Volume 13 | Issue 10

 Abstract

The criminalization of marital rape remains one of the most crucial yet unresolved aspects of gender justice in contemporary legal discourse. While many developed nations have taken definitive steps to recognize non-consensual sexual acts within marriage as a serious offence, India continues to uphold the marital exemption under Exception 2 of Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code. This exemption, which implies perpetual consent by a wife to sexual intercourse with her husband, stands in stark contrast to constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and personal liberty. This research paper provides a comprehensive examination of the evolution of marital rape laws, focusing on the Indian context and comparing it with legal developments in countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and select European jurisdictions. The study employs a doctrinal and analytical methodology, drawing on statutory provisions, judicial decisions, and international human rights instruments such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). It investigates how developed nations have moved away from patriarchal doctrines of implied consent and embraced consent-based sexual offence laws that safeguard individual autonomy within marriage. The analysis also highlights the socio-cultural barriers, evidentiary challenges, and institutional resistance that have hindered reform efforts in India. The paper concludes that the non-recognition of marital rape as a criminal offence in India not only perpetuates gender inequality but also undermines the State's obligation to protect women from violence in all spheres of life . It argues for the urgent repeal of the marital rape exemption, adoption of a consent-centric legal framework, and implementation of survivor-sensitive policies and support mechanisms. Ultimately, criminalizing marital rape is not merely a legislative reform but a necessary step toward fulfilling India's constitutional promises and aligning its legal system with international standards of justice, equality, and human rights.

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Marital Rape

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Aloe vera, scientifically known as Aloe barbadensis, has a rich history based on scientific studies. The plant's numerous chemical compounds have been investigated for their possible health advantages ( Sonawane et al., 2020). Scientists discovered that aloe vera's leaves contain a gel-like substance rich in bioactive substances like polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. These components help the plant's medicinal qualities. According to research, aloe vera gel possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound-healing qualities. It has also been used in Ayurveda as an appetite stimulant and purgative, as well as to treat coughs, colds, piles, debility, dyspnea, asthma, and jaundice (Priyanka Sharma et al., 2014).). Raw "gel" resembles colorless gelatin with hair-like connective matrices and is also known as juice (Baby Joseph and S.Justin Raj,2010). Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) was utilized for its bioactive polysaccharides, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds, while honey served as a natural sweetener and preservative, contributing phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity. Different concentrations of Aloe vera gel (10-40%) were blended with honey to determine an optimal formulation based on palatability, stability, and nutrient retention. Physicochemical parameters including pH, total soluble solids (TSS), viscosity, and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) were analyzed, alongside microbial and sensory evaluations using a semi-trained child panel. The optimized formulation (Aloe vera 25% : honey 75%) exhibited favorable pH stability, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and high sensory scores for taste, aroma, and color. The product demonstrated extended shelf life and maintained microbial safety under refrigerated storage for 30 days. These results indicate that Aloe vera fortified with honey represents a promising functional food product for children, combining therapeutic benefits with natural sweetness and consumer acceptability. Further studies are recommended to assess bioavailability and long-term health impacts in pediatric populations. Aloe vera Latex (Aloin, a bitter-tasting purgative that is harmful to healthy tissue and cells) is derived from specialized cells called pericyclictubules found just beneath the epidermis or rind of the leaves (V. K. CHANDEGARA and A. K. VARSHNEY 2013).

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FORTIFICATION OF HONEY BY ADDING ALOE VERA GEL AND OPTIMIZE IT

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Abstract: The combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into blended learning environments has revolutionized modern education by promoting personalized instruction, interactive engagement, and improved study habits. This study explores the role of AI in fostering a positive attitude toward study habits among higher secondary students in blended classrooms. AI tools, such as adaptive learning systems and smart teaching applications, provide individualized learning experiences by analysing students' needs, strengths, and progress. These technologies enhance motivation, concentration, and participation while offering instant feedback that supports both students and teachers in achieving better academic outcomes. The research was conducted among 11th and 12th standard students from science and arts streams to examine variations in AI usage and study habits. Findings indicate no significant differences between the groups, suggesting that both grade levels and academic streams exhibit similar levels of adaptability and positive attitudes toward AI-based learning. The correlation analysis revealed a weak negative relationship between AI use and study habits, implying that while AI assists in learning, it does not directly determine students' study discipline. Overall, the study concludes that AI serves as a supportive tool that complements traditional learning by improving engagement and awareness, though its influence on study habits remains limited. Effective teacher guidance, structured digital literacy programs, and balanced AI integration are essential to ensure that technology enhances not replaces students' intrinsic motivation and self-regulated study habits.

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Artificial Intelligence, Student Engagement, Blended Classroom, Study Habits.

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The concept of Aadishakti, or the Primordial Divine Energy, occupies a central and foundational place in Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism). Revered as the first cause of creation, Aadishakti transcends the boundaries of gender, form, and duality to represent the cosmic creative force that brings the universe into existence, sustains it, and ultimately dissolves it. She is not merely a goddess or a symbol but the dynamic aspect of Brahman, the Absolute Reality, manifesting in myriad forms including Durga, Kali, Parvati, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. This thesis explores the multidimensional aspects of Aadishakti by integrating scriptural analysis, philosophical interpretations, and contemporary spiritual discourse. Drawing from primary sources such as the Devi Mahatmya, Upanishads, Puranas, and the Tantras, it delves into the evolution of her worship, the metaphysical significance of her energy, and her role in the balance of cosmic order (Rta). Furthermore, the study investigates the Shakta tradition, the ritualistic and meditative practices that invoke her presence, and her relevance in modern spiritual feminism. The research argues that Aadishakti is not a static symbol of divinity but a living, experiential truth. She is the kundalini energy within, the consciousness without, and the eternal mother from whom all emanates and returns. Thus, understanding Aadishakti is tantamount to understanding the deepest dimensions of existence and consciousness itself.

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Aadishakti, Shakti, Divine Feminine, Hindu Cosmology, Devi Mahatmya, Kundalini, Tantra, Shaktism, Brahman, Primordial Energy

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Oral mucosal drug delivery systems have emerged as an effective alternative for delivering drugs into the body. They avoid issues like the liver breaking down drugs before they can work. This method offers better absorption and a faster effect. The oral mucosa, which has a rich supply of blood vessels, is a good surface for both local and systemic delivery. However, several challenges exist. Limited permeability, the breakdown of drugs by enzymes, and continuous saliva production can hinder how well drugs are absorbed and retained. Recent developments in mucoadhesive polymers and penetration enhancers have greatly improved the effectiveness of oral mucosal systems. These advances allow for controlled and targeted delivery of various therapeutic agents. This review discusses the physiology of the oral cavity, theories and mechanisms of mucoadhesion, factors that affect drug delivery, and the latest developments in formulation technologies aimed at enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.

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Buccal delivery, Mucoadhesive polymers, Permeation enhancers, Formulation design.

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the concept of price elasticity of demand explains how the quantity of a demand of a good changes when its price changes. if a small price causes a large change in demand, it is elastic; if demand changes very little it is inelastic.

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price elasticity of demand, price change, quantity demanded, elastic, inelastic.

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This study examines the development of militant femininity within Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (INA) during the 1940s. It explores how Bose's concept of total mobilization transformed women's roles in India's anti-colonial movement by incorporating them as disciplined fighters through the formation of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment in 1943. Drawing on archival intelligence reports, INA propaganda, Azad Hind Radio broadcasts, and memoirs such as Captain Lakshmi Sahgal's, the research demonstrates how militarization functioned as both a tactical and symbolic strategy, challenging colonial perceptions of women as passive and the limitations imposed by prevailing patriarchal norms. By analyzing Bose's speeches and INA training manuals, the study details women's recruitment, training, and command structures, situating them within broader transnational networks across Southeast Asia. The findings reveal that the regiment intertwined the ideals of Shakti with modern militarism, turning the female body into a symbol of ideological resistance and reshaping nationalism, gender, and political agency in late-colonial India.

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Indian National Army (INA), Subhas Chandra Bose, Rani of Jhansi Regiment, Militant Femininity, Total Mobilization, Gender and Nationalism, Women Empowerment, Feminist Historiography, Anti-Colonial Resistance, Indian Freedom Movement.

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The Dynamic Traffic Allotment Module uses a laptop-powered computer vision system to count vehicles in real-time from four traffic lanes. Using the Haar Cascade classifier for vehicle detection, the system calculates the traffic density on each road. It then dynamically allocates the green signal time from a fixed cycle time of 120 seconds, proportional to the density of vehicles on each lane, ensuring optimal traffic flow. The Accident Notification Module employs an IR sensor-based mechanism. IR transmitters are embedded in the road, and a receiver is mounted on a dummy car model. When an "accident" is simulated (i.e., the car stops over a transmitter), the IR link is established, triggering an alert on an LCD and a buzzer inside the car model.

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Arduino UNO,USB Webcamera,IR densor,LCD Display,Python,Haar cascade classifier

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Swidden agriculture, locally known as Jhum cultivation, is a prevalent traditional slash-and-burn farming method in the region. This practice, involving seasonal land clearing and burning, particularly between February and March, leads to significant environmental and societal consequences, causing seasonal increases in air pollution in an otherwise 'clean and green' state. The state of Mizoram imposes yearly, a strict and specific timeframe for swidden agriculture burning to take place. The study addresses a notable gap in existing literature concerning the environmental ramifications of swidden agriculture within the Mizoram context. The methodology employed geospatial technology, specifically Sentinel 5P TROPOMI and Landsat 8 OLI datasets, to meticulously evaluate the repercussions of periodic land burning on ambient air pollution levels. Google Earth Engine (GEE) and QGIS were extensively utilised for processing and thematic map creation, primarily leveraging Level 3 Offline (OFFL) Near-Real Time products from Sentinel 5P. The study's objectives are to highlight the utility of active remote sensing in air quality monitoring, assessing the effects of seasonal burning, determining links between swidden agriculture and air quality changes. The analysis focused on data from February to March 2023. The findings reveal a marked escalation in the atmospheric concentrations of hazardous pollutants, including formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), directly coinciding with the peak seasonal burning period of Jhum cultivation from February to March 2023. In contrast, aerosol (UVAI), methane (CH4), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) showed minimal or negligible changes in emission levels, or data was inconclusive due to technical limitations for CH4. Interestingly, tropospheric ozone (O3) exhibited a slight dip during this period. This research reinforces the importance of integrating satellite-derived data with terrestrial observations for a more active approach to air quality surveillance. The implications of this study are wide-ranging, extending beyond Mizoram to other areas where swidden agriculture is still practiced.

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Swidden agriculture, Geospatial technology, Air pollution, Mizoram, Satellite monitoring

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Skin, known as Twacha in Ayurveda, is considered the outer protective covering of the body and an indicator of overall systemic health, reflecting physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Ayurvedic texts classify skin disorders under the broad category of Kushtha. Acharya Charaka describes seven types of Maha Kushtha and eleven types of Kshudra Kushtha, with Dadru falling under the latter group, primarily involving an imbalance of Kapha and Pitta dosha. Clinically, the presentation of Dadru corresponds to dermatophytosis (Tinea corporis), a common superficial fungal infection characterised by annular erythematous plaques, pruritus, and scaling. Persistent dermatophytic infections may lead to secondary eczematous changes due to disruption of the skin barrier and heightened immune responses. Ayurveda attributes these chronic pathological features to aggravated Pitta and Kapha, along with Ama deposition in peripheral tissues. Therapeutic strategies emphasise both Shamana (pacification) and Shodhana (purification) approaches to restore dosha equilibrium and skin homeostasis. Integrative management incorporating Virechana Karma (purgation), Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy), and targeted topical herbal formulations such as Nimba Taila may improve local circulation, promote tissue repair, and provide antimicrobial action. Modern diagnostic techniques, including KOH microscopy and fungal culture support accurate identification and antifungal selection. This article evaluates a multimodal Ayurvedic approach involving Jalaukavacharana, Virechana, and Nimba Taila in managing Tinea corporis (Dadru Kushtha) with secondary eczematization, highlighting their potential role in enhancing skin barrier function and achieving sustainable clinical outcomes.

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Tinea corporis, Dadru Kushtha, Virechana Karma, Nimba Taila, Ayurveda, Secondary eczematization, Antifungal, Shodhana, Krimighna

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Cyber dangers to the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) industry are ever-evolving. Vulnerabilities are frequently not ranked by actual risk in traditional vulnerability management techniques. Inefficiencies and potential regulatory problems may result from this circumstance. The function of Risk-Based Vulnerability and Asset Management (RBAVM) technologies in the BFSI industry is examined in this study. It evaluates the ways in which automation and artificial intelligence might enhance vulnerability identification, prioritization, and remediation. The study also examines adherence to guidelines such as the RBI Cybersecurity Framework and PCI-DSS. The results are intended to provide suggestions for RBAVM implementation in BFSI institutions in order to increase cybersecurity resilience.

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Vulnerability Management, Risk-Based Security, BFSI, Cybersecurity, AI in Security, Compliance.

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Priority Sector Lending (PSL) is a mandate by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) requiring all commercial banks are required to allocate a specific portion of their lending to those sectors which are all deemed to be a vital for the economic development of our country. In the priority sector lending, the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) also join hands, and in India the goal of establishing RRBs was to provide credit and other financial services to the rural populace, especially the economically disadvantaged segments. The aim of this paper is to investigate and analyse how the Commercial Banks (CBs) and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are contributing to the society in terms of lending to the specific sectors like agriculture, micro, small and medium enterprises, education, housing, etc. The study found that both the banks are performing well, and specifically the commercial banks are dominating their role in the area of priority sector lending. The study also statistically found that there is no significant difference in the performance during the study period.

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Priority Sector Lending (PSL), Agriculture, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME's), and Reserve Bank of India, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Commercial Banks (CBs).

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Experiential learning is a learner-centered pedagogical approach that emphasizes learning through direct experience, reflection, and active participation. In primary education, experiential methods such as project-based learning, field activities, simulations, and collaborative tasks foster deeper conceptual understanding and enhance motivation. This paper examines how experiential learning shapes cognitive, emotional, and social development in young learners. Drawing from constructivist theories by Dewey, Kolb, and Piaget, it explores how real-world experiences promote engagement, creativity, and lifelong learning. Empirical evidence suggests that experiential strategies improve problem-solving skills, teamwork, and intrinsic motivation. The paper concludes with recommendations for educators to integrate experiential learning within school curricula for holistic child development.

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Experiential Learning, Primary Education, Constructivism, Child Development, Active Learning, Reflection

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One of the most important sectors to provide social and economic stability in a developing country such as India is insurance. It works based on good faith, risk-sharing and covering against unpredictable losses. However, the complicated question of insurance contracts usually puts the policyholder at a disadvantage. The necessity to protect the policyholders against exploitation, unfair trade practices and the lack of service has thus become a legal necessity. The implementation of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, as a successor to the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, has reinforced the system of protection of policyholders as consumers. This research paper evaluates how the consumer protection legislation has evolved in the insurance sector, and how the 2019 Act has enhanced the consumer protection measures in the form of the Central Consumer Protection Authority, more stringent definitions of unfair trade practices, and lessened grievance redressal processes. The paper also discusses the historic decisions of the courts, which have assumed the shape of the rights of the insurance consumers and the influence of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) in the pursuit of accountability. It also ends by outlining enforcement problems, areas of overlap with other legal mechanisms, and the way forward towards building a more policyholder-friendly insurance regime.

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Policyholders, Consumer Protection Act, Insurance Law, Dispute Redressal, IRDAI, Legal Safeguards, Consumer Rights, Unfair Trade Practices, Deficiency in Service.

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Literature is the essence of human life in its contextual existence. No other arts can represent human existence in its complete panorama as literature does. Literature is the reflection and reproduction of philosophy in its true essence. Philosophy, in its true sense, finds its abundant expression in literature. The text is prepared in a context and its meaning is truly derived by the context and removing the context out of the purview. The meaning is an interpretation; multiple meanings are possible for multiple interpretations. Society is in constant negotiation with literature and literature exercising its autonomy sees and scrutinizes social structures on which entire society built. Literature is the criticism of human life and society in its larger context. In Telangana revolutionary movement various authors played their vital roles in bringing awareness and unity among the diversified groups of society through which separate state hood had become a possibility. Critical evaluation of Allam Rajaih's short stories makes the picture clear which is the result of human suffering in the hands of power systems. Various critical theories ventured to analyze the modus operandi of literature, but no single theory can claim its authority as the only one possibility of explanation of how literature is created and how it envisages the dialogue among the various forces at play. Allam Rajaiah's works have been taken as a case study to fathom their reliability in promoting a unified consciousness among the victims to raise their voice against draconian suppression in the name of varied dilapidated system. Literature works as a backbone to the flow of change, without change there is no progress and progress is the real worth of being alive otherwise life and social structures become meaningless.

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Key terms: Revolution, Short story, Subjugation, Power systems, Ideological Framework, Feudal System, Exploitation, Bonded Labor, Positivism

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The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has grown as a minor subset of computer science to become an influential technology in our lives. It assists students in their learning, professionals at work and aids farmers make better decisions on their crop. The effectiveness of AI systems depends on the manner in which people interact with them. The design of accurate and relevant instructions to such systems has become one of the critical skills of effective human AI interaction, which is referred to as prompt engineering. In this paper, the author explains what prompt engineering is and how it can be utilized and enhanced the performance of large language models, such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Google Gemini, in various practical scenarios.

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Artificial Intelligence, Prompt Engineering, Large Language Models, Zero-shot Prompting, Chain-of-Thought, Human-AI Interaction, Applied AI, Responsible AI Design, Six-Step Method, Real-World Applications, Education.

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This research paper examines the transformative integration of artificial intelligence in visual effects and computer-generated imagery within Tamil cinema, with particular focus on developments from 2020 to the present. The study investigates how AI technologies have revolutionized traditional VFX pipelines, enabling unprecedented creative possibilities while optimizing production efficiency in Kollywood. Through comprehensive analysis of industry practices, technological implementations, and aesthetic outcomes, this research reveals how Tamil filmmakers have leveraged machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and generative AI to enhance visual storytelling across genres. The findings demonstrate a paradigm shift from labour-intensive manual processes to intelligent, automated workflows in areas including de-aging, digital humans, environment creation, and post-production enhancement. Major productions like "Indian 2," "Kalki 2898 AD," and the upcoming "Thalaivar 170" have incorporated AI-driven VFX to achieve global quality standards while maintaining cultural authenticity. The research also identifies challenges including skill gaps, ethical considerations, and artistic integrity concerns that have emerged alongside technological adoption

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Artificial Intelligence, Visual Effects, CGI, Tamil Cinema, Machine Learning

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This research explores into how Pupil-teachers see the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in teacher preparation. ICT's importance in education has grown as a result of how the digital revolution is impacting many different industries. This study's goal is to ascertain how student-teachers see the use of ICT tools and techniques in teacher preparation courses. With the use of a mixed-methods approach, information from student-teachers enrolled in various teacher education programs was gathered via surveys and interviews. According to the findings, student-teachers have a generally favourable outlook on the application of ICT in teacher education and are aware of how it might improve teaching and instructing environments. However, issues including restricted technology access, inadequate training, and doubts regarding the usefulness of ICT technologies were also noted. Now in present situation ICT plays an important role in teaching learning field. ICT helps to understand the difficulties in easiest way. ICT make understand the pedagogical things in different perspectives. Teacher Educators will understand pedagogical issues by using ppt, animation, videos. ICT integration effectively raises the standard of teacher preparation. Teacher education is a Nobel profession; it makes teacher self-reliance. By the teacher education program, we can develop the inner potential of the teachers. In normal methodology of teaching, we can develop the teacher education in one perspective but by use of ICT (Information and communication Technology) we can develop the innovative idea of teacher educators. Now in present situation ICT plays an important role in teaching learning field. ICT helps to understand the difficulties in easiest way. ICT make understand the pedagogical things in different perspectives. Teacher Educators will understand pedagogical issues by using ppt, animation, videos. Integration of ICT make effective to improve the quality of teacher education. This study will help teaching learning process more productive in Teacher Education institute. This study also emphasizes how crucial a friendly and accommodating atmosphere is for the use of ICT in teaching and learning that works for student-teacher.

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Pupil-teachers, Teacher education, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Perception, Digital transformation, Technology access.

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Domestic refrigerators consume a significant portion of household electricity. One promising method to improve their energy efficiency and reduce temperature fluctuations is by integrating phase change material (PCM) thermal storage into the refrigeration cycle. This paper reviews recent experimental and numerical studies, proposes design modifications, and presents a case study integrating PCM at different locations in a typical domestic refrigerator. Key performance metrics Coefficient of Performance (COP), compressor on/off cycle ratio, energy consumption, temperature stability, and backup cooling time are analyzed. Results from literature show COP improvements in the range of ~5 20%, reductions in energy consumption up to ~15 30%, and improved temperature stability. Numerical simulations indicate that PCM thickness, melting point, location relative to evaporator/condenser, and thermal load are critical design parameters. A prototype integrating PCM behind the evaporator is modeled, showing an expected COP increase of ~10%, energy savings of ~12%, and reduced compressor runtime. Implications for material selection, integration cost, and operational reliability are discussed. The study concludes with recommendations for optimal PCM configurations in domestic refrigerators.

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COP, PCM, Compressor work, Energy consumption

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This research work give a comparative investigate on the effect of temperature variation and surfactant on the thermodynamic and transport properties of binary and ternary system involving 18-crown-6 ether and alkali metal ions. The binary liquid system (18-crown-6 + 1 millimoles alkali metal salt) and ternary liquid system (18-crown-6 + 1 millimoles alkali metal salt + 1 cmc surfactant) were investigated at 298.15K, 308.15K. Thermodynamic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (Ks), free length (Lf) and acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated to understand the complexation and interaction in between 18-crown-6 and alkali metal ions, while transport properties such as viscosity provided comprehension into 18-crown-6 ether and alkali metal ions mobility and dynamic behavior governing the host guest chemistry in binary and ternary systems and point up the influence of thermal condition and surfactant on supramolecular interaction. In binary and ternary systems 18-crown-6 crown ether formed strong complexation with alkali metal ions as the following order RbBr > RbCl > CsBr > CsCl

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18-crown-6, surfactant, alkali metal ions, binary system, ternary system, temperature supramolecular interaction, complexation.

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