Volume 13 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Nigella sativa, a flowering plant indigenous to the Southwest Asian region, is commonly called black seed or black cumin. The seeds of this botanical species have been utilized extensively throughout history in traditional medicinal applications and culinary practices. This study aims to understand the major phytochemical constituents in the Nigella sativa mother tincture. The qualitative analysis was done with the homoeopathic mother tincture of Nigella sativa. Employing various analytical techniques, a spectrum of bioactive compounds was identified with the homoeopathic medicine Nigella sativa. This study presents evidence of phytochemical components such as alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and quinones. The elucidation of the medicinal compounds in the homoeopathic mother tincture of Nigella Sativa aids in a better understanding of its therapeutic properties, paving further research and development in harnessing the plant's potential for pharmaceutical application.A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 students in different colleges in India, by administering a questionnaire consisting of premenstrual symptoms and psychosocial stress Assessment scale. Psychosocial stress was assessed using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10). This study found a strong link between stress levels and menstrual cycle abnormalities in adult female students who experienced premenstrual symptoms such anxiety, mood swings, irritability, headaches, and dysmenorrhea. This suggests that measures to lessen stress can enhance the menstrual health of adult females, lowering future health risks and enhancing quality of life.

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 Keywords

Nigella Sativa, Phytochemical Analysis, Bioactive Compounds, Quinones

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Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common and contagious, often leading to emotional and behavioral disturbances. In the Global Burden Of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 stated that 17.2 billion cases worldwide were reported to have upper respiratory tract infections. This study evaluates the effectiveness of homoeopathic interventions targeting emotional and behavioral symptoms in acute URTIs. A sample of 50 cases aged 18 and above, primarily females (66%), was assessed using a structured case format and the POMS questionnaire. Emotional states such as anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension were linked to specific symptom intensifications, like anger with sneezing and coughing, and fatigue with nasal obstruction. Overall, the study significant the impact of acute upper respiratory tract infections on mental well-being.

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Behavioral effects, Emotional states, Upper respiratory tract infection.

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This research explores the significance of Kent's Twelve Observations in guiding homeopathic practice, particularly at the second prescription. The study assesses how Kent's observations can help homeopaths evaluate patient progress and make informed decisions on future prescriptions. The aim is to determine whether these observations effectively indicate prognosis, correlate with prescribed medicines, and align with clinical diagnoses. A sample of 60 cases was taken from the OPD and IPD of Sarada Krishna Homeopathic Medical College, using a pre-structured case format. After detailed case-taking and repertorization with the Synthesis repertory, the first prescription was given in a single dose of 30c potency. Follow-ups were conducted to monitor changes based on Kent's observations, which were recorded post-treatment. The results showed diverse responses: 32 cases showed no aggravation and full recovery, 17 cases had full-time symptom amelioration without relief. The study concluded that Kent's observations were useful in certain cases but not universally applicable. For chronic diseases, where remedies were changed based on symptoms, Kent's observations were not always helpful in predicting prognosis. In constitutional and pathological prescriptions, these observations did not significantly influence the outcome, indicating their limited role in some cases.

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Kent's Twelve Observations, Prognosis of the case, Synthesis repertory, Repertorization, Second prescription

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Thirty cases selected from OPD, IPD and Peripheral health centre of Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital by purposive sampling technique. Duration of the study 1 year. Detailed case taking was done in the pre-structured case format which was followed by case processing and repertorisation. The cases were assessed using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain scale. The assessment was done during the first visit and were also assessed after medicinal intervention for evaluation. The cases were analyzed in the subsequent follow-ups and in cases where there was no significant improvement, there were worked out in 7th chapter, relationship of remedies of BTPB for further prescription. The study results show that female population is more affected, subjects in the age group of 50-59 years are predominantly seen. Among the 30 cases, 60% (n=18) cases had moderate improvement, 33.33% (n=10) cases had mild improvement, 3.33%(n=1) case each, had no improvement and marked improvement respectively, after second prescription using 7th chapter of the Boenninghausen's Therapeutic Pocket Book when compared to the first prescription. The cases were administered with remedies after repertorising in 7th chapter of the Boenninghausen's Therapeutic Pocket Book and in reference to materia medica for arriving at a remedy. It was also evident based on the WOMAC scoring before and after medicinal intervention, in all 30 cases significant improvement was seen.

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Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Relationship of remedies, Boenninghausen's Therapeutic Pocket Book, Osteoarthritis of Knee

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To validate the "Ailments from" rubric as an eliminating rubric in mind chapter of synthesis repertory 9.1 using Type II Diabetes Mellitus cases. To study the remedies under the "Ailments from" rubric in the mind chapter of synthesis repertory 9.1 using Type II Diabetes Mellitus cases. To determine the effectiveness of Homoeopathic treatment in reducing the Fasting Blood sugar level in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus using "Ailments from" as an eliminating rubric. To compare the clinical symptoms using Diabetic clinical score before and after the homeopathic treatment . Diabetes is a rising worry worldwide due to factors such as aging, urbanization, unhealthy eating habits, obesity, and lack of physical activity. According to the World Health Organization, the number of people with diabetes globally surpasses 180 million, and this figure might double by 2030. It's a severe and long-term condition with no cure. While conventional medicine offers options like oral medication and insulin, some of these treatments can have harmful side effects. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, intensive blood-glucose management with sulphonylureas or insulin significantly lowers the incidence of microvascular problems but not macrovascular disease. In order to reduce the incidence of the disease new method of treatment is to be established. Homoeopathic treatment may be next possible mode of treatment to control the blood sugar level. This study was conducted in order to find the homoeopathic medicine by using "REPERTORIUM HOMOEOPATHICUM SYNTHETICUM 9.1" as a tool.

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Diabetic Clinical Score, FBS, Homoeopathy, Ailments from rubric , Synthesis repertory , Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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In homeopathy, understanding remedy relationships is pivotal for effective second prescriptions, particularly with widely used remedies like Calcarea carbonicum. This study investigates the remedy relationship of Calcarea carbonicum by analyzing 60 cases treated at the Sarada Krishna Homeopathic Medical College. Observations focus on remedies administered following Calcarea carbonicum, their duration of action, and subsequent therapeutic changes. The findings reveal the most common complementary and sequential remedies, contributing to enhanced clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. These insights enrich the knowledge base surrounding remedy relationships and sequential prescribing in homeopathy.

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Calcarea carbonicum, remedy relationship, sequential prescribing, homeopathy, second prescription

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Aspergillosis is an fungal infection which manifest both acute and chronic phase. In acute phase it affect about 1-4 million and in chronic 3 million people around world. Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillusnige rmainly on immune-compromised persons.Homoeopathy is one of the cost effective system of medicine used world widely. Even though there is plenty of clinical studies, Homoeopathic system is lacking in pre-clinical studies. Here the anti-fungal activityofAspergillus niger was studied in-vitro by using Allium cepa, Carbo vegetalis and Phosphorus 200 potencies in SDA medium and the zone of inhibition produced by these three dugs was studied in-vitro. The medicine Carbo vegetalis 200 showed more Antifungal activity with a zone of inhibition of 7mm ,Phosphorus 4mm and Allium cepa 2mm. The control Sacchrum lactis shows only 1mm inhibition. It shows that homoeopathic medicines posses a fungicidal activity and hence it can be effectively used in fungal infections.

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Antifungal activity, Aspergillus niger,Carbo vegetalis, Phosphorus, Alliumcepa, Zoneof Inhibition

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the third fastest-growing cause of death around the world and is projected to become the fifth most common cause of years of life lost worldwide by 2040. With deterioration in renal function, this leads to the onset of CKD-related complications, such as uremia, anemia, and electrolyte disorders. These complications often manifest as symptoms ranging from pruritus, pain, and insomnia to muscle cramps. This in turn has negative implications on patients' quality of life. Despite medical breakthroughs and the advent of new therapies in the past decades, optimal treatments for some of the symptoms resulting from CKD-related complications remained unclear, possibly due to their complex pathophysiology. Thus, an effective treatment is indeed in case of managing chronic kidney disease where comes homoeopathy. The need of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines lycopodium and eucalyptus in various potencies for chronic renal failure.

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Anemia, Eucalyptus, Homoeopathy, Lycopodium, Renal failure

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Epilepsy remains a major public health problem in developing countries, not only because of its health problems but also for its social, cultural, psychological and economic effects. The burden of epilepsy is frequently larger than the disease itself due to the stigma linked to the condition and common misconceptions about it. School children are particularly impacted as they are developing and engage on many different levels. So this study intends to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice about epilepsy among school students. Descriptive cross-sectional study was under taken in 100 12th class students. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. 62% students answered correctly in knowledge domain, 51% showed positive attitude in attitude domain and 43% answered correctly in practice domain. Only 8% students were exposed in management of epilepsy patient.12th class students have average knowledge about epilepsy. But they are poor in attitude and practice regarding epilepsy. There is a need to include health education programs for school children regarding epilepsy.

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epilepsy, knowledge, Attitude and Practices.

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Menstruation is one aspect of sexual maturity that first occurs during puberty in a woman. Menstruation that occurs regularly every month will form a menstrual cycle. Menstrual problems are common among adolescent girls, with a prevalence rate of approximately 50%. Psychological changes in adolescence can affect adolescent emotions that can cause stress. Stress in adolescent one of which can disrupt the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of stress levels with the menstrual cycle in adolescents. These deserve careful evaluation as uncorrected menstrual problems may adversely affect the daily routine and quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 students in different colleges in India, by administering a questionnaire consisting of premenstrual symptoms and psychosocial stress Assessment scale. Psychosocial stress was assessed using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10). This study found a strong link between stress levels and menstrual cycle abnormalities in adult female students who experienced premenstrual symptoms such anxiety, mood swings, irritability, headaches, and dysmenorrhea. This suggests that measures to lessen stress can enhance the menstrual health of adult females, lowering future health risks and enhancing quality of life.

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Menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, perceived stress scale

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Schizophrenia is a mental condition that is affecting approx. 1.0 percent of the worldwide population, with devastating consequences for affected individuals and their families. Homoeopathy could be an effective alternative mode of treatment and can minimize the consequences of it.This study is done to have a brief review of the condition of Schizophrenia and to evaluate the role of Homoeopathy as an alternative mode of treatment in patients suffering from this condition.The research is performed as an retrospective study by searching Pubmed, IJRH, ISOR-JDMS, WHO, and Medscape databases. Reference books related to medicine and homoeopathy were also reviewed. The search used the keywords like Schizophrenia, Homoeopathy, psychiatry, hallucinations, paranoia, ICD-10, DSM-5, etc.This study is conducted at Peripheral Health Centres, Karode centre for Mentally ill women, EMMAUS Rehabilitation centres at Ummancode, Mekkamandapam and also at the OPD for Psychiatry in Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College, Kulasekharam.Schizophrenia alters the thinking, feeling and behavior of affected person and is presented in form of delusion, hallucination with social withdrawal. Homoeopathy can be an alternative mode of treatment to not only help in improving this condition but also treat the same. There are not much studies that has been conducted to evaluate the role of Homoeopathy in schizophrenia. Out of few, one study has suggested improvement in the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score system.Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition not only affecting routine of daily of life but also the Quality of life. Homoeopathy is a non-toxic, gentle, permanent treatment which is based on totality of symptoms (TOS) and individualization. In the process of construction of TOS and individualization, more importance is given to mental symptoms. As again pschizophrenia is a psychiatric condition which affects the mental process of patient, Homoeopathy can be used as an effective method of treatment but to establish the efficacy of it, more studies including randomized controlled trials are suggestede analytical framework contains.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of stress levels with the menstrual cycle in adolescents. These deserve careful evaluation as uncorrected menstrual problems may adversely affect the daily routine and quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 students in different colleges in India, by administering a questionnaire consisting of premenstrual symptoms and psychosocial stress Assessment scale. Psychosocial stress was assessed using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10). This study found a strong link between stress levels and menstrual cycle abnormalities in adult female students who experienced premenstrual symptoms such anxiety, mood swings, irritability, headaches, and dysmenorrhea. This suggests that measures to lessen stress can enhance the menstrual health of adult females, lowering future health risks and enhancing quality of life.

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Schizophrenia, Homoeopathy, BPRS scale, individualization

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This study examines the potential cost savings associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in insurance claims processing. AI can automate processes and tasks that would otherwise require manual intervention, thereby enabling insurers to reduce operational costs. By applying AI algorithms to insurance and customer data, insurers can identify appropriate products, detect potentially fraudulent claims, reduce operational costs, and improve decision-making accuracy. Additionally, AI can automate customer/policyholder interactions, enabling faster and more accurate responses. Furthermore, AI can power predictive analytics, using data to forecast changes in customer demand and identify key trends in the marketplace. This can allow insurers to better manage their internal costs and optimize pricing structures to remain competitive. Finally, AI-powered systems can enable improved compliance with applicable regulations, thereby increasing efficiency whilst reducing the costs associated with non-compliance.

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Artificial Intelligence, Insurance Claims Processing, Machine Learning, Cost Reduction, Fraud Detection, Predictive Analytics.

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Intelligent service robots are being increasingly deployed in commercial and institutional settings to improve customer satisfaction and reduce operational costs. In this paper we present the design and development of a low-cost AI based HelpDesk Robot that provides independent client support through multimodal interaction. For customer identification, the system is equipped with a PIR motion sensor, an OLED display for visual feedback, and an ESP32 microcontroller for system control. It also includes an AI Thinker VC-02 voice module for offline speech recognition and speech synthesis and an ESP32-CAM module for real time face recognition. The PIR sensor activates the system when a client approaches, the ESP32-CAM identifies the visitor using facial recognition and the speech module allows natural language interaction to answer commonly asked queries by using a locally stored knowledge base. The robot ensures that communication is accessible and user-friendly by providing synchronised text and voice responses. The proposed architecture reduces the manual intervention thereby providing continuous availability of the services and improving user interaction, thus ensuring low deployment and maintenance costs. The experimental implementation demonstrates reliable client detection, accurate face recognition, responsive voice interaction, and effective real-time system performance. The proposed system, thanks to its modular and scalable design, can be deployed in hospitals, schools, retail centers, corporate offices, banks, and other public service settings where intelligent automated help is required.

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AI-Based Help Desk Robot, ESP32-CAM, Face Recognition, Voice Recognition, Human-Robot Interaction, Embedded Systems, Customer Service Automation, ESP32, OLED Display, PIR Sensor.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have become an important technology in modern surveillance, environmental monitoring, disaster management, agriculture and security applications. Recent advances in embedded systems, wireless communication and autonomous flight control have enabled drones to perform complex tasks with increased accuracy and reliability. The M3 Max Autonomous Drone is an intelligent UAV for stable flight, real-time monitoring and autonomous navigation. In this paper, we present the architecture, surveillance integration and performance analysis of the M3 Max drone. The proposed system consists of Flight Controller, Brushless DC (BLDC) motors, Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs), Optical Flow Positioning System, 360o Obstacle Avoidance System (OAS), Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and high definition First Person View (FPV) camera for effective aerial surveillance and collision free operation. The study is focused on the interaction of hardware components, embedded control algorithms and wireless communication modules that achieve accurate positioning, stable hovering, obstacle detection and real-time video transmission. Performance evaluation shows that the combination of optical flow positioning and intelligent obstacle avoidance can significantly improve the flight stability, navigation accuracy and operational safety in indoor and outdoor environments. The proposed architecture offers a reliable and efficient framework for autonomous surveillance and builds a foundation for future enhancements using Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision and IoT based drone technologies for next generation smart aerial applications.

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Autonomous Drone, M3 Max, UAV, Flight Controller, Optical Flow Positioning, Obstacle Avoidance, FPV Camera, Real-Time Surveillance.

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THE LAW RELATING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (A I) :- A BIRD VIEW

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THE LAW RELATING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (A I) :- A BIRD VIEW

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Digital image watermarking is still an important method for copyright protection, ownership proof, and image authentication. Among many approaches, frequency-domain watermarking has remained popular because it usually gives better balance between image quality and robustness than simple spatial-domain methods [1][2]. This paper presents a systematic review of classical frequency-domain watermarking with focus on DCT, DWT, DFT, and SVD-based hybrid methods. It also studies how these traditional methods perform when images are changed by modern manipulation tools such as AI-based enhancement, inpainting, semantic editing, and watermark removal systems [3][4]. The review combines literature analysis with an experimental synthesis based on published benchmark results. The main observation is that classical methods still perform well against common attacks like compression, filtering, resizing, and noise, but their strength becomes limited when image content is strongly regenerated or semantically modified by modern tools [1][3].

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digital image watermarking, frequency-domain watermarking, DCT, DWT, DFT, SVD, robustness, image manipulation, review

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a strategic framework through which organizations integrate social, environmental, and ethical considerations into their business operations. While traditional views considered CSR as a cost-oriented activity, contemporary perspectives highlight its potential to enhance organizational performance. This conceptual study examines the relationship between CSR and business performance by critically synthesizing existing theoretical and empirical literature. The analysis explores key dimensions such as financial performance, corporate reputation, customer behavior, employee engagement, and long-term sustainability. The study identifies that CSR contributes to value creation primarily through improved stakeholder relationships and enhanced corporate legitimacy. However, the extent of its impact varies across industries and depends on the strategic alignment of CSR initiatives with organizational objectives. The paper also discusses key challenges, including measurement issues, resource constraints, and conflicts between profit maximization and social responsibility. The findings suggest that CSR, when implemented as a core strategic function rather than a peripheral activity, can significantly enhance both economic and social outcomes. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for a more integrated and performance-oriented approach to CSR in modern business environments.

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Corporate Social Responsibility; Business Performance; Financial Performance; Corporate Reputation; Stakeholder Theory; Sustainability; Organizational Performance

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Indigenous knowledge is rooted in deep connections of indigenous people to the land, environment, and culture. Indigenous Knowledge Transmission refers to the process through which the knowledge of indigenous people of a community is passed from generation to generation. The Tiwa tribe, an indigenous group mainly residing in Nagaon, Morigaon, Karbi-Anglong and Kamrup districts of Assam and in the Khasi-Jayantiya hills of Meghalaya. Generally, it is seen that, in a society of Assam, the managers or bearers of indigenous knowledge systems which is related to the development, care and well-being of women and children are senior women, or grandmothers. Tiwa women plays a central role in almost all social aspects of Tiwa community by holdings several portfolios and performing assigned duties and responsibilities. Women are important part of various domestic, agricultural, community-based rituals related to fertility, health, seasonal cycles and worship to the ancestors in Tiwa community. This paper aims to analyze the significant role of Tiwa women in indigenous knowledge transmission to future generation through rituals, festivals etc. This research follows a qualitative methodological framework and relies exclusively on secondary sources.

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Indigenous Knowledge, Knowledge Transmission, Tiwa community, Tiwa women

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Generating physically plausible, environment-responsive character animations in real time sits at one of the harder intersections of deep learning and computer graphics. Current methods force a trade-off: fast solutions cut physical accuracy, while physically accurate pipelines depend on offline computation that cannot adapt when runtime conditions change unexpectedly. This paper presents NeuroMotionNet, a unified framework that combines a multi-head Transformer motion encoder with a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) reinforcement learning agent to produce adaptive, temporally coherent character animations at interactive rates.

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Character animation; Transformer; Reinforcement learning; Real-time rendering; Skeletal retargeting; Physics-aware motion; Temporal consistency; 3D intelligent environments; Deep motion synthesis; PPO policy optimization

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Weeds are unwanted plants that grow along with the agricultural crops and compete for nutrients, water, sunlight, and space. They reduce crop yield and quality, impose high economic cost to the farmers and may also promote infestation of variety of insects and diseases in the crops. Weeds also interfere with the harvesting process and become part of harvested produce.

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Rabi crops, weeds, weedicides, integrated weed management, Rabi Crops, infestatio

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