence in post-Partition Bengal. In the story 'Dwij' the writer shows that after the Partition, the Bengali middleclass people fell in to a deep crisis. On one hand, they are educated, cultured and religious; on the other hand, they are victims of fear, insecurity, and self-centeredness in real life. They speak of humanity, yet lose their sense of humaneness. Pride in religion and community makes them believe in their own superiority. In this story, the author shows that people can rise above the divisions and hatred of Partition and return to the light humanity - becoming the true 'Dwij', the reborn human beings. For the author partition is not only social reality but also a moral test in which the middleclass society fails the trial of humanity. Therefore, this story is not merely about the life of refugees; it is a profound moral protest against the downfall of humanity.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Partition, Middle-Class Struggles, Refugee Crisis, Illegal entry, Communal riot, Laking Humanity

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Voice-based interfaces powered by Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) represent a transformative shift in human-computer interaction. As of 2025, over 8.4 billion voice-enabled devices are actively used worldwide, reflecting the widespread adoption of this technology. This paper explores recent innovations in voice user interfaces, including transformer-based models, multimodal architectures, emotion detection systems, and privacy-preserving on-device processing. We examine the evolution from traditional command-based systems to conversational AI agents capable of understanding context, detecting emotions, and responding with human-like naturalness. The research highlights key applications in healthcare, customer service, and accessibility, while addressing critical challenges in accuracy, privacy, and cross-cultural adaptation. Through analysis of current literature and emerging trends, this study demonstrates how voice interfaces are reshaping digital interaction paradigms and proposes future directions for research in emotionally intelligent, privacy-focused, and context-aware voice systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Voice User Interfaces, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Speech Recognition, Transformer Models, Multimodal AI, Emotion Detection, Privacy-Preserving Computing, Conversational AI

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

:Lung conditions including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have long been treated with pressurized metered dosage inhalers, or MDIs. In order to atomize medication and excipient droplets that should ideally deposit in the lungs, MDIs rely on the propellant, which makes up the majority of the MDI formulation. Along with a better understanding of the effects of formulation variables on product performance, many advancements were made in the methods of formulating for MDI drug delivery during the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon propellants and the introduction of more ecologically friendly hydrofluoroalkane propellants. Taking into account the physicochemical characteristics of different excipients and how their addition may affect the MDI's overall product performance, this paper surveys the difficulties involved in creating MDIs as solution or suspension products containing one or more medications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

pMDI ,History, Uses, Parts of pMDI ,Advantages and Disadvantages.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research presents the design and development of an integrated framework that connects AI-based personal assistants with Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems to enable smart living. The system is designed to enhance user convenience, automation, and energy efficiency in daily life. The paper explains each stage of development, including requirement analysis, system design, module integration, and implementation. The proposed model allows AI personal assistants to communicate with IoT-enabled devices such as smart lights, thermostats, security systems, and appliances using voice or contextual commands. The integration ensures seamless data exchange, intelligent decision-making, and adaptive learning to create a connected, personalized living environment.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Personal Assistant, Internet of Things, Smart Living, Automation, Connectivity

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The successful implementation of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) is vital for lifelong learning and holistic development. Guided by NEP 2020, this study examines the practices and challenges of pre-primary education in Prayagraj through a descriptive design using a checklist-based survey of 50 teachers and 50 parents from 25 institutions. Data were categorized into Outdoor and Indoor Facilities covering indicators like playgrounds, toilets, drinking water, medical rooms, teaching methods, and digital tools. Results show that while basic facilities such as toilets and drinking water exist, gaps remain in shaded play areas, medical infrastructure, and fencing. Indoor environments have adequate lighting but lack digital aids, rest spaces, and ECCE-aligned curricula. Parents largely validated teacher findings yet showed low awareness of NEP 2020 and minimal participation. Major challenges include inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, limited training, and large class sizes. However, good practices like creative teaching aids and community involvement were observed. The study urges capacity-building, district-level policy execution, and parental awareness programs to bridge the gap between NEP 2020 goals and ground realities.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pre-Primary Education, Early childhood care and education (ECCE)

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO? NPs) are extensively used in nanotechnology for their potent antibacterial activity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. This study deals with an environment friendly and biosynthesis process for pharmacological applications of titanium oxide nanoparticles, derived from Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum) root aqueous extract. The formation and characterisation of TiO2NPs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX).The antibacterial activities were carried out cells with different concentrations respectively. The TiO2 nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the bacterial pathogens significantly, in a dose and duration dependent manner.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Anacyclus pyrethrum, Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Antibacterial Activity.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Hip joint arthritis in young adults presents significant challenges, particularly in cases where conventional treatments may not be suitable or well-tolerated. Hip joint arthritis, especially in young adults, can lead to chronic pain and functional impairment. Traditional Ayurvedic treatments, focused on holistic health and natural therapies, have shown promise as an alternative or complementary treatment approach for musculoskeletal disorders, including arthritis. This article presents a case study of a 25yr male who came to shalyatantra OPD on 06/08/2024 presented with right hip joint pain and stiffness having rheumatoid factor and HLAB27 both negative, he has been diagnosed with case of hip joint arthritis (sandhigatavata) based on clinical presentation, physical examination, MRI and managed conservatively through conservative complementary Ayurvedic medicine. Clinical outcomes demonstrate significant improvement in pain, joint mobility, and overall quality of life.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ayurveda, Arthritis, Sandhigatavata, Pain.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Ekakushtha is described in Ayurveda as a subtype of Kshudra Kushtha resulting primarily from the vitiation of Vata and Kapha doshas. Its clinical features show close resemblance to psoriasis, which is recognised in modern medicine as a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Psoriasis presents with well-defined erythematous plaques and papules covered by silvery scales, commonly distributed over the scalp, knees, elbows, and lumbosacral area. Due to persistent and visible skin lesions, individuals with psoriasis often experience substantial psychological and emotional burden. High levels of stress, social withdrawal, depressive symptoms, and increased risk of suicidal ideation have been reported in affected patients. Contemporary therapeutic approaches such as topical corticosteroids, vitamin D3 analogues, phototherapy (PUVA), and systemic immunosuppressive drugs, including methotrexate provides symptomatic relief. Although beneficial, long-term therapy is frequently limited by adverse effects, drug resistance, or relapse of symptoms once medication is discontinued. This highlights an ongoing need for effective and safer long-term management options. Considering the clinical similarity, psoriasis can be correlated with Ekakushtha for Ayurvedic therapeutic planning. In the present case study, Ayurvedic interventions were administered based on the principles of Samshodhana and Samshamana chikitsa. Significant improvement was observed following detoxification procedures such as Vasantika Vamana and Sharadika Virechana, supported by internal herbo-mineral formulations and external medicated oil application. The outcome indicates that an integrative Ayurvedic approach may offer promising results while minimising toxicity concerns.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ekkushta, Psoriasis, Shodhan, Shaman Aushadhi, Ayurveda

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Evaluating the effectiveness of existing marketing channels is essential for producers to refine their marketing approaches and gain a competitive edge. This research seeks to investigate the market penetration and marketing performance of various channels, as well as their influence on producers' financial returns. By adopting a hybrid research methodology that integrates qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques, this study aims to generate actionable insights that can inform producers' marketing decisions and enhance their market positioning. The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices has led to a growing interest in biopesticides as an alternative to traditional chemical pesticides. This study investigates the marketing and consumer buying behavior of Coromandel International Ltd.'s biopesticide in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The research aims to understand the factors influencing farmers' adoption and purchasing decisions of biopesticides, as well as the marketing strategies employed by Coromandel International Ltd. to promote their product. The study's findings will provide valuable insights into the biopesticide market in Chandauli district, shedding light on the opportunities and challenges faced by biopesticide manufacturers and marketers in the region. The results of this study will contribute to the development of effective marketing strategies and policies that support the adoption of eco-friendly biopesticides, ultimately promoting sustainable agriculture practices in Uttar Pradesh.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Marketing and consumer , Biopesticides, Chemical fertilizers

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In India, the transgender people existed from the Vedic period. Transgender people were an efficient part of Indian society for centuries. In the Indian subcontinent, transgender people popularly known in diverse terms such as Tritiya prakriti, Napumsaka, Psychological sex, Aravani, Hijra, Eunuchs, Kothis, Jogtas, Shiv - Shakti etc. Transgender person means a person whose gender identity does not conform with the gender assigned by birth includes Trans Men and Trans women. Transgender communities are also an integral part of the Indian society and had the rights to enjoy all the fundamental rights like the other people had enjoyed it. Transgender people had played an important role in Vedic society, Buddhist, Epic, Mughal period or India but the situation of transgender community's right and dignity had been deteriorated from the British colonial period of India. The major objective of this review study is to identify the legal status of transgender people in the British colonial period, to identify the constitutional rights of transgender people in the post-independence period of India and also find out the constitutional rights of transgender people in the post-independence period of Bangladesh. The findings suggest that, in India, during the British colonial rule, the transgender people had to get some benefits for the very first time such as food, land and less amount of money from agricultural households. In the mid-19th century, the British colonial administrators took away all the rights from them and also criminalized the transgender people. In the post-independence period, the government of India, recognised them as 'third gender ' in 2014 and also provided such provisions and legislation to assure their rights. In the post-independence period of Bangladesh, the hijra community deprived of all kinds of rights and reservations and also faced so much discriminatory attitude, bullying, social stigma, abuse in Bangladesh. In 2014, the government of Bangladesh, had recognized Hijras as third gender but did not provide any constitutional rights or legal protection to assure their rights and also saved their life.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Transgender people, Legal status, Constitutional rights, British colonial period, India, Bangladesh.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Dihydropyridine derivatives; Dopamine D2 receptor; Molecular docking; Blood-brain barrier permeability; Neuroprotection; Cognitive enhancement; Multitarget-directed ligands.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition