Volume 9 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Judicial review is among the most valuable contributions of the United States to modern political thought. Originating from a landmark judicial decision, and its continuance has been ensured through established constitutional conventions. The concept was developed by Chief Justice John Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court in the historic Marbury v. Madison case. In this case, the Court held that, as the Constitution is expressly declared the supreme law of the land, it is the judiciary's duty to interpret and uphold it, and therefore the courts have the authority to invalidate any state law or act of Congress found inconsistent with its provisions. This judgment firmly established the principle of judicial review as a cornerstone of constitutional governance. The same principle holds with regard to executive actions contrary to the Constitution. Supreme Court pronouncements on questions of constitutionality are final and binding for all other courts and governmental authorities, whether state or federal. Judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation presents an exciting and perplexing encounter between legislator and judge, between statute and judgment. However, judicial review is but a part of a much larger whole. If "constitutional justice" is understood as a state in which citizens can trust their government to safeguard certain inviolable rights, then judicial review of statutes represents only one path to achieving this ideal. In some nations, political mechanisms may serve as more effective checks than courts against the threat of majoritarian tyranny. Even within the sphere of judicial protection, formal review of statutes against a written constitution is merely one of several tools available to uphold constitutionality.

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An Analytical Perspective on Judicial Review and Legislative Privileges in the U.S. Constitutional Framework

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Education is considered as one of the significant tool that brings changes in the society. The social reformers of the 19th century realized that until and unless the womenfolk of the society are not educated the Indian society will not progress. Therefore they always put emphasis on women education. Even the missionaries also played a pivotal role in educating the girls for which they have established girls' schools. Like in other parts of India, Assam also faced the new era in which the society is gradually growing with scientific and progressive ideas and various distinguished personals tried to elevate the status of women. Hence this is an attempt to explore the contributions of such a personal who committed to educate the womenfolk in order to uplift the Assamese society. Rajabala Das was such an individual who have played a significant role in imparting higher education to the women of Assam. It was at her initiative that the Handique Girls' College was established, which is now a leading womens'college in Assam.

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Empowerment, Society, Women education, Asom Mahila Samity, Handique Girls' College

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Sylvia Plath was an American poet of the post-world war period whose poetical works strongly reflect existentialist themes emphasizing individual freedom, responsibility, and the search for meaning in a seemingly bleak and absurd world. Kamala Das, belonged to a period of patriarchal order in India, when women had to move on, in the stereotypical roles of a daughter, wife or a mother irrespective of the kind of education,any recognition or the society they lived in. Both Sylvia Plath and Kamala Das, despite their different socio-cultural backgrounds and tensions, explored diverse themes of women experiences that are deeply rooted in existential concerns raised by female experience and societal constraints. Both the poets dealt with issues of identity, alienation, sexuality and the search for freedom, within the confinement of their respective patriarchal structures. This study is an attempt to highlight the existential concerns in both the poets on the basis of comparative and thematic analysis of a few poems .

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existentialism, patriarchy, freedom, society, identity, alienation, experience

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The Growth and evolution of higher education in India can be traced from ancient gurukuls to the modern, diverse system of today. Historically, it shifted from traditional, residential learning to a system influenced by British colonial rule, and then towards a more independent, expansive structure after independence, marked by the establishment of numerous universities and institutions. Currently, the system grapples with challenges of quality, access, and equitable resource distribution while also embracing technological advancements and global competitiveness.

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"THE GROWTH AND EVOLUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA "

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The freedom struggle was an era marked by immense suffering, dignity, and sacrifice on the part of every Indian citizen. In this great movement for independence, every Indian willingly played a role. During this critical period, poets, literary figures, and writers contributed through their literary works. They used their words as a means to resist British rule. These literary figures not only infused their writings with patriotism but also encouraged fellow Indians to rise against the British through the power of literature. Like the literature of other Indian languages, Sanskrit literature played a significant role in the freedom struggle. Sanskrit poets expressed in their works the sense of alienation and subjugation that Indians experienced under British rule. They wrote about Paratantrata (dependence) and championed the cause of Swatantrata (independence). Their works sought to inspire the younger generations of India with patriotic fervor. Sanskrit poets instilled the spirit of nationalism in the hearts of the people through evocative and powerful poetry. Many modern Sanskrit poets have also written extensively about Mahatma Gandhi, highlighting his penance, sacrifice, and selfless service to the nation. Notable works include Satyagraha G?t?, Gandhi G?t?, ?r? G?ndh?caritam, ?r? G?ndh? Gauravam, G?ndh? G?th?, Saty?grahodayam, and G?ndh? Vijay?n??akam, among others. Hence, the objectives of this study are to highlight how Sanskrit literature and Sanskrit scholars contributed to the struggle for independence and to assess how Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of life influenced Sanskrit scholars.

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Indian Freedom Movement- Sanskrit Literature- Gandhi's Philosophy- Influence

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This research investigates the substitution of fine aggregates with waste materials--specifically saw dust and shredded plastic bottles (PET)--to produce green polymer concrete using locally available resources. The saw dust was sourced from wood industry residues, while the chopped PET originated from recycled plastic bottles. Additional constituents included epoxy resin (from Romanian industry), fly ash, and natural aggregates. A control mix of conventional polymer concrete was prepared for comparison. Experimental mixtures were developed by replacing fine aggregates with waste materials at varying percentages, ranging from 25% to 100%. Mechanical properties were evaluated through flexural and splitting tensile strength tests. Results indicated that polymer concrete incorporating saw dust exhibited higher flexural strength than mixtures with PET waste. Furthermore, both waste-modified concretes showed improved splitting tensile strength compared to the control mixture.

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Green concrete, Polymer concrete, Saw dust, Shredded PET, Flexural strength, Sustainable construction

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Weed control in agriculture presents a significant challenge for farmers. Furthermore, present farming techniques make extensive use of herbicides and other chemicals, which might have a negative impact on the environment. These can have an impact on soil fertility as well as water contamination when agricultural runoff enters bodies of water, adversely impacting aquatic ecosystems. It can also have an impact on our health if we consume agricultural products that are produced using unscientific methods and a high concentration of pesticides. These disadvantages can be avoided by creating a system that can detect and eradicate weeds automatically, either by plucking or spraying herbicides exclusively in the targeted areas.

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Weed Control, Advanced machine

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Soil nutrients testing with IoT entails using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to monitor and measure the levels of essential nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in soil, providing real-time data that farmers can use to optimize fertilizer application, improve crop yield, and manage their land more efficiently, all through a connected network to a central platform for analysis and decision-making; essentially enabling smart agriculture.

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Nutrients, Agriculture

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Human Civilization is in a constant pursuit of social order, which has been greatly disturbed of social order, which has been greatly disturbed during all phases of its history. The notion of social security has been in existence since the time of immemorial and traces its evolution right from the existence of the society. It is true that the human history is full of struggle for survival and has faced the unpredictability brought on by unemployment, ill health, impairment, demise and elderliness. Social security is a double-edged system designed to combat against destitution, vagrancy & deprivation, it assures the basic minimum benefits to an individual for himself & his dependents. Today it plays a vital role in the advancement process and generates a more positive approach to the challenges of globalization.

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Social Security, Compensation, Employee, Disability, Employer, Notional Extention

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It is rightly claimed that ensuring a quality higher education is one of the most relevant things we can do for our future generation. Higher education refers to education beyond the secondary level of education. It is also known as the tertiary or post-secondary level of education. In the present time, when changes are occurring rapidly, one can adjust himself only when he accepts the changes progressively, and it is only possible when the individuals are educated. Higher education is a confronting challenge that the entire nation is facing. Since independence, substantial development has been witnessed. On the eve of independence, our country had about 27 universities and 498 colleges. But as of 1st June 2020, according to the list published by the UGC, there were about 54 centrals, 416 states 125 deemed, and 361 private universities. There are seven institutes under the State Legislature Act, and 159 institutes of national importance, including institutions like IIT, IISER, NIT, etc. In India, Uttar Pradesh has emerged as the state with the highest number of colleges. Purvanchal was endowed with esteemed institutions like Banaras Hindu University, MMM University of Technology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, etc. However, instead of having a sufficient number of colleges and universities, the education system is still lagging. This study examines the situation of Higher education in Uttar Pradesh (especially in the Purvanchal Region) distribution of colleges and universities, and the various initiatives taken by the government. After analyzing the entire situation, the paper suggests some possible measures to make our educational system the pre-eminent one.

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Higher Education, Purvanchal, Tertiary level of Education, Esteemed institutions, Institute of Eminence, Educational System

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Quantum computing, rooted in the principles of quantum mechanics, promises to revolutionize many fields, including cybersecurity. While quantum computers have the potential to solve complex problems that classical computers struggle with, they also pose significant risks to current cryptographic methods. Many of today's encryption algorithms, which secure global communication and financial transactions, could be broken by quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm. At the same time, quantum cryptography offers new, fundamentally secure methods of communication, such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). This paper explores the implications of quantum computing for cybersecurity, focusing on both the threats posed by quantum attacks and the opportunities presented by quantum-resistant algorithms and quantum cryptography.

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Quantum Computing in Cyber security: Opportunities and Challenges

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This research paper explores the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) in financial trading. As technological advancements continue to reshape the financial sector, AI-based trading methods have emerged as powerful tools for market analysis, prediction, and execution. This study investigates various AI algorithms employed in trading, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and analysis of real-world case studies, we examine the efficacy of AI-based trading strategies compared to traditional methods. Our findings indicate that AI-driven approaches can significantly enhance trading performance, particularly in high-frequency trading and complex market environments. However, challenges such as data quality, model interpretability, and regulatory concerns persist. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI in finance and provides insights for both researchers and practitioners in the field.

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Algorithmic Trading, High-Frequency Trading, Financial Markets, Predictive Analytics, Natural Language Processing

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Salesforce CRM stands as a pivotal tool for large enterprises seeking to streamline their customer relationship management. However, the vast scope and complexity of such organizations demand a tailored approach to fully leverage Salesforce's capabilities. This paper explores comprehensive strategies and best practices for optimizing Salesforce CRM to meet the unique needs of large enterprises. Firstly, the importance of a structured implementation plan is discussed. A phased rollout, beginning with core modules and gradually integrating advanced features, allows for smooth adoption while minimizing disruption to ongoing operations. This approach also facilitates better training and adjustment periods for staff across different departments. Customization emerges as a crucial strategy. The paper details how enterprises can use Salesforce's customization options to align the CRM closely with their specific processes and workflows. This includes creating custom fields, modules, and automation rules that reflect the unique aspects of the enterprise's operations, improving both user experience and data relevance. Data management practices are crucial for the effective use of Salesforce in large enterprises. The paper advocates for stringent data quality protocols, regular audits, and clear data governance policies to ensure the CRM contains accurate and up-to-date information. Integrating Salesforce with other enterprise systems (ERP, BI tools) through APIs not only enhances data consistency across platforms but also enriches the CRM's utility by providing a comprehensive view of customer interactions. User adoption is identified as a pivotal area, often overlooked in CRM implementations. The paper emphasizes the importance of ongoing training programs tailored to different user roles within the enterprise. Engaging users through gamification and offering incentives for Salesforce usage can drive adoption rates and ensure that the CRM is utilized to its fullest potential. Moreover, the role of analytics in optimizing Salesforce CRM is highlighted. By leveraging Salesforce's analytical tools, enterprises can gain insights into customer behavior, campaign effectiveness, and operational efficiency. Custom dashboards and reports should be developed to meet the specific informational needs of different stakeholders, enabling data-driven decision-making. Finally, maintaining scalability and flexibility is vital. As enterprises grow and evolve, their CRM must adapt. Regular reviews and updates to Salesforce configurations, in line with changing business strategies and market conditions, are essential. This ensures that the CRM continues to support the enterprise effectively, even as new challenges and opportunities arise. The paper concludes by reaffirming the transformative potential of Salesforce CRM when optimized correctly. By adopting a strategic approach to implementation, customization, data management, user adoption, analytics, and scalability, large enterprises can enhance their customer relationship management and achieve a significant competitive advantage.

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Salesforce CRM, large enterprises, CRM optimization, data management, user adoption, system integration, customization, analytics, scalability, strategic implementation

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Manohar Malgonkar is one of the most under-rated writers of English novel in India. Although he enjoys immense popularity with his readers whose number is by no means small, literary critics tend to dismiss him as a historical romancer, a writer of popular fiction whose works, being devoid of serious content, merely emphasize good story-telling. It is true that novels like Spy in Amber and Shalimar (which originated as a film script) were specifically written for the popular taste. And several of his short stories have a light-hearted banter giving the impression that the author was at pains to avoid anything as unsavoury as complexity or depth or intensity of feeling, in them. It is, thus, that G.S. Amur, while comparing Malgonkar with Raja Rao, states that the former "considers himself as essentially an entertainer, a story-teller and scrupulously keeps away from metaphysics".

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Manohar Malgonkar's A Bend in the Ganges as an Amalgamation of Disparate Socio-Political Trends

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Effective inventory control is essential to smoothly running contemporary supply chain networks. Moving goods from bin to bin inside a warehouse is a crucial procedure that guarantees efficient storage space utilization and simple item accessibility. The incorporation of mobile technology has greatly improved conventional bin-to-bin transfer techniques. This innovation is best demonstrated by the SAP Bin-to-Bin Transfer Mobile Application, which offers real-time data processing, keeping you informed and up-to-date, and a sophisticated user interface to expedite the transfer procedure. The features and advantages of the SAP Bin-to-Bin Transfer Mobile Application are examined in this article. The program allows warehouse staff to carry out transfers with portable devices, minimizing errors, speeding up the transfer process, and reducing reliance on manual, paper-based procedures. The conversation explores the application's underlying technology, practical benefits, and possible implementation difficulties. In addition, case studies from the actual world are looked at to show how this mobile solution may be used in practice for warehouse management. The SAP Bin-to-Bin Transfer Mobile Application significantly improves inventory control, operational effectiveness, and overall supply chain efficiencies, providing the logistics and supply chain sector with a competitive edge.

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Digitalizing supply chain, Warehousing, Bin-To-Bin transfer, Efficiency, and Mobility Applications.

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This research article delves into the Natya Sastra, a foundational ancient text attributed to Bharata, and its classification of acting into four distinct styles: Lokadharmi, Natyadharmi, Nrttadharmi, and Nrtyadharmi. From realistic depictions to stylized theatrics, intricate dances to versatile performances, these acting styles offer a timeless framework for theatre. Examples and references illustrate their continued relevance in contemporary theatre, highlighting their enduring impact on the world of performance.

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Natya Sastra, Acting Styles, Lokadharmi, Natyadharmi, Nrttadharmi, Nrtyadharmi, Theatrical Expression, Indian Theatre, Bharata, Performance Arts, Theatre Theory, Ancient Texts, Cultural Influence, Contemporary Theatre, Art of Acting, Stylized Acting, Realistic Acting, Dance in Theatre, Versatile Acting Styles

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The textiles industry has been an integral part of human civilization for centuries, playing a significant role in economic development, cultural expression and societal well-being. This research paper aims to explore the often overlooked and underappreciated contributions of women in the textiles industry. By examining historical perspectives, current practices and societal impact, this study sheds light on the multifaceted roles women have played in the industry throughout history and highlights their invaluable contributions to textile production, design, entrepreneurship, labour movements and social impact. The research begins with a historical overview, tracing the evolution of women's involvement in the textiles industry from ancient times to the present day. It explores how women's roles in textile production have evolved, from their early contributions in spinning and weaving to their participation in modern-day techniques, such as dyeing and embroidery.

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Textiles Industry, Production, Entrepreneurship, Labor Movements, Social Impact, Gender Equality.

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All the human beings are born free and by birth itself, every human being enjoys some inalienable, eternal, universal natural rights. Those rights are also recognized as a basic human rights and which gives assurance of equality in dignity. Right to life, right to equality, right to liberty, right to movement, right to thought and expression, right to access the necessities, right against exploitations, right to security.etc.. are the basic rights of all the human beings. From the Sophocles story of 'Antigone' of 441 BC to Universal Declaration of Human rights, 1948 AD, we can track the evolution of human rights in all over the world. The movement for protection of rights of disabled persons started with United Nations General Assembly Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Person on 9th December, 1975. In this research paper, the researcher is particularly dealing with respect to the international convention, contemporary status and governmental policies in India for the purpose of legal protection and accessibilities towards one of the vulnerable class of the society i.e., disabled persons.

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Disabled Persons, Indian Constitution, UN Convention, Legislation.

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The Supreme Court of India as the highest Judicial Tribunal of the country has given its authoritative decisions on various points of law from time to time. The apex court has examined the constitutional validity, procedure and many other issues related to death sentence and delivered its valuable verdict on numerous occasions in last 50-60 years. The constitutionality of death penalty has been questioned before the Supreme Court several times on the ground that it contravenes provisions incorporated in Indian Constitution. However, the Court has made it clear many times that the imposition of death penalty is not opposed to the supreme law of the land, Bhagwati, J., is of opinion that Sec. 302 of the I.P.C. in so for as it provides for imposition of death penalty as an alternative to life sentence is ultra vires and void as being violative of Art. 14 and 21 of the constitution since it does not provide any legislative guidelines as to when life should be permitted to be extinguished by imposition of, death sentence.

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JUDICIAL TRENDS WHILE AWARDING CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA: A STUDY

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The article tries to peep in the world of Hardy and dig out the reason behind pessimism and tragedy. The researcher has tried to analyse the pessimism in the story of Jude and Sue as well as, the role played by incident and circumstances in preparing the platform for tragedy. The article also highlights on how virtue is punished, the act of indiscretion, and how fate as usual in Hardy's all novels plays the key role in causing disaster. Jude the Obscure is a tragedy that highlights Victorian society's suppression of the human spirit. Jude Fawley's life serves as a metaphor for both the tragedy of hurried and ill-considered marriages and the social rejection that result from adhering to moral standards that are different from those of the majority of society. Jude eventually entered a state of inertia because of his disillusionment with organised religion (which he considered cruel), his conviction that existing civil laws were irrational, and his belief that natural law, which condemns everyone, regardless of their alleged worth, to suffer and eventually die (inactivity, sluggishness). In fact the other chief character Sue's tragedy is brought about by her own impulses and her tragedy establishes the supremacy of conventions and social codes. Hardy has represented the basic idea of this novel in transformations and failures: Jude and Sue have been snared in the modern spirit, have battled to break free of the traditional methods, and have suffered and failed. This supports Hardy's assessment of the book as a "tragedy of unfulfilled aims" in the preface to the book.

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tragedy, pessimism, fate, Hardy

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