Volume 13 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, pose significant challenges to public health, affecting millions worldwide. The neuropharmacology of these disorders involves a complex interplay of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neuroanatomical structures that regulate sleep and wakefulness. Key neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine play crucial roles in the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Additionally, the orexin/hypocretin system is increasingly recognized for its role in sleep-wake regulation and the pathophysiology of disorders like narcolepsy. Current pharmacological treatments for sleep disorders include sedative-hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine sleep aids, which primarily enhance GABAergic activity to promote sleep. Conversely, wakefulness-promoting agents, like modafinil, act on dopamine and norepinephrine systems to improve alertness in conditions such as narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness. Emerging therapies, including orexin receptor antagonists and melatonin receptor agonists, offer novel mechanisms of action aimed at restoring normal sleep patterns without the adverse effects associated with traditional medications. Personalized approaches to treatment, considering individual differences in neurobiology and pharmacokinetics, are essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, ongoing research into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep disorders is crucial for developing innovative interventions that target specific pathways involved in sleep regulation.A comprehensive understanding of the neuropharmacology of sleep disorders will facilitate the advancement of effective treatments, ultimately improving sleep quality and overall health in affected individuals.

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sleep disorders, GABA, insomnia, narcolepsy, actigraphy, polysomnography

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Narratology is the study of narrative structures. Structuralism is the source of Narratology but later it has established itself as an independent branch from the parent. It has borrowed the terminologies and some of its characters from the linguistic theory though its all about stories. Narrative and art are connected through a single cord in our imagination. The speciality of it is that both artists and non-artists engage in a similar way in a Narrative. Narrative makes its presence known through the activation of it by mind. We can describe films, texts, plays and paintings through its physical form but Narrative is only an out of sight experience. We have still a long way to go or may not even achieve its scientific exactitude. According to Barthes when we look into the narrative genres like epic, short-story or Saga the narrative provides a structure. Even if we focus on any non-narrative genre like a lyric poem we can find a single feeling not only a mere story and this is Narrative ( Barthes."Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives." in Susan Sontag, pp. 251-2). The approach of posthumanism lies in a oblique position in comparison to human perspective while we consider it critically. This approach views the crisis of humanism and the posthumanization effect from the 'inhuman' point of view. This inhuman according to Neal Curtis " upholds the human in its certainty and rectitude projecting all animality and barbarity outward" ( Curtis, Neal. "Inhuman." Theory,Culture & Society, pp. 434). In the words of Lyotard, " The human species is not the hero of the fable. It is a complex form of organizing energy. Like the other forms, it is undoubtedly transitory. Other, more complex forms may appear that will win over it. Perhaps one of these forms in preparing itself through techno-scientific development right from the time when the fable was being recounted" ( Lyotard, "A Postmodern Fable", pp. 17). Ishiguro's Novel Never Let Me Go focuses on the Narrative of a dystopian country in the 1990s England where the lives of the common people are prolonged through the process of human cloning. The clones are gaining a posthuman identity and at the same time facing the crisis of human identity. The story is narrated by Kathy who is a 'carer' and a former student at Hailsham. Here the students are trained for organ donation for non-cloned humans. Kathy, Ruth, Tommy all are clones but their lives are reflection of joys, sorrows, disappointments and hopes defining human experience. Their humanity is expressed through their artworks and moreover Kathy's narrative portrayed through her memory pleads the urge of holding onto the human identity forever.

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Narrative, Posthuman, Identity, Human ,Story, Clone

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Financial Technology (FinTech) has emerged as a transformative force, reshaping the way financial services are delivered and managed. This study aims to explore the role of FinTech in disrupting traditional financial management practices by evaluating its influence on efficiency, transparency, accessibility, and customer experience. The research highlights the potential challenges and opportunities posed by FinTech innovations and their impact on the financial industry. Through qualitative analysis, the study identifies key trends and provides recommendations for stakeholders in the financial sector.

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FinTech, Traditional Financial Management, Disruption, Financial Services, Technology, Efficiency, Accessibility, Transparency.

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Teaching aims to cultivate students' critical thinking abilities, fostering the development of responsible citizens for an equitable society. Effective classroom instruction should also instil values such as justice and equality in learners. Critical pedagogy serves as an essential teaching approach, aimed at enhancing students' awareness of social justice and equality while simultaneously deepening their understanding of academic concepts. In today's educational landscape, teachers are often preoccupied with preparing students for standardized tests, focusing on outcomes that ensure school performance metrics are met. This test-centric approach frequently overshadows the importance of fostering a knowledge-driven learning environment. This paper explores examples of how educators incorporate critical pedagogy into their teaching practices, demonstrating its positive impact on students' thinking and learning. Furthermore, it advocates for the integration of critical pedagogy in classrooms as a means to equip students with the critical thinking skills necessary for contributing to a fair and just society.

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critical pedagogy, dialogical method, banking model of education, praxis

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Jane Austen was a prolific author of a few novels, including Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Persuasion, and Emma. This research analyses Austen's use of fashionable consumerism to represent persons in the narrative, while exploring the socio-economic factors that shape these consumerist traits. The varied readings and implications provide a robust foundation for analyzing how the novel contests the notion of the natural and investigates the interconnection of different trends, whether in jewelry or the textiles of that particular period. Austen skillfully employs contemporary styles and the metaphor of attire to examine the characters' adherence to societal norms. Jane Austen employed this writing style, cognizant of her audience, and frequently interacted with them, anticipating their participation. Austen's works possess pragmatic relevance in literature, education, and cinema studies. Her novels are extensively read and analyzed, providing insights into human relationships, cultural conventions, and individual aspirations.

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Austen, Dress, Fashion, Novels

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Lung cancer continues to be a major cause of death globally, and early diagnosis plays a critical role in improving survival rates. This study explores the potential of machine learning models to detect and classify lung cancer using a publicly available dataset. Five different algorithms--Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes, and Random Forest--are examined to evaluate their effectiveness in lung cancer detection. Data preprocessing techniques are applied to address missing values, normalize features, and partition the dataset into training and testing subsets for model evaluation. To assess and compare the performance of the models, various metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) are employed. The results show that the Random Forest model yields the highest accuracy at 91.8%, followed by SVM and Logistic Regression. Although KNN and Naive Bayes demonstrate slightly lower performance, they still offer useful insights, particularly due to their simplicity and computational efficiency. This study underscores the advantages of Random Forest, especially in managing complex datasets, making it a promising tool for the early detection of lung cancer in clinical settings. The results suggest that machine learning techniques, especially ensemble methods like Random Forest, can aid healthcare professionals in delivering faster and more accurate diagnoses, leading to improved patient outcomes and optimized clinical processes.

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Lung Cancer, Machine Learning, Logistic Regression, KNN, SVM, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Classification, Early Detection, Healthcare Applications

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This study focuses on the taxonomic investigation of tapeworm species from the genus Senga (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) found in the freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus from the Washim District of Maharashtra, India. The present communication describes a new species, Senga govindii, identified in Mastacembelus armatus from the Penganga River. This species differs from known species of the genus in several characteristics, including the shape and size of the scolex, the number of hooks, the arrangement of the rostellum, the shape of the segments, the number of testes, the position of the cirrus pouch, and the arrangement of the vitellaria.

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Mastacembelus Armatus, cestode parasites, Pseudophyllidean, Senga.

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Neither liquidity nor profitability pose a danger to the overall resilience and quality of the assets held by Indian banks. The sufficiency and quality of the financial infrastructure are largely determined by the standard of assets held by the banking sector. NPAs are a key factor in evaluating a bank's ability to manage its budget. A significant problem for the Indian banking industry is the rise in non-performing assets (NPAs). The rise of nonperforming assets (NPAs) is one of the biggest concerns facing India's banking industry. The study's objective is to assess and contrast SBI and HDFC Bank's GNPA and NNPA. The same relevant data have been gathered and examined for a five-year period, spanning from 2020 to 2024. The findings indicate that although the GNPA and NNPA of SBI Bank have declined, the HDFC Banks have climbed dramatically.

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Non-performing Assets (NPA), Gross non-performing assets, (GNPA), Net non-performing Assets (NNPA)

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This paper emphasis the investment problems and satisfaction level of university teachers in diverse investment avenues. The study attempts to understand the investment problems faced by investors while investing and analyze the satisfaction level of university teachers towards investment options. The primary data was collected from 50 Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University Teachers through structured questionnaire and analysed through SPSS software with statistical tools such as descriptive statistics, Ranking Analysis and MANOVA. The investment problems faced by the investors is analysed by ranking analysis considering mean value of investment avenues and identified that low return, risk and liquidity are the major problems faced by the investors. The study reveals that there is a significant relationship between demographic factors and satisfaction level towards investment options by applying Multivariate test.

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Investment Problem, Satisfaction, Avenues, Multivariate

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Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition by elevated blood sugar levels due to problems with insulin production, insulin function, or a combination of both. Effective Diabetes management strategy requires careful selection and monitoring of pharmacological therapy. This review focuses on prescription pattern analysis of anti-diabetic drugs in secondary care hospitals, emphasizing the trends, efficacy, and compliance observed in real-world settings. Understanding these patterns can guide clinicians in optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

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Diabetes, Patient, prescription, analysis

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Abstract: Globalization has been a transformative force in shaping the Indian economy, particularly since the economic reforms of 1991. This research paper examines the multidimensional impact of globalization on India's economic landscape, focusing on key sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Using an analytical approach, the study evaluates economic indicators like GDP growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), trade dynamics, and employment trends to understand globalization's influence. The paper also explores the socio-cultural implications, including shifts in consumer behavior, education, and labor dynamics. While highlighting the opportunities brought about by globalization--such as increased market access, technological advancements, and integration into global supply chains--it also addresses the associated challenges, such as income inequality, environmental concerns, and vulnerability to global market fluctuations. This research provides policy recommendations to maximize globalization's benefits while mitigating its adverse effects, ensuring sustainable and inclusive economic growth. By combining historical analysis, empirical data, and case studies, the paper offers valuable insights into India's journey within the global economic framework and its potential path forward in a rapidly evolving globalized world.

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Globalization , Shaping, India's, Economic, Growth , Development

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The integration of technology in language instruction has significantly influenced the standardization of English, which is crucial in various global contexts. This study examines the role of technology in promoting Standard English, explores the challenges it introduces, and highlights its impact on teaching methods and learning outcomes. By analysing responses from educators and students of English learning as foreign language, the present research identifies the benefits and drawbacks of technology-driven language education, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that combines technological tools with traditional pedagogy

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Technology, ELT, Digital Learning, CALL, Web, Internet

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Technology is rapidly spreading. one cannot imagine a day without the use of digital technologies. todays students are more dependent on internet as a supplement for achieving their academic goals. Even a layman is operating smart phones for communication and other services. The knowledge of digital literacy has become necessary for every individual to lead a successful life. Hence this paper.

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Digital literacy, education

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The amalgamation of artificial intelligence (AI) and data science in business services has the potential to bring about significant improvements in efficiency, cost reduction, and innovation across various industries. However, it also raises important ethical and privacy concerns that must be addressed. This paper aims to explore the opportunities and challenges of leveraging AI and data science in business services. The paper will first discuss the potential benefits of AI and data science, including improved efficiency, cost reduction, and innovation. It will then examine the ethical and privacy concerns that arise with the use of AI and data science in business services, including bias and discrimination, invasion of privacy, lack of transparency and accountability, and job loss. The paper will also discuss measures that businesses can take to address these concerns, including developing ethical guidelines and policies, responsible data management and governance, and transparency and accountability in AI systems. Finally, the paper will provide a future outlook for the amalgamation of AI and data science in business services, highlighting the need for responsible and fair use of these powerful technologies.

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AI (artificial intelligence), Data Science, Automation, Decision-making, Personalization, Customer service, Predictive maintenance, Expertise, Data quality, Privacy, Ethics, Integration, Cost

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Banking and financial services are fundamental to organizations across various sectors, including government, private, public, academic, and not-for-profit entities. The demand for digital transformation in these organizations has grown significantly, especially in response to challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, many organizations were compelled to transition to online service delivery, even though the supporting infrastructure--such as reliable internet connectivity, widespread smartphone adoption, advanced technologies, and a digitally skilled workforce--was not fully developed.Robotics, a multidisciplinary field focused on designing machines capable of mimicking and replicating human actions, offers solutions that save time, reduce costs, and enhance service quality. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) in banking and financial services presents numerous advantages, including cost reduction, strengthened regulatory compliance, streamlined operations, minimized operational risks, and improved customer experiences. This study explores the evolution of robotics and examines its applications and impact within the banking and financial services industry.

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Fintech, Robot, RPA, Robotic Process Automation, Digital Finance, Artificial Intelligence, Banking, Financial Services

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Plant diseases and pests are major factors that dictate yield and quality of plants. Identification of plant diseases and pests can be done using digital image processing. Recent years have brought a breakthrough in digital image processing by deep learning that far outstrips what can be achieved with traditional techniques. One big issue among researchers is that developing deep learning technology is going into research on plant diseases and pests identification. This review provides the definition of the problem in plant diseases and pests detection and compares traditional methods used in plant diseases and pests detection. Based on the differences in the network structure, this paper summarizes research on plant disease and pest detection using deep learning over the last few years, which include classification networks, detection networks, and segmentation networks, and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Common datasets are introduced, and performance of existing studies is compared. Based on this, the paper will introduce possible challenges for practical application in deep learning-based plant diseases and pests detection. Additionally, possible solutions and research ideas concerning the challenges will be proposed, and some suggestions are offered. Finally, this study will give the analysis and prospect of the future trend of plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning.

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Key words: deep learning,plant diseases, image processing,deep learning,digital image processing

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Traffic Rotary at road intersections is special form of grade change of lanes to channelize movement of vehicles in one direction around a central traffic island. With rapid growth of traffic, it is experienced that widening of roads and providing flyovers have become imperative to overcome major conflicts at intersections such as collision between through and right-turn movements. In this way, major conflicts are converted into milder conflicts like merging and diverging. The vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction. They then weave out of the rotary to the desired direction. The crossing of vehicles is avoided by allowing all vehicles to merge into a stream around the rotary and then to diverge out to the desired radiating road. Thus, the crossing conflicts eliminate and convert into weaving section or a merging operation from right and a diverging operation to the left.

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Traffic Intersection, Rotary Design, Passenger Car Unit,

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Cross-country pipelines are robust enough to transport oil and gas. All these pipes are interconnected, and the welds are meticulously examined using advanced techniques such as ultrasound and X-ray. However, there is an issue: imperfections in the pipe ends (bevel area or pipe body) can obstruct the ultrasound signals, masking defects within the weld. To prevent this, rigorous regulations govern the permissible number of defects on the pipe ends This manuscript examines the requirement for two additional testing techniques, Magnetic Particle (MT) and Penetrant Testing (PT), on the slanted edges (bevels) where the pipes are connected. We will investigate whether these tests are essential even if an ultrasound examination is performed before the creation of the bevels. When an ultrasound examination is used after the bevels are formed, there is an area that is not visible via Ultrasonic Testing. In such instances, MT and PT are essential to guarantee a secure and dependable weld in the field.

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NDT, Ultrasonic testing, Welding, Magnetic Particle Testing, Penetrant Testing

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The hospitality industry is increasingly adopting eco-friendly practices to promote sustainability while enhancing guest pride. Eco-friendly initiatives tasks in hotels include electricity efficiency, waste discount, water conservation, sustainable sourcing of materials, and using renewable power.by integrating green practices, hotels not best minimize their environmental effect however also appeal to eco-conscious tourists, contributing to fantastic brand popularity and purchaser loyalty. guests are getting greater privy to sustainability, and their choices are using the call for eco-friendly accommodations. This abstract explores the diverse sustainable practices being carried out in accommodations, their benefits in terms of environmental impact and value discount, and how these efforts make contributions to guest delight and universal business achievement. The developing trend of eco-conscious hospitality presents an possibility for inns to guide in sustainable tourism and make certain long-term profitability.

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Eco-friendly practices, sustainability, hotel industry, visitor delight, power performance, waste reduction, water conservation, sustainable sourcing, renewable power, inexperienced tourism.

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Clinical studies play a pivotal role in the field of pharmacy by providing essential data that informs drug development, efficacy, safety, and optimal use in patient populations. These studies are the cornerstone of evidence-based practice, bridging the gap between theoretical pharmacological knowledge and real-world application. Clinical trials are conducted in multiple phases, each designed to address specific aspects of drug evaluation. Phase I focuses on safety, Phase II evaluates efficacy, and Phase III involves large-scale trials to confirm the drug's effectiveness across diverse populations. Phase IV, or post-marketing surveillance, monitors long-term effects and potential adverse reactions after the drug enters the market. Pharmacy professionals play a critical role in designing, conducting, and analysing clinical trials. They ensure proper methodology, patient recruitment, adherence to ethical standards, and accurate data interpretation. Additionally, pharmacists are instrumental in managing pharmacovigilance, ensuring ongoing safety monitoring through adverse event reporting and post-market surveillance. The integration of clinical studies into pharmacy practice enhances the understanding of drug interactions, patient-specific factors, and the broader impact of medications on public health. Moreover, clinical trials aid in the development of new therapeutic agents, expanding treatment options for patients with unmet medical needs. By advancing personalized medicine, clinical studies contribute significantly to the evolving landscape of pharmaceutical care, guiding therapeutic decision-making and improving health outcomes. The continued collaboration between clinical researchers and pharmacists is crucial for maximizing the benefits of clinical studies in improving patient care and advancing pharmaceutical sciences.

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Clinical, Clinical study, Clinical Development, Pharmacovigilance, Human trials.

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