Volume 13 | Issue 10

 Abstract

Accidental displacement of tooth or root fragments into the maxillary sinus during dental extraction is an uncommon but potentially serious complication in oral and maxillofacial practice. It most frequently involves maxillary posterior teeth, particularly the palatal roots of first molars, mesiobuccal roots of second molars, and third molars, due to their close anatomical proximity to the sinus floor. Displacement may occur because of thin or pneumatized sinus floors, root morphology, excessive extraction force, pre-existing pathology, or inadequate surgical technique. Clinically, patients may present with sudden disappearance of a tooth during extraction, oroantral communication, nasal regurgitation, sinus congestion, facial swelling, or purulent discharge. Diagnosis is guided by imaging modalities, with cone-beam computed tomography being the gold standard. Management involves immediate care, surgical retrieval via approaches such as Caldwell-Luc, functional endoscopic sinus surgery, or conservative intraoral techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Preventive measures, prompt recognition, and tailored management are essential to minimize complications and preserve sinus and oral function.

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 Keywords

Maxillary sinus, Tooth displacement, Oroantral communication, Extraction complication, Sinusitis

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 Abstract

The aim of this project is to build a smart system that can turn sign language into spoken words and written text. It is designed to help people who are deaf or cannot speak communicate more easily with those who do not understand sign language. Most sign language translator devices today are expensive and can only show text. To solve this, the system uses modern technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)[2]. These allow it to quickly recognize hand gestures and convert them into clear speech and readable text. The system uses computer vision to track and understand hand movements, along with a speech module that produces natural-sounding voice. It is simple, affordable, and easy to carry, making it useful in everyday situations like schools, hospitals, and public places. Another important feature is that the system can improve over time. As it collects more data, it can learn new signs and support different sign languages, becoming more accurate. We extract optical flow features based on human pose estimation and, using a linear classifier, show these features are meaningful with an accuracy of 80%.

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 Keywords

"AI-BASED SIGN LANGUAGE TO TEXT AND SPEECH CONVERTER"

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In this paper we prove certain fixed point theorems for multi valued and single valued mappings in such spaces, by using Generalized distance function. Our results extend some existing results.

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 Keywords

Ordered set, Multi valued mapping, single valued mapping, fixed point.

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 Abstract

Indian economy is riding on new wave of economic transformation pioneered by platform economy, driven by convergence of several factors such as strong digital ecosystem, tech - savvy people, fast pace of urbanization, increasing preference for freelancing, growing entrepreneur spirit among others. As a result, consumers, workers and business organizations look beyond traditional ways of doing business and employment and search for elements such as convenience, flexibility and autonomy, backed by trust and accountability in their day - to - day work and business transactions. Platform economy has the potential to offer these elements and emerge as win - win situation for all its stakeholders. It is also changing the traditional employer - employee relationship. 'Code of Social Security 2020' would prove to be a 'game - changer' in future. The present paper aims to analyse 'platform business' model in India, key growth drivers of this model, weighing its benefits and challenges and way ahead.

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 Keywords

Digital ecosystem, Employability, Empowerment, Freelancing, Social Security

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 Abstract

Iron deficiency Anaemia represents the most common nutritional deficiency disorder worldwide, creating a significant public health issue across all demographics. This condition occurs when the intake, absorption, or utilization of iron is insufficient to meet the body's requirements, leading to reduced hemoglobin production and the development of small, pale red blood cells. Three stages often characterise the condition: first, the body's iron stores are depleted; next, the formation of red blood cells is decreased because of inadequate iron; and last, and the advent of observable Anaemia symptoms. Commonly experienced symptoms include fatigue, pallor, breathlessness, a rapid heart rate, fragile and brittle nails, tongue inflammation, hair thinning, and restless legs syndrome. Important risk factors encompass pregnancy, adolescence, heavy menstrual periods, vegetarian or vegan diets, weight-loss surgeries, regular blood donations, and chronic health conditions. From a physiological standpoint, iron deficiency compromises the body's capacity to transport oxygen, produce cellular energy, create DNA, and facilitate various enzymatic processes. Proper nutritional management is vital for both treating and preventing this condition, highlighting the significance of consuming heme iron sources like meat, fish, and poultry, as well as non-heme sources such as legumes, greens, and fortified grains, while also including enhancers like vitamin C. Nutraceutical strategies, including iron supplements, biochemically enhanced crops, and specially formulated functional foods, are crucial for improving iron levels. If untreated, iron deficiency Anaemia may cause cognitive and learning difficulties, a weakened immune system, complications during pregnancy, and a decreased quality of life.

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 Keywords

Iron deficiency anemia, nutritional management, dietary strategies, iron supplementation, iron bioavailability, micronutrient deficiency, heme iron, non-heme iron folate, vitamin B12, ferritin; iron absorption inhibitors, phytates, tannins, calcium, women of reproductive age, pregnant women, food fortification, dietary diversification, public health nutrition, nutritional education, Anaemia prevention.

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The exponential expansion of big data has emphasized the necessity for efficient frequent pattern mining (FPM) techniques capable of extracting meaningful insights from massive datasets. This study integrates and enhances previous research on optimizing the Apriori algorithm for distributed computing environments, particularly Apache Spark and Hadoop MapReduce. A Dynamic MapReduce approach combined with pruning optimization is proposed to minimize computational complexity and execution time. The enhanced Apriori algorithm achieved an execution time of 43.20 seconds under an optimal configuration of three mappers and two reducers in Apache Spark, compared to 83.20 seconds without pruning. Similarly, in Hadoop MapReduce, a dynamic configuration with five mappers and three reducers achieved 83.84 seconds, outperforming the static configuration (150.37 seconds). The results demonstrate that adaptive resource allocation and pruning based on the anti-monotone property can substantially improve scalability and efficiency. The findings have practical implications for data-intensive domains such as retail and healthcare, where optimized frequent pattern mining enables faster and more accurate decision-making.

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 Keywords

Apriori Algorithm, Dynamic MapReduce, Apache Spark, Pruning Techniques, Frequent Pattern Mining

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Gujarat's economic development depends much on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), who also greatly help to generate jobs, boost industry, and export volume. But finance restrictions typically cause MSMEs difficulty as they affect their viability and expansion. The effect of financial accessibility, taxation policies, and economic elements on MSME performance in Gujarat is investigated in this paper. According to the study, although high interest rates and loan rejection rates significantly affect financial resilience, credit availability and working capital management are absolutely vital for MSME development and sustainability. While financial knowledge is very important for good financial management, tax compliance expenses and GST loads further lower profitability. Furthermore greatly affecting MSME financial stability are economic elements such inflation, interest rate swings, and global trade policies; high inflation and borrowing rates therefore impede company growth. Emphasizing the importance of stronger financial policy and loan accessibility, a regression study shows that economic circumstances define 68% of MSME financial stability. To improve MSME financial resilience, the report advises governmental measures include streamlined tax structures, lower compliance costs, lower MSME interest rates, and financial literacy initiatives. Through tackling these financial difficulties, Gujarat's MSMEs may attain better development, more solid financial stability, and long-term sustainability, thus helping the state's economy to develop.

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 Keywords

MSMEs, financial accessibility, working capital management, taxation policies, GST compliance, economic factors, financial stability, interest rates, credit availability, business growth, Gujarat MSMEs, financial literacy, inflation, global trade policies

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Inclusive education promotes equal learning opportunities for all students including those with Intellectual Disability. However implementing inclusive practices often presents significant challenges. This paper explore the academic , social , emotional, and structural barriers faced by students with Intellectual Disability in inclusive classroom and provides recommendation for improving inclusion practices. Inclusive education aims to integrate students with intellectual disabilities (Intellectual Disability) into mainstream classrooms, providing equitable learning opportunities. However, its implementation faces multifaceted challenges that hinder effective inclusion. Academically, these students often struggle with rigid curricula not tailored to their learning needs, compounded by insufficient teacher training and lack of specialized instructional strategies. Socially, students with Intellectual Disability confront peer rejection, bullying, and isolation, impacting their social development and emotional well-being. Structural barriers such as inadequate facilities, limited access to assistive technologies, and insufficient institutional support further exacerbate their educational experience. Additionally, negative attitudes and misconceptions among educators and peers create attitudinal obstacles to inclusion. Overcoming these challenges requires a comprehensive approach including professional development for teachers, curriculum flexibility, enhanced support services, and community awareness to foster acceptance and ensure meaningful participation of students with intellectual disabilities in inclusive settings.

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: Inclusive education, Intellectual disability, Teacher training, Social-emotional adjustment, Educational barriers etc.

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The study was conducted to assess the effects of artificial exposure of light at night on blood glucose level among IT workers at selected IT company in coimbatore district .The objective of the study was to assess the blood giucose level after the effect of artificial exposure of light at night among IT workers and to find out the findings with the selected demographic variables . A quantitative research approach was adopted for the study .A descriptive Cross sectional design was adopted for the study . The sample consisted of 35 IT employees who worked in NRI sector night shift. The target population included IT workers aged 20-45 years who worked night shifts or had extended screen exposure during night hours. Night-shift workers with high ALAN exposure exhibited significantly higher mean fasting blood glucose levels compared to day-shift workers (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between duration of ALAN exposure and elevated glucose levels. Sleep disturbances and reduced melatonin secretion were identified as potential mediating factors. This study found that greater artificial light exposure at night (ALAN) among IT workers at the selected Coimbatore company was associated with adverse effects on blood-glucose regulation.

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Artificial light exposure at night , Blood glucose level

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South India comprises four states and union territories, namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. In South India, paddy is a staple food crop that has been cultivated since ancient times. At present, paddy cultivation has claimed an unrivalled position and assumed the pride of place in the food grain crop scenario of southern India, relegating all other food crops to a position of poor secondary importance. In this significant process, paddy cultivation has undergone spectacular changes in the cultivation area, production, yielding crop areas under irrigation, etc. South Indian states dominate in area after West Bengal and Odisha states and in production after Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. The mechanisation and development of irrigation facilities and lift irrigation systems have greatly paved the way in South India for the abundant cultivation of paddy crops. Also, the researchers developing new breeds and high-yielding varieties have amply contributed to bringing more land under paddy cultivation.

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Agri culture, Area Yield, Production, irrigation etc.

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The term entrepreneur is derived from the French word, entrepreneur, which translates to "to undertake". Recently, Rural Entrepreneurship has been presenting a significant opportunity for individuals who relocate from rural or semi-urban regions to urban areas. The advancement of rural entrepreneurship is crucial, as approximately 70% of India's population resides in rural regions. Undoubtedly, the economic progress of our nation largely relies on the development of rural areas and the living standards of their rural population. The government has initiated various schemes to promote rural development, which are detailed in this paper. This paper aims to identify the challenges and issues faced by rural entrepreneurship. The data has been primarily gathered from secondary sources related to the subject.

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Entrepreneur, Rural Entrepreneurship, Rural area, Challenges, Opportunities.

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"It is as if we were forced to acknowledge the existence of castes, wishing at the same time they were classes" - Andre Battelle (Author of the book 'Caste, Class and Power') This paper explores the idea of Caste and Class in the scenario of Indian Society. How identity and status of an individual is related to caste, how caste is hidden in class and class is hidden in caste . This caste system creates exclusion and inequalities. We couldn't differentiate caste from class and class from caste in India's context. When we talk about social democracy then the concept of Liberty Equality, Fraternity and respect of human dignity which are the basic pillars for the Annihilation of Caste and when we talk about economic democracy this leads to welfare of the working class. Political, Social and economic philosophies of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar provides us a broad area to discuss and analyse these issues in diverse perspectives. Dr. Ambedkar discussed these issues not only in theory but he also did enormous executive works in this regard. In this paper I will try to recognise Dr. Ambedkar was not only an Architect of Indian Constitution but also as a founder of modern India, founder of democratic India, advocate of social justice, human dignity and human rights. He also must be regarded as an Architect of laws which are related to labour welfare, peasant welfare, women. In this paper I will try to explore the personality and works of Dr. Ambedkar influenced the different sections of the society in different ways. I also try to understand the relevance of Dr. Ambedkar's thoughts on the present scenario of Capitalism and Globalisation and what are the changes going on in the nature of caste and class in Indian Society. " The Community can't ride one track and business another. The two are inseparable, interactive and interdependent " - Cleo F Craig, Former President and Board Chair. A T& T

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 Keywords

Social Democracy, Caste, Class, Labour Welfare, Economic Exclusion.

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Keywords: Chewable toothpaste tablets, conventional toothpaste, plaque index, randomized controlled trial, oral hygiene.

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This study analyses consumer behaviour regarding Maruti Suzuki vehicles in the Tiruchirappalli district, emphasising critical elements that affect purchase decisions, brand loyalty, and customer satisfaction. This research aims to comprehend the resonance of Maruti Suzuki's goods with local consumers, given its status as a premier vehicle manufacturer in India. The research examines factors like price sensitivity, fuel economy, after-sales service, brand impression, and product attributes. Data was gathered via surveys and interviews with an appropriate sample of automobile owners and potential buyers in the region. The results underscore the significance of price, dependability, and comprehensive service networks in influencing consumer preferences. The findings of this research provide substantial direction for Maruti Suzuki and other automotive stakeholders to tailor their tactics to meet the demands and preferences of customers in semi-urban and urban areas like Tiruchirappalli.

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Consumer, Motivation, Maruti cars, Analysis, Trust.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Postmodern novels dismantle traditional ideas about social class and hierarchy through fragmented narratives, irony, metafiction, and cultural deconstruction. Rather than presenting class as a rigid economic category defined by wealth or occupation, postmodern authors reinterpret it as a dynamic and unstable construct influenced by ideology, globalization, technology, and the politics of representation. The fluidity of class in postmodern fiction reflects the dissolution of grand narratives that once sustained social hierarchies. Writers such as Don DeLillo, Margaret Atwood, Salman Rushdie, and Arundhati Roy interrogate class boundaries by situating their characters within shifting global networks of capital, media, and cultural production. Through postmodern techniques--such as intertextuality, parody, non-linear structure, and unreliable narration--these authors challenge conventional depictions of economic disparity and privilege. This paper examines how these narratives foreground the interplay between social class, race, gender, and globalization, showing that identity and status are increasingly mediated through consumer culture and symbolic capital rather than traditional economic systems. In DeLillo's White Noise, for instance, middle-class anxieties are refracted through media saturation and consumerism; Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale reimagines class through gendered labour and reproductive control; Rushdie's Midnight's Children fuses postcolonial history with class mobility; and Roy's The God of Small Things exposes the intersections of caste, class, and colonial legacy in postmodern India. Collectively, these works demonstrate that social class in postmodern fiction is not a static determinant but a discursive site where power, identity, and resistance continually interact. Thus, the postmodern novel becomes a cultural mirror reflecting the instability of late-capitalist societies and the erosion of clear class boundaries in an age defined by global interconnection and ideological multiplicity.

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Keywords: Social Class, Postmodernism, Capitalism, Globalization, Identity, Representation etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Today in our digitally driven world, maintaining reliable and swift interactions among individuals and software programs has become increasingly crucial. The JSON Web Token (JWT) has become an extensively utilized technique for managing authentication and access control within contemporary internet applications. This document investigates the role that JWT plays in shaping interactions between users and software programs, focusing on aspects such as session handling, data protection, and overall usability. Analyzing practical scenarios reveals how JSON Web Tokens improve system efficiency via lightweight authentication methods while impacting scalability and shaping app architecture effectively. Furthermore, our discussion encompasses typical issues like token expiry, data management, and security threats, seeking insights into their advantages alongside possible disadvantages. This study underscores how JWT significantly influences creating robust and smooth interactions for users within contemporary software environments.

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JSON Web Token, Authentication, Access Control, Security, Session Management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The international transition to renewable energy is a critical response to soften the blow of climate change. As countries around the world commit to a net-zero emission, challenges emerge in the domains of economics, technology, politics and social life. This research paper explores international perspectives on energy transitions, its causes/consequences and various possible course actions.

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Climate change, Paris agreement, renewable energy, carbon dioxide , earth, atmosphere, clean energy, government, climate policies, environment

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Creativity is one of the most valued abilities in all societies, playing a crucial role in fostering critical and divergent thinking among learners. The Synectics model of teaching is an innovative instructional approach that has significant potential for enhancing students' creativity. It engages learners in various metaphorical activities, which serve as powerful tools to stimulate imaginative thinking and problem-solving. Synectics provides students with opportunities to think beyond conventional boundaries and express their ideas more creatively. Developed by Gordon and his associates, this sophisticated technique has been effectively employed to generate solutions to complex and challenging problems. The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of the Synectics teaching model in fostering descriptive style in the English language among secondary school students. An experimental design was employed, comprising an experimental group and a control group. The findings revealed that the performance of students in the experimental group on the test of descriptive style was significantly higher than that of the control group. These results highlight the efficacy of the Synectics teaching model as a powerful instructional strategy for promoting creativity and improving descriptive writing skills in English among secondary school students.

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Synectics Teaching Model, Descriptive Style, English Language, Creativity

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In today's interconnected digital ecosystem, organizations increasingly rely on third-party vendors and service providers for critical IT and business operations. However, these vendor relationships expose organizations to significant cybersecurity and compliance risks. Existing Third-Party Risk Management (TPRM) tools are often expensive, complex, and lack transparency in their scoring methodologies, making them impractical for small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs). This research proposes SecureVendor, a lightweight, transparent, and explainable TPRM framework that enables organizations to assess, monitor, and track vendor risks effectively. The proposed system introduces an explainable risk scoring mechanism, vendor remediation tracking, and continuous alerting features to address current gaps. The study uses both secondary (literature) and primary (public survey) research methods to evaluate the challenges and expectations of professionals in the cybersecurity and compliance domains. Findings from the survey validate the hypothesis that SMEs require more accessible, transparent, and action-oriented TPRM solutions.

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 Keywords

Third-Party Risk Management, Vendor Risk, Cybersecurity, GRC, Compliance, Explainable Scoring, Remediation Tracking

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The arrival of sixth-generation (6G) networks is set to change the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. It will provide ultra-low latency, high reliability, and smooth connectivity for future self-driving cars and smart transportation systems. With more artificial intelli- gence (AI), edge computing, and fast communication, IoV will be the foundation of next-generation mobility services. However, the open, dynamic, and diverse nature of vehicle networks makes them very vulnerable to various cyber threats. Attacks such as Sybil, spoofing, denial-of-service (DoS), replay, and data manipulation can undermine trust, disrupt services, and even put passenger safety at risk. Traditional cryptography and security protocols are somewhat effective but often face problems with scalability, high overhead, and limited flexibility in highly mobile and resource-limited settings. Digital Twin (DT) technology has emerged as a promising way to overcome these limitations. It creates smart virtual replicas of vehicles, networks, and environments. These digital counterparts allow real-time monitoring, detect problems, and provide predictive security defense. Recent advancements show the effectiveness of DT-driven security methods. Cyber-Twin- based intrusion detection improves the recognition of anomalies and allows for flexible countermeasures. In the same way, DT- powered data sharing in Open RAN boosts data confidentiality and integrity while cutting down on communication delays. Trust management strategies based on DTs help evaluate vehicle interactions, ensuring reliable decision-making and detection of harmful nodes. Additionally, the combination of federated learn- ing with blockchain technology offers decentralized, privacy- protecting, and tamper-resistant security solutions. This ap- proach helps address issues like data poisoning and reliance on central authorities. Collectively, DT-enabled frameworks improve detection accu- racy, reduce latency, increase scalability, and boost resilience against complex cyberattacks. These advancements show the transformative potential of DTs in securing 6G-enabled vehicular networks. They are essential for creating safe, efficient, and intelligent transportation systems.

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 Keywords

6G, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Vehicle-to- Everything (V2X), Digital Twin (DT), Cybersecurity, Intrusion Detection, Trust Management, Authentication, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Cyber-Twin, Open RAN, Federated Learning, Blockchain, Autonomous Driving, Smart Transportation Systems, Low Latency, Scalability, Resilience.

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