Volume 14 | Issue 1

 Abstract

?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ????-????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ????-????????, ????????? ????, ????????-??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??-???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? (Fieldwork) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??, ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? '???????' ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ????????, ????-?????? ????, ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????

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??????, ???????, ???????, ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????

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Functional constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in children, often associated with dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and psychological stress. In Ayurveda, this condition closely resembles Malavibandha, which primarily results from Vata dosha vitiation, impaired Agni, and dryness in the Pakvashaya. Chatuhusama Vati, a classical Ayurvedic formulation, possesses Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana, and Vata-shamana properties. This article explores the integrative (Ayurvedic & Modern) understanding of paediatric Malavibandha and elucidates the therapeutic role of Chatuhusama Vati in its management.

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Ayurveda, Integrative, Functional Constipation, Malavibandha, Chatuhusama Vati, Malawashtambha, Malavrodha

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Tribal knowledge and understanding of India in Adi folk songs

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Tribal knowledge and understanding of India in Adi folk songs

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Phosphorus availability in soil is often limited due to its presence in insoluble forms, leading to reduced plant growth and productivity. Microbial phosphate solubilization presents a sustainable strategy to enhance phosphorus availability in soil. In this study, phosphate- solubilizing fungi were isolated from soil samples and evaluated using qualitative and quantitative assays. Fourteen fungal isolates were obtained and tentatively identified based on morphological characteristics, primarily belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. Screening on Pikovskaya's agar medium revealed phosphate solubilizing activity in only two isolates, which are identified as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Quantitative estimation in liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% tricalcium phosphate showed a time-dependent increase in soluble phosphate concentration, after seven days. Phosphate solubilization was associated with acidic pH conditions, suggesting organic acid-mediated dissolution. These findings highlight the strain-specific nature of phosphate solubilization and support the potential application of selected Aspergillus isolates in sustainable agriculture.

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Phosphate solubilizing fungi, Qualitative and Quantitative assays, Tricalcium phosphate ,Biofertilizer, Sustainable agriculture

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India, world's third-largest consumer of energy, is moving towards I a greener, sustainable energy landscape. Global climate obligations, lower dependency on fossil fuels, and the need to enhance energy security are the primary reasons for this shift. Green energy transition depends on critical minerals - key raw materials essential for the development of renewable energy technologies. Solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems use critical minerals. Over the past few decades, China has been the dominant country, exporting 60-70% of critical minerals to the world. This has made the world heavily dependent on China for critical minerals. To reduce dependency and aid the global supply chain, India has begun exploring these critical minerals to meet domestic and global demand as the world transitions to green energy.

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Critical Minerals, Imports, Indian Economy and Green Energy.

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The rapid growth of smart home Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased the demand for intelligent, real-time data processing while operating under strict battery constraints. Edge Artificial Intelligence (Edge AI) enables local data processing on IoT devices, reducing latency and dependency on cloud infrastructures. However, continuous AI inference can significantly drain battery resources, limiting device lifetime and reliability. This paper proposes a Battery-Aware Edge AI framework for Energy-efficient smart home IoT devices. The framework dynamically adapts AI workloads based on a battery state, device usage patterns, and environmental context. By integrating battery-aware scheduling, lightweight machine learning models, and adaptive inference mechanisms, the proposed approach significantly reduces energy consumption while maintaining acceptable performance. Experimental evaluation using simulated smart home scenarios demonstrates improvements in battery lifetime, reduced power consumption, and efficient AI-driven decision-making. The proposed framework offers a practical solution for a sustainable and long-lasting smart home IoT systems.

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Battery-aware computing, Edge AI, Energy efficiency, Smart home, IoT devices, Low-power AI

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Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) have transformed software development by enabling teams to deliver updates more quickly and frequently. However, as release cycles accelerate and application complexity increases, maintaining consistent software quality becomes more challenging. This paper presents an automated testing framework specifically designed for CI/CD environments, utilising the Robot Framework. The framework ensures dependable test execution and features structured failure analysis through a straightforward rule-based system that identifies and categories common issues, such as missing elements, timeouts, or assertion failures. It also provides actionable recommendations to minimise manual debugging. The framework was evaluated using real-world web applications, including a student management system and a grocery ordering platform. The project integrate seamlessly with tools like GitHub Actions and Jenkins, enhancing test maintainability. Experimental results demonstrated a 65% reduction in the time required to investigate failures compared to conventional setups.

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CI/CD, Automated Testing, Robot Framework, Failure Analysis, Test Flakiness, GitHub Actions

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Co?NiBaO? nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a co-precipitation method under optimized conditions. Their structural and morphological features were comprehensively characterized using XRD, XPS, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDS analyses, with particular attention to the influence of calcination temperature on crystallinity and morphology. UV-Vis absorption spectra displayed a characteristic peak at 495-496 nm and optical bandgap of approximately 3.29 eV, which was further supported by photoluminescence (PL) studies. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated for the degradation of Toluidine Blue (TB), Reactive Red 35 (RR), and Eosin Yellow (EY) under visible light irradiation. Systematic kinetic studies revealed optimal degradation efficiencies of 80-89% within 40-70 minutes. Scavenger experiments identified hydroxyl radicals and photogenerated holes (h?) as the predominant reactive species responsible for pollutant degradation into smaller, non-toxic intermediates. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited excellent reusability, retaining stable photocatalytic performance over four successive cycles. Based on these results, a plausible photocatalytic degradation mechanism has been proposed and discussed.

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Photocatalysis, Photodegradation, Coprecipitation, Dye Degradation, Water treatment.

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The trade and economic foundations laid by Shri Guru Ram Das Ji have evolved over centuries even their relevance continues in the present scenario and he offered profound teachings on trade and life through a spiritual lens in the Guru Granth Sahib. Shri Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth Sikh Guru, played a fundamental role in the development of trade and business especially through the founding of the city of Amritsar and also creating an environment conducive to economic growth. His deliberate initiative not only laid the foundation for Amritsar's future prosperity but also ensured that it became a remarkable center of trade, commerce, and spirituality. The principles of commerce and community development established by Guru Ram Das Ji remain vital to the region's economy and beyond. His references to trade often use it as a metaphor for the spiritual journey, emphasizing ethical living, the importance of devotion, and the pursuit of true "profit"--which, in his view, is the union with God. He laid the foundation for the city of Amritsar, which later became a hub of economic, spiritual, and cultural activity. Therefore, I try to describe some key elements of the importance of trade legacy of Guru Ram Das Ji in today's context.

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Amritsar, Guru Ram Das Ji, Spiritual, Business, Region, Trade.

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 Abstract

Uttar Bihaar Mein Mahila Shiksha Ka Pratiroopah Akabarapur Graam Ke Paripekshy Mein

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Uttar Bihaar Mein Mahila Shiksha Ka Pratiroopah Akabarapur Graam Ke Paripekshy Mein

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ABSTRACT: The concept of home is frequently defined as a place of residence, typically a house or stable location. Scholars across disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, history, human geography, and philosophy have examined this concept extensively. In the modern Anglo-European context, home is often associated with the family house, symbolising a formative "place of origin" and "return" (Mallet, 63). Postcolonial perspectives expand this understanding to encompass instability and memories shaped by nostalgia, sentiment, and trauma. Feminist writers of the 1970s and 1980s have identified the home as a site of oppression and patriarchal control. For many diaspora writers, home represents both longing and an irretrievable place. This paper investigates the concept of 'home' as it pertains to internal diaspora communities (IDPs) in the North-East, specifically evaluating whether home is best understood as a static place, a personal location, or an imagined space in Arupa Patangia Kalita's novel Felanee.

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IDPs, Home, Northeast, Trauma, Postcolonialism

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Transmission line protection plays a vital role in maintaining the stability, reliability, and safety of modern electrical power systems. This paper presents a detailed study and implementation of a Transmission Line Protection Demo Control Panel, designed to demonstrate the fundamental concepts and operational principles of power system protection. The proposed system enables the simulation of various transmission line faults and provides insight into protective relay operation, fault detection, and isolation mechanisms. The demo control panel incorporates key protection schemes including overcurrent protection, earth fault protection, and distance protection, supported by appropriate sensing, control, and tripping circuits. The paper systematically analyzes the theoretical and mathematical foundations of relay coordination and protection logic. Hardware architecture, control strategies, and functional performance of the system are discussed to reflect real-world transmission line behavior. Practical applications in engineering education, laboratory training, and skill development are highlighted. The paper also identifies existing challenges, safety considerations, and future scope for enhancement through the integration of digital relays, communication protocols, and intelligent monitoring systems. This work aims to serve as a practical reference for understanding and demonstrating transmission line protection in power system engineering.

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: Transmission Line Protection, Protection Relay, Distance Relay, Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection, Power System Protection, Fault Detection and Isolation, Relay Coordination, Electrical Power Transmission, Fault Simulation, Educational Demonstration Panel

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Rising test anxiety levels among Indian JEE & NEET (Joint Entrance Exam & National Eligibility cum Entrance Exam) aspirants has become an alarming academic and mental health concern. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Preksha meditation (PM) on the test anxiety levels of 50 Senior Secondary students, with an average age of 17, preparing for JEE/NEET exam in an integrated school in Bangalore. The Westside Test Anxiety scale (WATS) was employed to identify students with anxiety impairment. Items of the scale, rated on 5 points Likert scale, cover self- assess anxiety impairment and cognition which can impair performance. With a pre-post experiment design, participants were asked to complete the test anxiety scale before and after the intervention of 1 month (6 days/week) of Preksha meditation-based module. The results demonstrated highly significant reduction in Test Anxiety scores. Paired 't' test showed statistically significant value t (49) = 4.21, p < 0.001 with a medium sized effect (Cohen's d= 0.60). Gender-wise analysis revealed large effect among girls (Cohen's d= 0.83) and a small-moderate effect among boys (Cohen's d= 0.43), suggesting that the intervention was beneficial across both groups. The significant improvement observed in the study indicates the value of incorporating PM techniques into students' daily routines, especially during crucial life stages when academic performance in competitive examinations shapes future career trajectories.C

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Preksha Meditation, Test Anxiety, Senior Secondary Students, JEE/NEET, Psychophysiological regulations

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The rapid advancement of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has fundamentally altered the conditions of literary production, compelling scholars to reconsider long-established concepts of authorship, originality, creativity, and literary value. This paper critically examines how AI disrupts traditional human-centric models of authorship and challenges the ethical, aesthetic, and cultural foundations of literature. Drawing exclusively on secondary theoretical and empirical scholarship, the study argues that AI does not signal the end of literature but rather exposes authorship as a distributed, relational, and institutionally mediated practice. The paper proposes a symbiotic model of authorship, wherein human intentionality, ethical responsibility, and cultural situatedness coexist with algorithmic textual productivity. By foregrounding reader reception, originality, literary labour, and the implications for marginal and indigenous literatures, the paper contributes a theoretically grounded framework for understanding literature in the age of artificial intelligence.

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Artificial Intelligence; Authorship; Literary Theory; Originality; Creativity; Digital Humanities; Reader Response; Literary Ethics

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Temples in Kerala have historically functioned not only as centers of religious worship but also as powerful institutions of social, economic, and political authority. This study examines the intricate relationship between ritual practices and power structures in the Sree Koodalmanikyam Temple of Irinjalakuda, situating it within the broader framework of the medieval sanketham system of Kerala. By analyzing ritual authority, administrative practices, and territorial autonomy, the paper explores how temples operated as quasi-sovereign entities that shaped governance, social hierarchy, and institutional control in pre-colonial Kerala. Special emphasis is placed on the unique office of the Thachudaya Kaimal, whose installation through elaborate political-religious rituals signified a rare instance of non-Brahmin ascendancy within a predominantly Brahmanical temple order. The study further traces the gradual erosion of ritual and administrative autonomy due to political conflicts between Travancore and Cochin, colonial judicial intervention, land reforms, and post-independence administrative restructuring. By viewing ritual as a historically grounded social practice, the paper highlights the political significance of temple rituals and their role in negotiating power relations, authority, and legitimacy in Kerala's socio-religious landscape.

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Koodalmanikyam Temple;Sanketham;rituals;Grama-kshetra;Melkoima rights

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Language shapes human identity and gives rise to literature, which acts as a bridge between cultures and generations. In Kokborok society, literary expression has largely evolved through oral traditions, with rhymes playing a significant role in cultural transmission. These rhymes, passed down across generations, reflect traditional lifestyles, rituals, and agrarian practices commonly referred to as the Hoda way of life. Although the exact origins of written Kokborok rhymes remain uncertain due to limited early documentation, existing collections offer valuable insight into the community's social and cultural framework. Beyond cultural preservation, Kokborok rhymes function as an engaging educational medium for children, promoting linguistic development and reinforcing cultural awareness.

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Keywords: Folk tradition, Culture, Oral literature, Lyrical expression, Sound, Identity

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Inclusive education is an educational approach that ensures equal learning opportunities for all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, emotional, social, or linguistic differences. In primary education, inclusion plays a vital role in shaping positive attitudes toward diversity and equality from an early age. This paper examines the concept, importance, and implementation of inclusive education at the primary level. It analyzes the role of teachers, curriculum adaptation, classroom strategies, parental involvement, and institutional support in creating inclusive learning environments. The study highlights both challenges and solutions related to inclusive practices and concludes that inclusive education promotes academic achievement, social integration, and holistic development for all learners. Inclusive education is a new approach towards educating children with disabilities and learning difficulties with that of normal ones with same roof. It implies all learners with or without disabilities being able to learn together through access to common pre-school previous schools, community educational setting with an appropriate network of support services.

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Inclusive Education, Primary Education, Diversity, Equity, Special Needs, Holistic Development

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Environmental awareness has emerged as a critical component of primary education in response to growing ecological challenges such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion. This paper examines the importance of environmental education at the primary level in fostering sustainable attitudes and responsible behaviors among young learners. It explores how early exposure to environmental concepts enhances ecological sensitivity, conservation values, critical thinking, community responsibility, and lifelong sustainable practices. Key areas discussed include environmental literacy, conservation ethics, experiential learning, teacher-led sustainability initiatives, school-based eco-programs, parental involvement, curriculum integration, and institutional support. The study highlights that structured environmental education at the primary stage plays a vital role in shaping environmentally responsible citizens for a sustainable future.

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Environmental Awareness, Primary Education, Sustainability, Environmental Literacy, Conservation, Eco-friendly Practices

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This study examines the influence of consumer trust in digital platforms on the online buying behaviour of Generation Z consumers. Using a descriptive research design, primary data were collected from 138 Gen Z respondents through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as Spearman's correlation, regression analysis, ANOVA, and PROCESS Macro (mediation and moderation analysis) were employed using SPSS. The findings reveal that consumer trust has a significant positive impact on online buying intention and behaviour. Online buying intention partially mediates the relationship between trust and actual buying behaviour. The study highlights that dimensions of trust such as security and privacy, reliability and transparency, platform reputation, information quality, and peer influence are crucial determinants of online purchase decisions. The results provide valuable implications for e-commerce firms, digital marketers, and platform developers in designing trust-oriented strategies to enhance consumer engagement and loyalty.

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Consumer Trust, Digital Platforms, Generation Z, Online Buying Behaviour, Purchase Intention, E-commerce

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Grammar is the root of a language. It is the root of any language in the world. Grammar arranges the words in a sentence in a proper way for speaking and writing in any language. Any complete sentences spoken are arranged with the use of grammar. Any written language in the world has rules to follow, and grammar plays a vital role in it.

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Keywords: Letter, vowel, consonant, sound, voice, case, gender

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