Volume 13 | Issue 10

 Abstract

This article traces the origin and evolution of tea cultivation from the colonial expansion to the current scenario. With archival and government records and secondary sources, it highlights Wayanad with its agricultural-climatic condition, migrant labour system, and exploitation of labourers. This paper focuses on significant estates of Wayanad and its current challenges. Ultimately this article asserts that Wayanad tea plantations are not only economic development but also social and cultural adaptations ignited by colonialism.

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Tea plantations, colonialism, Wayanad, labourers, government boards.

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Email communication is a critical component of modern professional and personal interactions, yet it remains one of the most exploited channels for cyberattacks such as phishing, malware infiltration, and social engineering. Conventional spam filters, operating primarily at the user device level, often fail to provide proactive defense and adaptive learning, resulting in exposure to malicious emails and compromised data security. This project presents the design and development of Sentinel - a Gateway-Level Intelligent Email Security System, capable of real-time analysis and classification of incoming emails using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) models. The system integrates an AI-based filtering engine with a secure web gateway, ensuring that malicious emails are quarantined before they reach the user's inbox. Continuous data feedback from users is analyzed by a retraining module, enabling adaptive improvement of the classifier's precision. The framework also includes a web-based dashboard and cloud connectivity for centralized monitoring, feedback visualization, and scalable deployment across enterprises and individuals.

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Email Security, Spam Filtering, Phishing Detection, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), AI-Driven Cybersecurity, Feedback Learning System, Secure Email Gateway, Real-Time Threat Classification, Cloud-Based Monitoring, Intelligent Filtering, and Proactive Network Defense.

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Background: Gridhrasi (Sciatica) is a prevalent condition marked by pain, numbness, and functional limitation along the sciatic nerve, impacting daily activities. Ayurveda offers targeted therapies such as Agnikarma (therapeutic cauterization) and Siravyadhana (therapeutic venesection), often combined with oral formulations like Trayodashanga Guggulu. Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka versus Siravyadhana, both alongside Trayodashanga Guggulu, in the management of Gridhrasi. Methods: In this randomized comparative clinical trial, 48 patients diagnosed with Gridhrasi were equally allocated into two groups. Group A received Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka plus Trayodashanga Guggulu, while Group B received Siravyadhana with Trayodashanga Guggulu. Treatment outcomes were assessed using subjective parameters (Ruk, Sthamba, Toda, Gaurava) and objective parameters (SLR) at baseline and post-treatment. Results: Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement in pain relief, functional mobility, and overall patient satisfaction. Group A exhibited slightly faster onset of relief and slight reduction in pain scores and disability indices compared to Group B, indicating a superior therapeutic effect of Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka. No major adverse effects were reported in either group. Conclusion: Agnikarma with Tamra Shalaka, when combined with Trayodashanga Guggulu, is a safe, effective, and superior intervention for alleviating pain and improving function in patients with Gridhrasi. This study supports the targeted use of Agnikarma as a first-line procedural therapy in the Ayurvedic management of sciatica.

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Gridhrasi, Sciatica, Agnikarma, Siravyadhana, Trayodashanga Guggulu, Randomized Clinical Trial

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Microplastics, Lower Lake, water quality and Fishes

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?????? ????????? ?? ??????? 15??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????????? '?????? ??????' ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????, ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? '??? ?????' ???????? ?? ??????-?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???-??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????, ?????, ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ,???? ????,????????? ????, ??? ???? ,?????? ?? ??????,????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ????????? ?? ?????--??? ????????, ????? ????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???--?? ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????-????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ??????????,?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????- ????-???????, ????????, ?? ??????, ???? ????, ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?

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This paper explores the representation of subaltern identities, cultural narratives, and systemic oppression in Narayan's Kocharethi: The Araya Woman, the first tribal novel in Malayalam literature. Through a postcolonial and Dalit literary lens, the study examines how the novel articulates the lived realities of the Malayarayar tribe, particularly through the life of the protagonist Kunjipennu. Drawing upon theoretical insights from Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Gayatri Spivak, and Jyotirao Phule, this paper investigates how Kocharethi functions as both a personal and collective narrative of resistance. By addressing land dispossession, gendered oppression, and cultural erasure, the novel provides a platform for indigenous voices long silenced in mainstream discourse. The paper concludes that Narayan's work is a seminal contribution to postcolonial and Dalit aesthetics, challenging dominant histories and asserting the agency of marginalized communities.

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Marginalization, Subaltern Studies, Dalit Literature, Tribal Identity, Postcolonial Theory, Gender, Land Dispossession, Kocharethi

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This article investigates how Amitav Ghosh's *The Great Derangement* critiques the entangled legacies of colonialism and climate change. Situating the text within eco-critical and postcolonial frameworks, the study explores how Ghosh challenges the literary and cultural silence surrounding the Anthropocene. The paper argues that Ghosh critiques not only the failures of modern politics and literature to engage with ecological crisis, but also exposes how colonial systems of extraction and epistemology have shaped contemporary environmental degradation. Through his call for imaginative courage and narrative rethinking, Ghosh envisions a form of literary engagement that reclaims silenced ecological histories and advocates for a decolonial environmental ethics.

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Keywords: eco-criticism, postcolonialism, climate change, Anthropocene, Amitav Ghosh

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Pain management is a pressing problem that requires intricate mechanisms to be resolved. For localized acute pain, drugs must be administered quickly and precisely with little blood circulation diffusion, however for chronic pain, drugs must be released gradually with a lengthy half-life. A promising method with excellent patient compliance, the transdermal route was renowned for its painless delivery, lengthy drug retention period, steady blood concentration, easily adjustable dosage and release rate, and reduced side effects. This review explains the many analgesic mechanisms, dose forms, transdermal improvements, and clinical uses of transdermal pain treatment in accordance with the various sites of action that drugs seek to target. Here, we review progress and challenges in developing transdermal patches for sustained pain relief.

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Pain management; Transdermal drug delivery; Analgesics; Sustained release; Chronic pain; Acute pain; Transdermal patches; Controlled drug release; Patient compliance; Targeted drug delivery; Pharmacokinetics; Clinical applications.

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Abstract Disaster management in school education is not only about safety training but also about developing responsible, emotionally strong, and aware citizens. The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) provides deep wisdom about maintaining balance between humans and nature, community cooperation, and self-discipline during crises. Ancient Indian texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Ayurveda, and Kautilya's Arthashastra contain valuable lessons on disaster prevention, leadership, and health management. This paper studies how the integration of IKS with modern disaster education can make learning more meaningful and holistic. A small survey conducted among students and teachers shows that while most schools teach modern safety drills, very few include traditional Indian wisdom. The findings suggest that using IKS elements--such as stories, ethical teachings, and traditional practices--can strengthen students' mental stability, cooperation, and social responsibility. By combining modern techniques with ancient Indian values, schools can prepare students not just to survive disasters but to act with courage, discipline, and compassion. Such education supports sustainable living, community harmony, and environmental care. Therefore, integrating the Indian Knowledge System into school disaster education is essential to build a new generation of self-reliant, empathetic, and environmentally responsible citizens. Disaster Management, Indian Knowledge System, School Education, Life Skills, Ethics, Sustainability

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Disaster Management, Indian Knowledge System, School Education, Life Skills, Ethics, Sustainability

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The changing family structure and the evolving social trends with a breakdown in the traditional support system has created a gap for fulfilling the physical , psychological and social needs of the child stressing the need for an alternative support system to meet the needs of the child. Counselling in schools is definitely the bridge that might fill this gap. The area of school counselling in India is very young and needs to spread and establish itself. The present paper seeks to review an emerging area of counselling in schools in India. The objectives of the paper are, to stress the need for counselling in schools in India, to trace the history of school counselling in India, to scrutinize the current position of counselling in the Indian schools, to analyse the norms to be laid down for the practice of counselling in the schools in India. The method adopted is a review of literature.

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School counselling, career guidance, psychosocial problems.

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Abstract This study explores the concept of epistemic reality in the philosophy of Allama Muhammad Iqbal, with a special focus on his reconstruction of Islamic thought and his synthesis of reason, intuition and revelation as sources of knowledge. Iqbal's concept of reality is not a static, but a dynamic, living process that reveals itself through human experience and self-realization. For Iqbal, knowledge arises from both empirical aspect with the phenomenal world and the transcendental illumination of the self through Divine consciousness. In this paper, I will try to explain how Iqbal reconciles the empirical and spiritual forms of knowledge. According to him, ultimate reality cannot be apprehended through rational inquiry; rather, it is realized through the profound experiential union of the human ego (Khudi). Thus, Iqbal criticizes Western epistemology, especially the separation of subject and object and emphasizes the Quranic view of knowledge. The study concludes that Iqbal's concept of epistemic reality transcends both materialist empiricism and abstract idealism, proposing instead an integrative model in which knowing is an act of becoming which an evolutionary movement of the self toward Divine Reality.

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Keywords: Epistemology, Knowledge, Khudi, Ultimate Reality, Empirical and Transcendental

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In this paper, we introduce a soft ???s - homeomorphism in soft ideal topological spaces. Furthermore, we introduce to Enlighten and Edification of some properties, theorems and examples, which is the of the concept of soft mappings in soft ideal topological spaces.

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Soft set, soft ideal topological space, Soft ???s -Closed set, Soft continuous, Soft ???s -continuous, Soft homeomorphism, Soft ???s - homeomorphism.

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Air pollution caused by vehicular emissions is one of the major global challenges across the planet. In this study, we propose a low-cost and real-time vehicle emission testing system based on Internet of Things (IoT), using sensor networks and intelligent algorithms. The study uses sensors to continuously monitor specific exhaust parameters, including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO?), Nitrogen (N). A microcontroller ESP32 receives data from the sensors and uploads the results to a cloud platform for visualization and compliance detection using trained models. The smart vehicle emission testing system can generate alerts, promote public health, and proactively support pollution control authorities in managing environmental sustainability

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IoT, Vehicle Emission, Air Pollution, ESP32, Sensor Network, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO?), Nitrogen Emission, Real-Time Monitoring, Cloud Computing

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Vindhya Chetra Ki Riyasato Ke Sahak Varg Aur Praja Ka Swatantrata Aandholan Ke Prati Drushtikon

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Vindhya Chetra Ki Riyasato Ke Sahak Varg Aur Praja Ka Swatantrata Aandholan Ke Prati Drushtikon

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Background:Research on colour healing aims to heal illness by re-establishing the body's natural equilibrium of colour energy. It demonstrated how particular colours affect different body parts. Colour therapy does not involve any physical contact. In its most basic form, colour therapy is using different colours to alleviate pain and mental suffering. These amazing colour schemes greatly enhance both physical and emotional well-being.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Sree Ramakrishna Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences and Hospital in Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India. There was only one case study showcased. After the purpose of the study was described, verbal consent was acquired. The study was conducted over 15 days. A sphygmomanometer and the routine documentation of symptom changes are among the characteristics of this investigation. Results: The JASP program version 0.95.3 was used to analyze the data. It is evident that chromotherapy treatments have resulted in a notable drop in blood pressure. The symptoms of diastolic blood pressure (SBP) (t 5.976, p-value < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (DBP) (t 4.583, p-value < 0.001) were evidently lessened by the chromotherapy.Conclusion: Given the advantages of chromotherapy, it would be wise to incorporate it into standard treatment plans to effectively manage the symptoms of hypertension and lessen the negative consequences of drug use. In order to prevent and treat hypertension by lowering its root cause, chromotherapy employs a lifestyle that incorporates colour therapy techniques.

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Breathlessness, hypertension, elevated Blood pressure, chromotherapy, high BP, palpitation

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This research article examines the construction and representation of Indianness in Sri Aurobindo's play Vasavadutta, situating it within the context of early twentieth-century Indian cultural renaissance and anti-colonial nationalism. By analysing the play's thematic preoccupations, narrative structure, and stylistic choices, the study explores how Aurobindo revitalises ancient Indian dramatic traditions to assert a distinct cultural identity in the face of colonial hegemony. Drawing on theories from postcolonial studies and Indology, the article argues that Vasavadutta is a deliberate artistic intervention that negotiates tradition and modernity, individual and community, and spirituality and politics. Through textual analysis, the paper demonstrates how the play embodies and enacts Indianness--not as an exclusionary or static concept, but as a dynamic, inclusive, and self-reflexive cultural process. The findings suggest that Aurobindo's creative vision, as expressed in Vasavadutta, provides a powerful template for understanding the role of literature in shaping, contesting, and celebrating Indian identity during and beyond the colonial encounter.

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Vasavadutta, postcolonial studies, cultural identity, spirituality and politics

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The ability to draw and interpret diagrams is a crucial skill in biology, as diagrams help students visualize and understand complex scientific concepts. However, many students struggle with scientific illustration, which affects their academic performance and conceptual clarity. This action research study aimed to identify the specific difficulties faced by 8th standard students in drawing biology diagrams and to implement effective strategies to improve their skills. A pre-test and post-test experimental design was employed with a sample of nine students from Government High School, Metagalli, Mysuru. Initial findings revealed low proficiency due to lack of practice, poor conceptual understanding, insufficient guidance, limited visual-spatial skills and low motivation. Targeted interventions including orientation, structured practice sessions, rubric-based feedback and visual aids were implemented over multiple sessions. The post-test results indicated a remarkable improvement in students' diagram-drawing skills, with scores rising from a pre-test range of 0-12 to a post-test range of 15-20. Students showed improved neatness, labeling, proportion and confidence. The study concludes that structured practice, continuous feedback and visual support are effective in enhancing students' ability to draw scientific diagrams, thereby improving their overall understanding and performance in biology.

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Biology Diagrams; Drawing Skills; Visual Learning; Feedback; Practice; Scientific Illustration.

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This study investigates students' difficulties in translating mathematical knowledge into real-world applications. Despite learning mathematical operations in schools, many students struggle to determine the appropriate operation in everyday contexts, which affects their confidence and problem-solving skills. Grounded in the objectives of NEP 2020, this pedagogical inquiry adopted a quantitative experimental design involving four 9th-grade students from Shri Gokula School, Mysuru. Through a structured action plan comprising five interactive and context-based activities-Money Exchange Game, Solve and Pass, Daily Life Math Hunt, Reverse Word Creation, and Explain Your Steps-the study aimed to bridge the gap between procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding. Statistical analysis showed a notable improvement in post-test scores compared to pre-test scores, indicating enhanced operational decision-making, conceptual clarity, and confidence in solving real-life mathematical problems. The findings emphasize the importance of incorporating real-life applications and learner-centered strategies in mathematics instruction.

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Real-Life Application, Problem-Solving, Conceptual Understanding, Pedagogical Strategies, Experimental Study, Word Problems, Mathematical Operations

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Financial literacy is a critical life skill that enables individuals to make informed and responsible financial decisions. Many secondary school students lack understanding of basic financial concepts such as income, expenditure, saving, budgeting and investment, which can lead to poor money management habits in adulthood. This action research aimed to enhance financial literacy among 8th-grade students of Sri Siddeshwara School, Mysuru, through practical, hands-on activities. Activities included monthly family budgeting exercises, role-playing market scenarios, essay writing on savings and spending and skits on wise money management. Pre-test and post-test assessments indicated a notable improvement in students' knowledge, attitudes and behaviors toward money management, reflecting the effectiveness of experiential learning. The study demonstrates that activity-based approaches can foster responsible financial habits, promote saving and enhance decision-making skills, preparing students to become economically aware and self-reliant individuals. The research also highlights the importance of integrating financial literacy into the school curriculum and promoting active, real-life learning experiences.

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Financial Literacy, Money Management, Budgeting, Savings, Financial Awareness, Responsible Financial Behavior

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This study aims to enhance the understanding of the concepts of mass and weight among secondary school students. Although these are fundamental ideas in physics, many students continue to confuse them because the terms are often used interchangeably in everyday life. The research was conducted among Class IX students of Rotary West School, Mysuru, with the objective of identifying and correcting these misconceptions. A quantitative approach was adopted, using a one-group pre-test and post-test design. Six students were selected through purposive sampling. To make learning more meaningful and engaging, the researcher implemented several activities including concept comparison, a spring balance experiment, a unit identification game and situational analysis. An achievement test developed by the researcher was used to assess students' understanding before and after the intervention. The results showed a clear improvement, with average scores rising from 5.33 in the pre-test to 15.33 in the post-test, reflecting about a 50% increase in conceptual understanding. The findings indicate that activity-based and experiential learning approaches help students distinguish between mass and weight more effectively and connect these ideas to real-life contexts. The study concludes that incorporating practical, interactive and student-centered methods in science teaching can significantly reduce misconceptions and promote deeper, more meaningful learning. It also highlights the need for teachers to focus on developing conceptual clarity rather than relying solely on rote learning.

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Mass, Weight, Misconceptions, Activity-Based Learning, Experiential Learning.

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