Volume 13 | Issue 10

 Abstract

The Transfer of property Act, 1882 is an important statute under Indian property law which governs the transfer of property between living persons. The statute focuses on depicting the structured legal framework for various types of property transactions such as sale, mortgage, lease, exchange, and gift. Also defines the rights and obligations of parties involved in property transfers, the Act ensures legal certainty and protects ownership interests. This project explores the key provisions of the Act and its implications within the framework of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The CPC plays a crucial role in enforcing the substantive rights granted by the Transfer of Property Act, especially in civil suits related to possession, title disputes, and injunctions. It highlights the procedural aspects of property disputes, judicial interpretations, and the balance between substantive and procedural justice.

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1. Transfer of Property, 2. Civil Code, 3. Property Rights, 4. Legal Procedure, 5. Ownership, 6. Title, 7. Possession

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Abstract: Santosh Kumar Ghosh occupies a distinctive place in modern Bengali fiction. Among the writers who engaged with the theme of Partition, Ghosh emerges as a novelist of a different sensibility and perspective, reflecting the moral and psychological crisis of the time in a unique narrative voice. In his stories reflect the refugee crisis caused by the Partition, communal harmony that followed, the pain of displacement, the recollection of past memories, and the struggle for identity in the post-Partition period. His stories vividly portray the harsh realities of those who, not only in East or West Bengal but even beyond the borders of India, suffered and led helpless lives as victims of the Partition. In this paper, I have discussed Santosh Kumar Ghosh's short story 'Dwij' in the context of the refugee crisis, exploring the conflicts and complexities of middle-class existence in post-Partition Bengal. In the story 'Dwij' the writer shows that after the Partition, the Bengali middleclass people fell in to a deep crisis. On one hand, they are educated, cultured and religious; on the other hand, they are victims of fear, insecurity, and self-centeredness in real life. They speak of humanity, yet lose their sense of humaneness. Pride in religion and community makes them believe in their own superiority. In this story, the author shows that people can rise above the divisions and hatred of Partition and return to the light humanity - becoming the true 'Dwij', the reborn human beings. For the author partition is not only social reality but also a moral test in which the middleclass society fails the trial of humanity. Therefore, this story is not merely about the life of refugees; it is a profound moral protest against the downfall of humanity.

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Keywords: Partition, Middle-Class Struggles, Refugee Crisis, Illegal entry, Communal riot, Laking Humanity

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Voice-based interfaces powered by Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) represent a transformative shift in human-computer interaction. As of 2025, over 8.4 billion voice-enabled devices are actively used worldwide, reflecting the widespread adoption of this technology. This paper explores recent innovations in voice user interfaces, including transformer-based models, multimodal architectures, emotion detection systems, and privacy-preserving on-device processing. We examine the evolution from traditional command-based systems to conversational AI agents capable of understanding context, detecting emotions, and responding with human-like naturalness. The research highlights key applications in healthcare, customer service, and accessibility, while addressing critical challenges in accuracy, privacy, and cross-cultural adaptation. Through analysis of current literature and emerging trends, this study demonstrates how voice interfaces are reshaping digital interaction paradigms and proposes future directions for research in emotionally intelligent, privacy-focused, and context-aware voice systems.

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 Keywords

Voice User Interfaces, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Speech Recognition, Transformer Models, Multimodal AI, Emotion Detection, Privacy-Preserving Computing, Conversational AI

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:Lung conditions including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have long been treated with pressurized metered dosage inhalers, or MDIs. In order to atomize medication and excipient droplets that should ideally deposit in the lungs, MDIs rely on the propellant, which makes up the majority of the MDI formulation. Along with a better understanding of the effects of formulation variables on product performance, many advancements were made in the methods of formulating for MDI drug delivery during the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon propellants and the introduction of more ecologically friendly hydrofluoroalkane propellants. Taking into account the physicochemical characteristics of different excipients and how their addition may affect the MDI's overall product performance, this paper surveys the difficulties involved in creating MDIs as solution or suspension products containing one or more medications.

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pMDI ,History, Uses, Parts of pMDI ,Advantages and Disadvantages.

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This research presents the design and development of an integrated framework that connects AI-based personal assistants with Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems to enable smart living. The system is designed to enhance user convenience, automation, and energy efficiency in daily life. The paper explains each stage of development, including requirement analysis, system design, module integration, and implementation. The proposed model allows AI personal assistants to communicate with IoT-enabled devices such as smart lights, thermostats, security systems, and appliances using voice or contextual commands. The integration ensures seamless data exchange, intelligent decision-making, and adaptive learning to create a connected, personalized living environment.

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Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Personal Assistant, Internet of Things, Smart Living, Automation, Connectivity

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The successful implementation of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) is vital for lifelong learning and holistic development. Guided by NEP 2020, this study examines the practices and challenges of pre-primary education in Prayagraj through a descriptive design using a checklist-based survey of 50 teachers and 50 parents from 25 institutions. Data were categorized into Outdoor and Indoor Facilities covering indicators like playgrounds, toilets, drinking water, medical rooms, teaching methods, and digital tools. Results show that while basic facilities such as toilets and drinking water exist, gaps remain in shaded play areas, medical infrastructure, and fencing. Indoor environments have adequate lighting but lack digital aids, rest spaces, and ECCE-aligned curricula. Parents largely validated teacher findings yet showed low awareness of NEP 2020 and minimal participation. Major challenges include inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, limited training, and large class sizes. However, good practices like creative teaching aids and community involvement were observed. The study urges capacity-building, district-level policy execution, and parental awareness programs to bridge the gap between NEP 2020 goals and ground realities.

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Pre-Primary Education, Early childhood care and education (ECCE)

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Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO? NPs) are extensively used in nanotechnology for their potent antibacterial activity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. This study deals with an environment friendly and biosynthesis process for pharmacological applications of titanium oxide nanoparticles, derived from Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum) root aqueous extract. The formation and characterisation of TiO2NPs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX).The antibacterial activities were carried out cells with different concentrations respectively. The TiO2 nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the bacterial pathogens significantly, in a dose and duration dependent manner.

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Anacyclus pyrethrum, Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, Antibacterial Activity.

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Hip joint arthritis in young adults presents significant challenges, particularly in cases where conventional treatments may not be suitable or well-tolerated. Hip joint arthritis, especially in young adults, can lead to chronic pain and functional impairment. Traditional Ayurvedic treatments, focused on holistic health and natural therapies, have shown promise as an alternative or complementary treatment approach for musculoskeletal disorders, including arthritis. This article presents a case study of a 25yr male who came to shalyatantra OPD on 06/08/2024 presented with right hip joint pain and stiffness having rheumatoid factor and HLAB27 both negative, he has been diagnosed with case of hip joint arthritis (sandhigatavata) based on clinical presentation, physical examination, MRI and managed conservatively through conservative complementary Ayurvedic medicine. Clinical outcomes demonstrate significant improvement in pain, joint mobility, and overall quality of life.

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Ayurveda, Arthritis, Sandhigatavata, Pain.

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Ekakushtha is described in Ayurveda as a subtype of Kshudra Kushtha resulting primarily from the vitiation of Vata and Kapha doshas. Its clinical features show close resemblance to psoriasis, which is recognised in modern medicine as a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Psoriasis presents with well-defined erythematous plaques and papules covered by silvery scales, commonly distributed over the scalp, knees, elbows, and lumbosacral area. Due to persistent and visible skin lesions, individuals with psoriasis often experience substantial psychological and emotional burden. High levels of stress, social withdrawal, depressive symptoms, and increased risk of suicidal ideation have been reported in affected patients. Contemporary therapeutic approaches such as topical corticosteroids, vitamin D3 analogues, phototherapy (PUVA), and systemic immunosuppressive drugs, including methotrexate provides symptomatic relief. Although beneficial, long-term therapy is frequently limited by adverse effects, drug resistance, or relapse of symptoms once medication is discontinued. This highlights an ongoing need for effective and safer long-term management options. Considering the clinical similarity, psoriasis can be correlated with Ekakushtha for Ayurvedic therapeutic planning. In the present case study, Ayurvedic interventions were administered based on the principles of Samshodhana and Samshamana chikitsa. Significant improvement was observed following detoxification procedures such as Vasantika Vamana and Sharadika Virechana, supported by internal herbo-mineral formulations and external medicated oil application. The outcome indicates that an integrative Ayurvedic approach may offer promising results while minimising toxicity concerns.

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Ekkushta, Psoriasis, Shodhan, Shaman Aushadhi, Ayurveda

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Evaluating the effectiveness of existing marketing channels is essential for producers to refine their marketing approaches and gain a competitive edge. This research seeks to investigate the market penetration and marketing performance of various channels, as well as their influence on producers' financial returns. By adopting a hybrid research methodology that integrates qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques, this study aims to generate actionable insights that can inform producers' marketing decisions and enhance their market positioning. The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices has led to a growing interest in biopesticides as an alternative to traditional chemical pesticides. This study investigates the marketing and consumer buying behavior of Coromandel International Ltd.'s biopesticide in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The research aims to understand the factors influencing farmers' adoption and purchasing decisions of biopesticides, as well as the marketing strategies employed by Coromandel International Ltd. to promote their product. The study's findings will provide valuable insights into the biopesticide market in Chandauli district, shedding light on the opportunities and challenges faced by biopesticide manufacturers and marketers in the region. The results of this study will contribute to the development of effective marketing strategies and policies that support the adoption of eco-friendly biopesticides, ultimately promoting sustainable agriculture practices in Uttar Pradesh.

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Marketing and consumer , Biopesticides, Chemical fertilizers

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In India, the transgender people existed from the Vedic period. Transgender people were an efficient part of Indian society for centuries. In the Indian subcontinent, transgender people popularly known in diverse terms such as Tritiya prakriti, Napumsaka, Psychological sex, Aravani, Hijra, Eunuchs, Kothis, Jogtas, Shiv - Shakti etc. Transgender person means a person whose gender identity does not conform with the gender assigned by birth includes Trans Men and Trans women. Transgender communities are also an integral part of the Indian society and had the rights to enjoy all the fundamental rights like the other people had enjoyed it. Transgender people had played an important role in Vedic society, Buddhist, Epic, Mughal period or India but the situation of transgender community's right and dignity had been deteriorated from the British colonial period of India. The major objective of this review study is to identify the legal status of transgender people in the British colonial period, to identify the constitutional rights of transgender people in the post-independence period of India and also find out the constitutional rights of transgender people in the post-independence period of Bangladesh. The findings suggest that, in India, during the British colonial rule, the transgender people had to get some benefits for the very first time such as food, land and less amount of money from agricultural households. In the mid-19th century, the British colonial administrators took away all the rights from them and also criminalized the transgender people. In the post-independence period, the government of India, recognised them as 'third gender ' in 2014 and also provided such provisions and legislation to assure their rights. In the post-independence period of Bangladesh, the hijra community deprived of all kinds of rights and reservations and also faced so much discriminatory attitude, bullying, social stigma, abuse in Bangladesh. In 2014, the government of Bangladesh, had recognized Hijras as third gender but did not provide any constitutional rights or legal protection to assure their rights and also saved their life.

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Transgender people, Legal status, Constitutional rights, British colonial period, India, Bangladesh.

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Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Dihydropyridine derivatives; Dopamine D2 receptor; Molecular docking; Blood-brain barrier permeability; Neuroprotection; Cognitive enhancement; Multitarget-directed ligands.

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The Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) is an initiative by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) towards integrating sustainability and responsible business conduct into the corporate reporting framework. It is an attempt to align Indian disclosure requirements with global Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) standards and is in conformity with National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct (NGRBC), which outline nine principles guiding ethical, transparent, and sustainable business behavior. It enables stakeholders, investors, and regulators to assess the performance of companies beyond financial indicators. Hence, with the growing emphasis on BRSR disclosure, this research examines the temporal consistency and variation in disclosure practices across companies and sectors. The study had examined the companies from High-Carbon intensive and Low-Carbon intensive sectors across 9 principles of BRSR considering both essential and leadership indicators by using SEBI's BRSR Guidance Notes as the framework. A scoring mechanism was developed by allocating equal weightage to essential and leadership indicators for 9 BRSR principles. A sample of 24 listed companies was analyzed over a three-year period to evaluate their reporting patterns. Statistical tests such as Intra-Class Correlation, Kruskal Wallis H Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were applied. The findings revealed that there exists differences in reporting practices amongst the companies within both sectors but the High-Carbon intensive sector demonstrates the need for stronger and more transparent sustainability reporting practices particularly in environmental protection and customer value, given its higher environmental impact.

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NGRBC, High-Carbon intensive, Low-Carbon intensive, sustainability reporting

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Vrana (ulcer), in Ayurveda is defined as a structural deformity in the skin and deeper structures (gaatra avachurnana), associated with ruja (pain), srava (discharge) etc and caused either by the vitiation of the doshas (humuors of the body) or by trauma. Vrana is basically of 2 types- Dushta vrana and Shudha vrana. Shudha Vrana (acute ulcer) is easily treatable, whereas Dushta vrana is a chronic ulcer, mostly require long-term treatment. Acharya Sushruta has described Shashti Upakram for treating such vranas (ulcers). Chronic venous ulcers (CVUs) are persistent, often painful wounds that result from poor circulation in the lower extremities. These ulcers are notoriously difficult to heal, leading to a prolonged suffering experience for affected individuals .Chronic venous ulcers (CVUs) are a common and persistent clinical challenge, often requiring long-term management and wound care. In Charaka Samhita, Acharya Charaka has described Twaksanjanan churna for the wounds.With reference to that Twaksanjanan Ghruta aids in the development of new skin tissues (Twakasanjanan) and promotes wound healing (Ropan). We have applied Twaksanjanan Ghruta in a patient suffering from Chronic venous ulcer i.e Dushtavrana and we got good results in reducing Vranastrava,Vranagandha and Twakasanjanan i.e. Ropana effect .Treating chronic venous ulcers with Twakasanjanan ghruta can be very effective which stimulate cellular regeneration, improve blood circulation, and faster skin recovery.

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Chronic venous ulcer, Dushta vrana ,Twaksanjanan ghruta.

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The aim of this research to control of GHG emissions from transportation that caused as a resulting of combustion of fossil fuels inside vehicle engine.GHG emissions contain types of gases that produced from burning fossil fuel such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) , nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which distributed and trap into atmosphere caused high temperature named as (global worming ). CO2 is the most common unwanted gas formed about 83% of total GHG into atmosphere, since 1 Kg of Fuel produces about 3Kg CO2.The objective of research to reduce GHG pre-combustion and during combustion of fuels, measuring and calculation fuel emissions as smart steps using different methods as emissions factors, carbon footprint, with review materials and operation to reduce emissions using tools with all databases and resources of transport sector to analyzing and estimate approximate over all GHG emissions impact occurs due to growth in developing world therefore arrange mobility management of strategies to address fuel consumption and emissions in the future depending on upon number of factors and use suitable tools to analyzing and measuring any change in environmental impact to avoid consequences of GHG emissions in the future. Finally provide the travelers with all information to use public transportation that will be reduced 86% of all emissions caused by transportation.

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GREENHOUSE ,GASES (GHG) EMISSIONS , TRANSPORTATION

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Urbanization and the expansion of agriculture are a burning problem

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Urbanization and the expansion of agriculture are a burning problem

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NAZRULER SHYAMASNGEET : SHAKTA BHABNAY ATMABEDANAR KABYA

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NAZRULER SHYAMASNGEET : SHAKTA BHABNAY ATMABEDANAR KABYA

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In the 21st century, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerged as the most powerful tool across a spectrum of sectors. It is transforming and reshaping the landscape of teaching-learning processes and pedagogical methods. It personalizes education, providing assistance to learners according to their individual pace and style. Tools such as intelligent tutoring systems and automated assessment facilitate time efficiency for the educators and enhance the support quality. The integration of Artificial Intelligence into Teacher education marks a transformative shift in how prospective teachers are trained. This article presents the application of AI system across the core courses of Teacher education i.e. contextual, techno-pedagogical, administration and management, field survey and internship. By bridging traditional teaching principles with intelligent tools, AI empowers educators to create and deliver personalized, data-driven, and immersive educational experiences from predictive modeling and real-time simulations to intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive assessments. AI is reshaping classrooms, labs and field-based learning. The article also covers innovative teaching methodologies, practical applications, and real-world case studies, demonstrating how AI not only enhances comprehension and engagement of learners but also aligns Teacher education with the needs of a rapidly evolving profession. Ethical considerations, implementation challenges, and future prospects have been also highlighted to provide a holistic view of AI. Nonetheless, issues persist, such as maintaining privacy, equity and equipping individuals with values and appropriate skills. Judicious usage of AI can ultimately contribute to the development of a more intelligent, equitable and future-oriented educational framework.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Teacher education

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An abstract on cause of action and jurisdiction under the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) must outline how the "bundle of material facts" that defines a cause of action decides where and if at all a civil suit may be filed, and how courts sift out plaints at the threshold regarding jurisdictional competence and revelation of a cause. Cause of action is not specifically defined under the CPC, but Indian courts always refer to it as all the facts which the plaintiff must establish, if navigated, in order to secure a judgment; it is the matrix of facts connecting a right, its violation, and the defendant's challenged acts. Jurisdiction over civil actions interconnects with cause of action via Section 20 CPC, which gives territorial jurisdiction when the defendant is found, carries on business, or where the cause of action accrues wholly or in part; hence, even partial accrual of crucial facts can determine forum competence. Standards of pleading support this nexus: Order VII Rule 1 mandates setting out the cause of action in the plaint, whereas Order II Rule 2 necessitates inclusion of the entire claim based on the same cause for avoiding multiplicity of proceedings. At the stage of gatekeeping, courts can dismiss a plaint under Order VII Rule 11 for non-disclosure of a cause of action or for a prima facie jurisdictional bar, examining only the averments in the plaint on a face-value basis to eliminate vexatious or incompetent suits. Doctrinally, Indian precedent defines both narrow and expansive meanings of cause of action--from facts which constitute violation of a right to the entire ensemble of material facts required for relief--each with implications for territorial forum choice and maintainability. In total, cause of action is the factual basis of a civil claim and the functional basis of territorial jurisdiction under Section 20; combined with rules of pleading and the power of rejection under Order VII Rule 11, it frames where suits are instituted, how they are articulated, and whether or not they move beyond the threshold.

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Bundle of material facts; legal right and its violation; right to sue; wrongful act or omission; injury/damage; causation; damages; maintainability; disclosure in plaint. Territorial jurisdiction; defendant resides/carries on business/works for gain; forum selection; place where cause of action arises. Relief claimed; facts constituting cause, breach; injury; concurrence of right, duty, and wrong; material facts vs evidence. Pecuniary,subject-matter jurisdiction, bundle of facts

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This thorough paper first examines the limits of patent protection in India, highlighting the 20-year exclusive rights bestowed to inventors. Additionally, a historical review shows how Indian patent rules have changed throughout time, culminating in the current Patent Act of 1972. In order to determine eligibility, the standards of patentability, such as novelty, inventive steps, and industrial application, are analyzed. Later, the article expands on the topic of patents with concepts of non-patentable inventions, from agricultural methods to frivolous claims, which are carefully examined under Section 3. The entire essay explores the intricacies of innovative steps, highlighting non-obviousness as a crucial patentability requirement. It ends by emphasizing the careful balance that patent rules uphold, guaranteeing adherence to the concepts of innovation and non-obviousness and industrial utility.

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Indian invention history, Section 3 exclusions, standards of patentability, Standards of Patentability and eligibility requirements for patents.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition