Volume 14 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Income and wealth inequality continue to pose deep-rooted structural challenges in India, carrying far-reaching consequences for economic stability, inclusive development, and effective policymaking. Consequently, accurate forecasting of inequality trends is crucial for evidence-based policy decisions. This study evaluates the suitability and comparative predictive performance of nonlinear machine learning and time-series techniques for forecasting income and wealth inequality in India. Departing from the constraints of traditional linear econometric models, the analysis employs Random Forest (RF), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models to better capture the nonlinear relationships and temporal dynamics that characterize inequality processes. Drawing on historical inequality measures obtained from nationally representative secondary datasets, the forecasting models are developed and tested within a common analytical framework. Model performance is evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The empirical evidence demonstrates that machine learning-driven approaches most notably XGBoost and LSTM outperform conventional ARIMA and other benchmark models in predictive accuracy. This advantage stems from their enhanced capacity to capture nonlinear dynamics and long-range temporal dependencies. The results highlight the growing importance of advanced machine learning methods as reliable and complementary instruments for forecasting inequality in emerging economies. Overall, the study makes a methodological contribution to the inequality forecasting literature and provides actionable insights for policymakers aiming to adopt data-driven strategies to track and mitigate income and wealth inequality in India.

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Income Inequality; Wealth Inequality; India; Forecasting; Machine Learning; Time-Series Analysis; Random Forest; ARIMA; Support Vector Regression; XGBoost; LSTM

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Ayurveda-The science of life put forward the two methods for maintenance of health. They are - i) Swasthasya swasthya rakshanam i.e. maintaining health by adopting proper preventive measures and ii) Aturasya vikar prashamana i.e. curing diseases by giving suitable treatment for the ailment. In Ayurveda the term 'Agni' is considered as the power which converts the ingested food substances from one form to another. Agni converts food in the form of substances which are accepted by the body. Ayurveda considers 'Dehagni' as fundamental cause of life, complexion, strength, health, nourishment, lustre, oja, teja and prana. In Ayurveda, Agnimandya is said to be the root cause of most of the diseases like Atisar, Grahani, Arsha etc. So it is important to understand the Concept of Agnimandya thoroughly to avoid the occurrence and reoccurrence of various diseases. In the present era of 21 st century Arsha has become more common and distressing disease. Symptomatic Arsha affect at least 50% of population at some phase during their lives with around 5% of population suffering at any given time. So it is important to take care of Agni to avoid Agnimandya and occurrence of various diseases.

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Agni, Agnimandya, Arsha, jathragni, Ama.

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Abstract: A fish market is a location where commercially significant fish and fish products are sold. In the city of Bhandara, there exist two varieties of fish markets: a regular fish market and a weekly fish market. The regular fish market is situated in the Kardha area of Bhandara, while the weekly fish market is found in the main city. The variety of fish is analyzed through the presence of specific species in catches by fishermen and examinations of local fish markets. Collected fish were identified using standard literature, photographed, and preserved in glass jars containing a 10% formalin solution. Fish from the orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Ophiocephaliformes, Beloniformes, Clupeiformes, and Mastacembeliformes were documented in Bhandara fish market. A significant group of fish is classified under the order Cypriniformes. Fishes from the order Cypriniformes are commonly favored in aquaculture methods. These fish are raised to meet the needs of consumers. Consumers primarily favor these fish because they grow larger and are highly nutritious and tasty. In the current study, we have indicated the presence of various types of fish at the Bhandara fish market. These investigations will aid in examining the freshwater resources of Bhandara District and will also assist in conducting research on these lines.

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Bhandara, Fish market, Cypriniformes, Aquaculture.

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The present study investigated the ecological dynamics of trematode parasitism in freshwater fish Channa spp. From the river Rapti, Uttar Pradesh, India, during January-December 2025. Monthly and seasonal sampling was conducted to assess variations in infection parameters in relation to environmental and water quality factors. Fish hosts were analyzed for trematode parasites, and ecological indices for instance, prevalence, average intensity, relative density, abundance, dominant percentage, and infestation index calculation were performed. The results revealed pronounced monthly and seasonal reflection in trematode infection, with peak prevalence and parasite load recorded during late summer and early monsoon months, while the lowest values were noted during winter. Seasonal analysis indicated highest infection spring and summer, suggesting favorable environmental conditions for the transmission of parasites during warmer periods. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water showed noticeable variation across months, which appeared to influence parasite prevalence and host susceptibility. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated strongly significant positive correlation between the number of infected hosts and major infection indices. Overall, the findings highlighted the strong influence of seasonal and environmental factors on trematode parasitism in Channa spp., emphasizing the ecological sensitivity of host-parasite interactions in freshwater ecosystems.

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Trematode parasites, Channa spp., Prevalence, Seasonal variation, Ecological indices and River Rapti

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Arundhati Roy's memoir Mother Mary Comes to Me (2025) reimagines motherhood beyond traditional sentimental and cultural idealizations by presenting a maternal figure shaped by emotional conflict, social struggle, and political resistance. Instead of portraying motherhood as a purely nurturing and self-sacrificing role, Roy constructs maternal identity as complex, contradictory, and historically conditioned. This paper examines how Roy represents motherhood through emotional authority, educational vision, legal activism, and intergenerational transmission of resistance. By situating maternal experience within patriarchal and class-based structures, the memoir challenges essentialist notions of maternal instinct and highlights motherhood as both personal relationship and social practice. The study argues that Roy transforms motherhood into a political and ethical project that extends beyond domestic boundaries, thereby redefining maternal influence as a force of cultural and ideological continuity.

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Motherhood, Memoir, Feminist Literature, Political Identity, Arundhati Roy, Maternal Authority

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly altered contemporary methods of data collection and processing, making personal information a critical resource for technological advancement. While AI-driven systems offer significant benefits in areas such as governance, healthcare, finance, and criminal justice, their extensive dependence on personal and behavioural data presents serious challenges to data protection and privacy. Conventional legal frameworks were not designed to regulate autonomous and opaque algorithmic systems, resulting in regulatory gaps concerning consent, transparency, accountability, and surveillance. This paper critically examines the privacy risks associated with AI technologies and evaluates existing international and Indian legal responses, with particular emphasis on constitutional jurisprudence. The study further proposes legal and policy reforms aimed at strengthening privacy safeguards while ensuring that innovation in artificial intelligence remains responsible and rights-oriented.

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Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection, Privacy, Indian Constitutional Law, Digital Governance

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Value education plays a crucial role in shaping the moral, ethical, and social behavior of children. In primary schools, value education helps in developing character, discipline, empathy, and social responsibility. This paper examines the importance of value education in the moral development of primary learners. The meaning of Value Education is to teach universal values like moral values, patience, honesty, etc., to the students. The purpose of value education is the development of the personality of the student. The full development of children's personality in its physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects. The value education inculcates universal and ethical values such as compassion, courage, honesty, tolerance and truthfulness. This helps in nurturing balanced individuals thus creating a humane society.

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Value Education, Moral Development, Primary Education, Ethics, Character Building

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The 1990s represent a defining phase in the history of Indian film music, marked by emotional richness, cultural immersion, and commercial expansion in the pre-digital era. This study, titled "Soundtracks of a Generation: Indian Film Music Culture in the 90s -- From Cassette Culture to Fan Communities," examines the evolution of Indian Hindi film music between 1990 and 2000 and its influence on youth culture, social practices, audience engagement, and the film industry's economic dynamics. Drawing upon cultural analysis, historical documentation, and industry trends, the research explores how film music became deeply embedded in everyday life through audio cassettes, CDs, FM radio, television music channels, and public spaces. The study highlights the role of prominent composers, playback singers, and record labels in shaping musical styles that blended classical, folk, and Western influences, resulting in iconic soundtracks that defined collective memory. It further investigates the emergence of informal fan communities, Antakshari culture, and music-centered social interactions that fostered emotional bonding and identity formation among the youth. From a commercial perspective, the research evaluates the impact of soundtrack popularity on cassette and CD sales, film promotion, and box office performance, demonstrating how music functioned as both a cultural expression and a strategic marketing tool. By situating 1990s film music within its technological, social, and market context, the study provides valuable insights into the enduring legacy of this era and its relevance to contemporary nostalgia marketing, remix culture, and audience engagement strategies in Indian cinema.

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Indian Film Music, 1990s Cinema, Cassette Culture, Youth Culture, Fan Communities, Music and Society, Film Marketing, Box Office Performance, Pre-Digital Media, Cultural Memory

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Cotton has historically been one of India's most significant agricultural and industrial commodities, contributing substantially to foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. The country ranks among the leading producers and exporters of cotton and cotton-based products, with Tiruppur district in Tamil Nadu emerging as a global hub for knitwear and textile exports. This study examines the trends of cotton exports in India with a particular focus on Tiruppur, analyzing growth patterns, export destinations, and the challenges faced by the industry. The research highlights the role of Tiruppur's textile clusters in driving India's cotton export performance, sustainability.

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Trends, Cotton Exports, Sustainability, Performance

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Abstract Mathematics anxiety deserves attention as it is a common problem found in students at all levels of learning. The current study examines secondary school students' anxiety related to mathematics in district Ganderbal by taking into account of variables like school type, and student's gender. Random sampling technique employed to select 100 samples from the ten Schools of district Ganderbal. The sample of the students comprises 50 males and 50 females, accessing all the indicated demographic data. The information was gathered using a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale that the researcher had created in accordance with the study's goals. Descriptive and comparative analyses were used to analyse the data. According to the study, students' anxiety levels in mathematics were moderate, with variables of gender, and type of school. The finding translates psychological insights into concrete classroom improvements, guiding teachers, curriculum designers, counsellors, and parents in creating an emotionally safe and academically productive environment for secondary-level students.

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Key Words: Mathematics Anxiety, Secondary Students

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Abstract The present study aims to examine the effect of socio-economic status and impulse control among adolescent students in terms of their levels of depression, namely at-risk, vulnerable, and non-depressed. Adolescence represents a critical developmental period with significantly heigher emotional and behavioral vulnerability, which in turn contribute for depression as an emerging significant mental health concern. Socio-economic status and impulse control are crucial psychosocial factors influencing adolescents' emotional regulation and psychological well-being. A sample of 150 adolescent students was selected using appropriate sampling techniques. Standardized instruments were administered to assess socio-economic status, impulse control, and levels of depression. Based on depression scores, participants were categorized into at-risk, vulnerable, and non-depressed groups. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine group differences. The findings are expected to indicate significant relation in socio-economic status and impulse control in terms of levels of depression, The study underscores the importance of socio-economic and self-regulatory factors in understanding adolescent depression and emphasizes the need for early identification and targeted school-based interventions to promote mental health and emotional resilience.

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socio-economic status, impulse control, depression, adolescents.

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Banka Jila Me Paryatan Vikash : Ek Bhogolik Adhayan

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Banka Jila Me Paryatan Vikash : Ek Bhogolik Adhayan

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Contemporary masonry design exhibits a fundamental methodological tension between continuum-based optimization techniques and the discrete, modular nature of brick construction. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical framework that systematizes the integration of parametric geometry generation, structural performance evaluation, density-based topology optimization, and adaptive discretization within a unified conceptual pipeline. Rather than treating topology optimization as a post-hoc analytical tool, the framework positions it as an active design generator embedded within an iterative feedback cycle. The work examines the theoretical foundations of bridging the discrete-continuum gap through recursive parameter coupling, wherein discrete-modular constraints inform continuum optimization objectives, and conversely, topology-driven efficiency targets guide discrete reconfiguration logic. The methodology is organized across two conceptual phases: (1) Morphology Selection, addressing the parametric search for geometrically feasible and structurally competent designs, and (2) Boundary Optimization and Discretization, where continuum material distribution informs discrete assembly rules. This framework addresses a persistent gap in computational masonry literature: the lack of a systematic, generalizable approach to preserve structural performance during the conversion from continuous to discrete representations. The paper formalizes the theoretical logic underlying such integration, elaborates the algorithmic workflow, and discusses implications for future architectural optimization research.

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Optimization Framework, Topology Optimization, Parametric Masonry, Discrete-Continuum Integration.

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Background: Hairdressers are routinely required to maintain prolonged static positions, perform repetitive upper-extremity tasks, and sustain forward neck postures, which increases their risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders, particularly involving the levator scapulae muscle. Continuous mechanical stress on this muscle may result in pain, restricted neck movement, and functional impairment, collectively referred to as levator scapulae syndrome. Identifying muscle tightness and related disability at an early stage is important for preventing long-term complications and maintaining occupational performance. This study evaluates levator scapulae syndrome using the Levator Scapulae Muscle Length Test and examines associated functional disability through the Neck Disability Index (NDI) among hairdressers, with the aim of guiding ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for this vulnerable occupational group. Objective: To evaluate levator scapulae muscle shortening using the levator scapulae muscle length test and to assess neck-related functional disability using the Neck Disability Index among hairdressers in pune. Method: An observational study was carried out on 126 hairdressers aged 24-35 years in Pune using a convenience sampling approach. Eligible participants underwent bilateral assessment of levator scapulae muscle length, and functional disability was measured using the Neck Disability Index. Collected data were analysed using Kinovea software. Result : Right-side levator scapulae muscle shortening was observed in 55.6% of participants; however, this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.2123). On the left side, muscle shortening was present in 32% of participants and demonstrated a statistically significant association with occupational exposure (p = 0.00038). Bilateral muscle shortening was identified in 15.1% of cases, with no significant difference noted (p = 0.995). Analysis of NDI scores indicated a moderate level of neck disability, emphasizing the need for preventive and ergonomic interventions in this population. Conclusion :A substantial proportion of hairdressers exhibited levator scapulae muscle shortening, most likely related to repetitive work demands and prolonged postural loading. Although right-side predominance was not statistically significant, the findings underscore the importance of ergonomic awareness and early preventive measures to reduce musculoskeletal health risks among hairdressers.

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Musculoskeletal disorder, Hairdressers,, Postural stress, Repetitive Movements, Muscle Shortening, Occupational Health.

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This research explores the potential of gold (XAU) to serve as an early warning signal for extreme market events in the U.S. financial context, using Extreme Value Theory (EVT). Gold is widely recognized as a safe-haven asset, particularly during periods of heightened market volatility and systemic risk. This study employs monthly time series data on gold prices and the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) spanning from 1997 onward to analyze the tail behavior of gold returns and their association with volatility shocks. Extreme Value Theory provides a statistical framework for assessing the probability and magnitude of unusually large or small outcomes (e.g., financial crashes, natural disasters, extreme rainfall). Unlike conventional statistical methods that model averages or typical behavior, EVT zooms in on outliers or tail events. Extreme Value Theory is applied using the Peak Over Threshold (POT) method to model both the upper and lower tails of gold returns. The upper tail, representing extreme positive returns, exhibits a bounded nature with a shape parameter (?) of -0.26, suggesting limited upside potential. Conversely, the lower tail displays a heavy-tailed distribution (? = 0.41), implying greater susceptibility to large losses. These findings are critical for understanding the asymmetric behavior of gold during market stress. Quantitative risk metrics derived from EVT--namely, Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES)--reveal that under a 1% tail probability, gold can experience gains of up to 11.9% or losses of up to 9%, with a conditional average loss (ES) of 3.3%. This demonstrates that while gold may provide a buffer in crisis periods, it is not immune to downside risk, particularly in high-volatility environments. The results underscore the importance of modeling tail risk in gold for investors, policymakers, and portfolio risk managers. The asymmetry in tail behavior further suggests that gold's role as a safe haven is nuanced and should be evaluated alongside market volatility indicators such as VIX. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on financial tail risk management and positions gold as a conditional signal rather than an absolute shield against market distress.

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Volatility, Systemic risk, Extreme value, Value at Risk, Peak over Threshold

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The trajectory of rural poverty in Kerala from 2001 to 2021 is examined in this study. The results show a sharp decline in multidimensional deprivation, especially in housing, sanitation, and access to clean cooking fuel, as well as a quick decline in income-based poverty. Rising rural earnings, remittance inflows, long term social development initiatives in welfare, health, and education, and structural changes in rural employment from agriculture to non-farm sectors have all contributed to these trends. The analysis shows that Kerala's long-term poverty reduction is driven by a combination of economic, social, and policy factors, offering insights for comprehensive rural development in comparable situations throughout India.

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Rural Poverty, Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), National Sample Survey (NSS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

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Queer identity or practise of alternative sexuality by an individual is often misunderstood as criminal identity (an instance of homophobia) under the purview of law even in the imaginative cinematic world. There is a wide range of homophobia still existing in our society and culture towards the people with alternative sexuality. There are gaps and fissures in the dealing of law towards the queer people which I want to focus in my paper in relation to the Bollywood films. I have mainly focussed on three Bollywood cinematic products - 'Aligarh' (2015), 'Made In Heaven'(2019) and 'Forensic' (2022). Even though Bollywood has come a long way from making caricatures or stereotypes or laughter stock out of the non-conforming characters (for example, 'Dostana'), we still find homophobic tendencies in the cinematic gaze and representation. 24th August, 2017 was one of the landmarks in the history of the verdicts given by the Supreme Court which ruled that every citizen should have a Right to Privacy which is a fundamental right protected under Article 21 and Part III of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court recognised the rights of the LGBTQ community and acknowledged that they existed and also needed some rights for existence. The section 377 of Indian law has a long legal history of its own which is getting addressed gradually by the Bollywood fraternity. While 'Aligarh' is a prominent film on this legal issue, homophobic tendency in general continues to be addressed in films like 'Forensic' which hurriedly draws to its end with no clear cut explanation regarding the psychology of the murderer who belongs to the queer community. The straight characters are unable to understand or identify the murderer due to his interchangeable sexual identity. The web series 'Made In Heaven' portrays a gay character Karan who is a wedding planner who runs the company along with his friend Tara. His landlord is shown to enjoy his camaraderie by filming his intimate moments enjoyed with his male partners. The twist comes in the end when it turns out that the landlord himself is gay but had to bow down to social pressures and marry and settle down.

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Homophobia, Queer identity, law, criminality, Bollywood, cinema, web series

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Environmental Education Leads To Changes In Students' Behavior

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Environmental Education Leads To Changes In Students' Behavior

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সারসংক্ষেপ:- কালিদাস রচিত মেঘদূত সংস্কৃত কাব্যসাহিত্যের ইতিহাসে এক অনন্য সৌন্দর্যনির্মাণের দৃষ্টান্ত, যেখানে বিরহবেদনা, প্রকৃতি-চিত্রণ ও নান্দনিক কল্পনার অপূর্ব সমন্বয় পরিলক্ষিত হয়। এই গবেষণাপত্রে মেঘদূত কাব্যের সৌন্দর্যতত্ত্ব ভারতীয় কাব্যতত্ত্বের আলোকে বিশ্লেষিত হয়েছে। বিশেষত প্রকৃতি ও মানবিক অনুভূতির অন্তঃসম্পর্ক, অলংকারপ্রয়োগের সূক্ষ্মতা, উপমা ও রূপকের কাব্যিক তাৎপর্য এবং শৃঙ্গাররসের বিরহাত্মক বিকাশের নান্দনিক রূপ এখানে আলোচনার কেন্দ্রে স্থান পেয়েছে। গবেষণায় প্রতিপন্ন করা হয়েছে যে, মেঘদূত কেবলমাত্র একটি বিরহকাব্য নয়, এটি রস, ভাব ও অলংকারের সুসমন্বয়ে গঠিত এক পরিপূর্ণ কাব্যরূপ, যেখানে প্রকৃতি মানবিক অনুভূতির সহচর ও বাহক হিসেবে উপস্থিত। কালিদাসের কাব্যদৃষ্টিতে প্রকৃতি নিছক বর্ণনার বিষয় নয়, তা মানবমনের আবেগ, স্মৃতি ও আকাঙ্ক্ষার প্রতীকী প্রকাশ। এই দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে মেঘদূত ভারতীয় কাব্যতত্ত্বে সৌন্দর্যবোধের এক উচ্চমানের নিদর্শন হিসেবে স্বীকৃত। এই গবেষণা প্রমাণ করে যে, মেঘদূত কাব্যে সৌন্দর্য একটি বিচ্ছিন্ন উপাদান নয়, তা রসতত্ত্ব, অলংকারতত্ত্ব ও মানবিক সংবেদনশীলতার সমন্বিত ফল৷ যার দ্বারা কাব্যটি সংস্কৃত সাহিত্যধারায় এক চিরায়ত নান্দনিক আদর্শ প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছে।

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সূচক শব্দ:- সৌন্দর্যতত্ত্ব, প্রকৃতি-চিত্রণ, রস, অলংকার, ধ্বনি৷

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Ransomware has transitioned from a localized cryptographic nuisance to a professionalized multi-extortion ecosystem capable of paralyzing critical infrastructure. Traditional signature-based defenses are increasingly ineffective against polymorphic and zero-day variants that leverage "Living-off-theLand" (LotL) techniques. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of ransomware taxonomies, focusing on Locker, Crypto, and Multi-Extortion models. We further evaluate advanced behavioral analysis frameworks, emphasizing Machine Learning (ML) techniques such as LSTM and Random Forest to identify anomalous file system activity. The study concludes that an integrated behavioral approach is essential for achieving real-time threat mitigation in modern heterogeneous networks.

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Ransomware Taxonomy, Behavioral Malware Analysis, Machine Learning, Cryptovirology, Zero-Trust Security, File Entropy Analysis, Multi-Extortion Models, Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR), Living-off-theLand (LotL) Attacks, Proactive Threat Mitigation

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