Volume 7 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Communication involves conveying thoughts and ideas to others through speech and facial expressions. It is a vital aspect of human life, facilitating interaction with the world. However, for individuals with hearing impairments, communication can be challenging without the aid of devices like battery-operated hearing aids, hand signals, and facial expressions. In this project, an Audio-Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR) system is introduced, leveraging image-processing capabilities in lip-reading to support speech recognition systems. This approach integrates both audio and visual processing, meaning that separate video and audio recognition processes are combined. Our project utilizes a Kannada audio database--a Dravidian language spoken by over 60 million people in Karnataka--to assist those with hearing impairments. The proposed AVSR model comprises three main components: (a) an audio feature extraction mechanism, (b) a visual feature extraction mechanism, and (c) an audio and visual feature integration mechanism. The integration mechanism merges the outputs from both the audio and visual extraction processes to produce final classification results. In this work, the audio feature mechanism is designed using Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and a Random Forest system, while the visual feature mechanism is developed using Haar-Cascade Detection with MATLAB and a Feedforward Neural Network system. These extracted features are then integrated using a hybrid model that includes both Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques. The system's performance, in terms of speech recognition accuracy and robustness, was tested using speech data in a clean environment. On average, the final audio recognition rate is 88%, the visual recognition rate is 57%, and the integrated system achieves an overall recognition rate of 86%.

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 Keywords

Hybrid Model, Random Forest, AVSR, Feature Extraction, Lip Localization, Word Recognition.

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Sharan Kumar Limbale's novel Outcaste vividly portrays the psychological, social, and economic facets of caste-based prejudice in India by exposing the exploitation of Dalits. The Dalit community is impacted by the book's portrayal of systemic oppression. The article examines the protagonist's experiences using caste exploitation as a lens, and it also looks at broader implications for understanding the challenges faced by oppressed groups and the role literature plays in fostering social change.

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Dalit Exploitation in Sharan Kumar Limbale's Outcaste

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Marginalization, also known as social elimination, is an occurrence where certain groups of people are left without access to certain aspects of society due to different factors such as historical bias and lack of funding. These marginalized individuals do not unavoidably belong to any specific demographic but are often at a drawback when it comes to obtaining healthcare, decent education, and employment that would improve their well-being. Marginalization can effect from intentional campaigns or accidentally due to structures that benefit some members while making life challenging for others. Causes of marginalization include discrimination and bias, structural disadvantages, poverty, and limited talent pools. Discrimination and bias can lead policymakers or community members to create structures that keep certain groups from take parting fully in society, such as apartheid and institutional boundaries like the prohibition of marriage among people of the same sex. Poverty is a major provider to marginalization, as poor people often lack the time or resources to advocate for their wellbeing. Structural disadvantages can also be a factor, as society denies them the space or accommodations they need to advocate for their needs and make their voices heard. Marginalization harms society as a whole, but marginalized people shoulder the main encumber of that impact. Limited talent pools, criminal activity, and mental health issues are some of the ruinous effects of marginalization. Gate keeping institutions and workplaces produce conditions where only certain people from precise backgrounds advance and have a voice, leading to homogeneity and the breakdown to bring new perspectives and fresh ideas to decision-makers. Marginalized people may also run into seemingly insuperable challenges when pursuing legal means of earning a living, inspiring them to turn to illegal means. Take political action by getting occupied in social justice initiatives, which requires both organization and ally ship to build coalitions of people who can bring attention to cause and effect change. Learn about marginalization and its impact, which creates understanding and a better understanding of marginalized groups and dispels misinformation about how and why certain groups get disqualified from society. Invest in transportation and public services, which are often lacking for marginalized groups, to remove some of these domineering barriers. Marginalization is a broad issue touching many people with different needs. To address this issue, it is essential to take political action, learn about marginalization, invest in transportation and public services, and learn about the forces that persist to impact everyday life.

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Marginalization, Exploitation, Maghai Dhome, Santosh Pujari, Dam and Charsa

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Let G be a graph with minimal vertex dominating sets G1, G2, ......Gm. Form a graph D(G) with vertices corresponding to G1, G2, ....Gm and two sets Gi and Gj are adjacent if they have atleast one vertex in common. This graph D(G) is known as Dominating Graph. Minimum cardinality of a minimal dominating sets of D(G) is called domination number of D(G) and is denoted by ?(D(G)). In this paper, bounds on ?(D(G)) are obtained and its exact values for some standard graphs are found.

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 Keywords

Path, Complete graph, Complete bipartite graph, Domination number, ?- set.

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The major issue of producing electrical energy in remote places are due to lack of energy sources. This paper proposes a standalone hybrid solar and wind energy system for rural electrification. Maximum solar power is extracted by using MPPT perturbation and Observation method and PMSG is utilized to convert the wind kinetic energy into electrical energy. Five level cascaded H bridge inverter is used for converting dc power to ac. Total Harmonic Distortion is reduced by using LC filter and it is verified by FET analysis. Simulation model of hybrid energy system is done by using MATLAB/Simulink software

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Hybrid system, solar and wind generation, Multi-Level Inverter [MLI], Cascaded H Bridge, Total Harmonic Distortion

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This Study synthesizes fifteen seminal works spanning from 1977 to 2015, each challenging conventional methodologies in wind energy analysis and unveiling nuanced insights crucial for sustainable energy development. From scrutinizing wind speed probability distributions in locations like La Ventosa, Mexico, to optimizing wind energy planning for offshore wind farm design, these studies offer invaluable insights into wind behavior complexities and their implications for renewable energy generation. By proposing novel frameworks and tailored methodologies, researchers emphasize precision and innovation in wind energy analysis, paving the way for more informed decision-making and sustainable energy solutions globally.

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Geographical contexts, Renewable energy, Statistical modeling, Sustainable energy solutions, Weibull distribution, Wind dynamics, Wind energy analysis.

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Autonomous vehicles are poised to become one of the most pervasive and impactful applications of Computer Vision, Machine and Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence. However, difficult challenges still remain before their widespread deployment, many of which concern the system as a whole, rather than single components in isolation. Examples include the code sign of hardware components and algorithms, the coupled interactions between perception and control, the optimal allocation of finite computational resources to concurrent processes, and safe multi-agent behaviors.

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CREATING A COST EFFECTIVE SCALE MODEL OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TEST BED

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We humans are known for maintaining cleanliness may it be our home or the vehicle we travel in. As we know the number of vehicles worldwide increasing day by day hence keeping the vehicles clean have become a big issue. People often tend to give their vehicles outside for cleaning; therefore spending a lot of money and some in order to save money, people exhaust their time and energy cleaning the vehicle themselves. We live in a period where all the works are made to be done by a machine either automatic or remote controlled. The already existing automatic car washer is very costly and takes huge place for a family to install for their personal use. Hence we have come up with a solution of a car washer which is remote controlled and are affordable for family use, which can be parked in the corner of a parking when not in use. This project is about reducing size and cost of the machine that is used for washing vehicle. The machine is remote controlled hence contains transmitter and receiver. For the movement of the machines motors and wheels are used. For the better cleaning the water is directly connected to the tap by the help of pipe and using pump and pressure gun the water is then sprayed. The glass washer and car washing liquid is stored in a container and is sprayed as and when required using a motor and drip technique. The arm is rotated using motors. The wheels of the vehicle are also taken into consideration and there is a separate brush which is used for the cleaning of the wheel. Safety of the car and the operator and the machine is also taken into consideration and hence sensors are used which when detects the machine too close to the vehicle which may cause any harm to the vehicle then it gives out an alarm to warn the operator. Aurdino is used for some of the operations to be performed under some cases and waterproofing of the devices is very important in order to avoid electrical shortage and loose connection, tight packing is given priority.

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Car Washer, Aurdino, Sensors

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This comprehensive review critically analyses the complex correlation between DC microgrids and the incorporation of Distributed Generation (DG). It offers a full evaluation of fundamental principles, advanced control strategies, technology advancements, and practical implementations in real-world scenarios. This research examines the ability of Direct Current (DC) microgrids to effectively integrate and optimize various DG sources within the context of a paradigm shift towards decentralized energy solutions. The paper critically examines the obstacles and opportunities associated with renewable energy systems and different DG technologies. It provides essential insights for researchers, engineers, and politicians who are involved in the complex process of integrating distributed energy into existing systems. This review serves as a crucial resource that contributes to the understanding of DG in DC microgrids. It plays a significant role in developing conversations surrounding energy solutions that are both resilient and sustainable.This paper not only discusses the difficulties related to the integration of DG, but also emphasizes practical examples that demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of DC microgrid designs. This study serves as a crucial resource for stakeholders who aim to use the potential of DC microgrids, since it encompasses a comprehensive analysis of power electronics, energy storage, and sophisticated control systems. By combining critical evaluation with practical implementation, this review offers valuable insights and guidance in the field. The complete investigation plays a significant role in advancing the integration of DG, which is essential for creating a resilient and sustainable energy environment. It provides basic information that is needed for achieving effective integration. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the integration of DG within DC microgrids. From laying the groundwork with fundamental principles to scrutinizing challenges, technological advancements, and practical applications, this review aims to offer a holistic understanding of the dynamic landscape where DC microgrids intersect with distributed energy generation.

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 Keywords

DC Microgrid, DG, Renewable Energy, Power Electronics, Energy Storage, Control Strategies, Integration Challenges.

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Speech processing has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, with probabilistic models playing a pivotal role in enhancing various tasks, including speech recognition, synthesis, and understanding. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent trends in speech processing, focusing on the application of probabilistic models. We explore the theoretical foundations, methodologies, and practical implementations of probabilistic models in speech processing tasks. Additionally, we discuss the challenges, emerging trends, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.

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A Novel and Realistic Review on Recent Trends in Speech Processing Using Probabilistic Models

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Mangroves are halophytic species and help stabilise the coasts and river lines, protecting them from tides, waves, and heavy wind. It also functions as a breeding and feeding ground for several aquatic species. India represents the world's 5% mangrove forest cover. The River Tirur originates from the Athavanad village and flows into the Arabian Sea through the coastal town of Ponnani. The main threat to mangrove forests is anthropogenic activities compared to natural phenomena. The majority of these ecosystems are converted into farmlands, resorts, aquaculture, and other building activities. A transect measuring 8Km (4Km from urban and 4 Km from the suburban area) was selected to study the mangrove diversity and existing threats to the mangrove forests of the river Tirur. A 100m line transect was laid in each of the 1 Km for studying vegetation. A total of 8 species were identified and 286 individuals recorded. In the urban area, we could locate two species, namely Sonniratia caseolans (n=1) and Avicennia officinalis (n=23). In the rural area, we identified 6 species, of which the species Sonniratia caseolans (189) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (36) were observed in high numbers. The least recorded species were Bruguiera sexangula (n=5) and Kandella candel (n=6). The study revealed the highest density of Sonniratia caseolans and Avicennia officinalis. The local residents reported that, over a period of time, the mangrove forest patches have undergone a considerable decrease. Residents are aware of the important functions of the mangrove ecosystem, and the identified services are prevention from soil erosion, supporting bird diversity, providing fodder for cattle, and protection from heavy wind. The identified threats to the mangrove forest were river beautification activities, encroachment along the riverside, and the Koottayi regulator cum bridge.

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Mangorve species, diversity, environmental awareness, conservation

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In recent decades, consumers and producers have voiced concerns about the effects of products on the environment. Products that are thought to be "green" or environmentally friendly, such as low-power (energy-efficient) electrical appliances, organic foods, lead-free paints, recyclable paper, and phosphate-free detergents, have drawn the attention of both consumers and manufacturers. The significance of the Green Marketing Concept is also being recognized by marketers in India. While there has been a lot of global research on green marketing, there hasn't been much scholarly study done in India on customer perceptions and preferences. An overview of environmental issues is given in this research, along with information on consumers' green values, awareness of environmental issues, and green habits and products. Consumers place a high value on green products, research has provided useful insights for green product marketers and indicates the necessity to create marketing communication campaigns supporting green products. This study supports the idea that customer preference and purchase decisions are positively influenced by general green values, consumer awareness of green practices and products, and consumer perceptions of the seriousness of marketing firms' commitment to green marketing.

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green marketing, consumer preferences, green products, marketing communication campaign

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The market for eco-friendly cosmetics has grown significantly in the last few years. Concurrently, there has been a rise in scholarly interest in the topic. However, the information is inconsistent overall. Despite the growing corpus of literature, no thorough compilation and integration of empirical research examining the variables associated with green cosmetics purchase behaviour (GCPB) has been carried out. This study makes an effort to close this gap. We conducted this systematic review. The elements of the theory of planned behaviour that were most commonly demonstrated as determinants were attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Then came the "marketing mix, consumer consciousness issues, consumer values, brand-related attributes, experience and knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers". Consequently, this research will aid in the understanding of the knowledge barrier by academics. Moreover, the findings of this review will help marketers frame their marketing strategies for promoting green cosmetic products.

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Green cosmetics; Purchase Behavior Systematic Review; Sustainability, E-WOM.

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ukVdksa ds eaph; izLrqrhdj.k esa laxhr ds fofHkuu :iksa dk iz;ksx

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Analyzing the evolution of women's rights within the Indian judicial system over the past two centuries presents a multifaceted and intricate narrative. The journey of women's rights in India has been marked by several milestones, setbacks, and incremental progress. In this article, we will embark on a detailed exploration of the legal landscape pertaining to women's rights in the Indian judicial system from the colonial era to the present day.

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The evaluation of women's rights in the Indian judicial system over the past 200 years.

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Ladakh, nestled in the Himalayas, faces escalating climate change impacts, necessitating an in-depth understanding of local perceptions and adaptive strategies. This study explores Ladakh's socio-cultural dynamics, livelihood impacts, and adaptive responses to climate change. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including interviews, surveys, and observation, the research unveils a diverse array of local perceptions. Some attribute weather changes to natural variability, while others express concerns about increasing temperatures and glacial retreat. These impacts reverberate across livelihoods, notably agriculture and pastoralism, prompting resilience and adaptability through traditional practices, modern technologies, and community-based initiatives. Ladakh experiences a cold desert climate characterized by extreme temperatures and sparse vegetation. Home to diverse ethnic groups, Ladakh's cultural heritage faces threats from climate change-induced glacier retreat and erratic precipitation, impacting water security, agriculture, and ecosystems. The findings underscore the intricate interplay of socio-cultural, ecological, and economic factors shaping Ladakh's response to climate change. Despite challenges, communities exhibit resilience, drawing upon traditional wisdom and innovative practices. Notably, perceptions of natural variability and recognition of anthropogenic influences underscore nuanced understandings of climate dynamics. Adaptive strategies encompass traditional practices, technological innovations, and community-based initiatives, reflecting a multifaceted approach to building resilience. This research offers comprehensive insights into Ladakh's local perceptions, livelihood impacts, and adaptive capacities, informing targeted interventions and policy frameworks. By recognizing and leveraging local knowledge systems, stakeholders can collaboratively address the complex challenges posed by climate change in Ladakh and beyond.

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Ladakh; climate change; local perceptions; socio-cultural dynamics; livelihood impacts; adaptive strategies

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This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of fiscal and monetary policies in India, with a focus on the prevailing economic conditions. Against the backdrop of global economic uncertainties and domestic challenges, this paper examines the roles, objectives, and effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies in promoting economic stability, growth, and development in India. Simultaneously, the evaluation of monetary policy under the purview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is examined. The RBI's monetary policy framework, guided by the objective of maintaining inflation within a target range while supporting growth, is analyzed in depth. The adoption of inflation targeting, coupled with forward-looking communication strategies, has enhanced the effectiveness and credibility of monetary policy. However, challenges such as volatile global financial conditions and transmission mechanisms pose significant hurdles to the efficacy of monetary policy transmission in India. Furthermore, it evaluates the policy response to emerging challenges and offers insights into the future trajectory of fiscal and monetary policies in India.

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Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Economic Stability, India

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The idea of visual education is not new. It appears that over long centuries outstanding teachers have tried to devise ways to make concepts clearer to their pupils through the use of various devices. It is said that 2500 years ago the Greek mathematician Pythagoras drew geometric figures in the sand when making his demonstrations. History suggests that the basic condition which strongly encourages study and experimentation in visual aids was one which was the danger of what William James called it "Empty Verbalism" concepts; to have meaning for the learners must be grounded in his personal experience. Many students of Educational method are convinced that the most serious problem of all formal teaching from Kindergarten through college is the avoidance of meaningless verbalisation. The avoidance of excessive verbalism was a basic consideration in the pedagogical theories of Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670). Comenius was greatly disturbed by the prevailing methods and materials of instruction in use in his day. He was convinced that improvement in Teaching and learning would necessitate more emphasis on sense experience, in order that the formal teaching would be grounded in the experience of children and would thus be meaningful to them. This conviction led him to prepare one of the most famous text book ever written for children, ORBIS PICTUS (meaning the world in pictures). This book contained numerous pictures of scenes from everyday life of the times accompanied by textual material for children to read. In his book Comenius gave the following directions to the teachers and parents who were to use the materials with children.

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Visual Instructional Devices

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Abstracts The study looks at mechanisms for improving and stabilising the financial performance of commercial banks in India. More specifically, this study aimed to assess corporate governance's influence on financial performance regarding asset quality, efficiency use of equity, earning ability, capital adequacy, and liquidity. The study blanketed the board issue of governance and board control, constructs that have no longer been studied previously in assessing the effect of company governance on the performance of commercial banks. Other constructs included are the board's gender diversity, board size, directors' shareholding, board manage, board members' over boarding, board sports, and the life of essential board committees. There are many factors which have an effect on Corporate Governance. It is highly. Difficult to understand Corporate Governance and outline it. Yet, research is vital to apprehend the converting particular wishes of correct Corporate Governance practices and the impact of such practices. Newline In this examine the Corporate Governance of banks in India has been studied with the help of a Corporate Governance Index mainly designed for banks. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Net NPA ratio had been taken as independent variables. A vulnerable correlation changed into observed among CG and ROA and NIM and notably high relation became established among CG and PBV and Tobin s Q. The governance practices and financial overall performance of personal banks.

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Key words: Corporate governance, financial performance, banking sector, organisation theory, Stake holder concept.

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According to WHO globalization can be defined as the enlarged interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It can be generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that make possible or promote such stream. The term globalisation has come to mean the way in which the world economy is run and occupied by multi-national corporate and the international organizations/institutions they tend to control 'Globalization' was the zeitgeist of the 1990s and onwards. In the social sciences, it gave rise to the claim that deepening interconnectedness was fundamentally transforming the nature of human society, and was replacing the sovereign state with a multi-layered, multilateral system of global governance. The impact globalization influence on technical progress especially in information technology, worldwide communication and global transportation. This collision not only influences on manufacturing and transportation of goods but also services and knowledge can flow much more easily because of innovations such as the internet. The second important role is the shift in policy orientation as governments everywhere have reduced barriers that had restricted the development of domestic markets and their links to the international economy. (MeenuAgarwal, 2008, pp., xviii).

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The Impact of globalization among the Marginal Farmers: Issues and challenges

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