Volume 14 | Issue 1

 Abstract

In today's highly digital world, data security has become paramount for all information systems. Conventional file-sharing methods often lack sufficient protection, leaving sensitive information vulnerable to unauthorized access or long-term exposure. This paper introduces a secure file-sharing framework that effectively integrates QR code generation, optional encryption, and time-bound access control. The proposed system employs AES encryption for strong confidentiality, dynamic QR codes for accessible portability, and a time-based expiry mechanism to automatically revoke authorization. This combination ensures that files are only accessible to verified users within a strictly limited time window. Implemented using React and Firebase, the architecture delivers a secure, usable, and scalable solution suitable for secure data transmission in academic, corporate, and personal environments

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Secure File Sharing, QR Code, Time-Bound Access, Data Security, Encryption, Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Access Control, Privacy Protection, File Encryption, Expiry Link, Authorized Access

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Right to Free Legal Aid in India: A Study of Constitutional, Statutory, and Judicial Developments Purvi Panwar Assistant Professor Himachal Pradesh College of Law Kala- Amb Abstract: The concept of Free Legal Aid serves as the foundation of a refined justice system, ensuring that the doors of justice are not closed to anyone due to economic or social disabilities. This paper examines the comprehensive evolution of the right to legal aid in India, tracing its route through constitutional mandates, legislative frameworks, and judicial activism. The Right to free legal aid gain formal recognition through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which inserted Article 39A, directing the State to provide free legal services. However, the true transformation occurred through the transformative interpretation of Article 21 by the Supreme Court, elevating legal aid from a directive principle to fundamental rights. The study further analyzes the statutory strength provided by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, which established a three-tier structure (NALSA, SLSA, and DLSA) and institutionalized Lok Adalats as a mechanism for affordable dispute resolution.By analyzing landmark judicial pronouncements such as Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar and M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra, this paper highlights how the judiciary has bridged the gap between theoretical rights and practical accessibility.

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Key Words: Article 21, Article 39A, Constitutional Law, Directive Principles of State Policy, Equal Justice, Free Legal Aid, Judicial Activism, Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, Lok Adalats ,NALSA , Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Social Justice.

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In this article we introduce, in terms of with soft grill, the concepts soft grill generalized closed map, soft grill generalized open map and soft grill generalized homeomorphism in soft grill topological spaces (X,?_s, ?_s,A). Several related results and properties of these concepts are investigated.

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Soft sets, soft homeomorphism, zeta_mathcal{S}-mathcal{G} closed set, zeta_mathcal{S}-mathcal{G} closed map, zeta_mathcal{S}-mathcal{G} open map, zeta_mathcal{S}-mathcal{G} closed set homeomorphism

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Solar energy harnesses photovoltaic (PV) panels to convert sunlight into electricity, yet dust accumulation on panel surfaces poses a significant challenge, reducing efficiency by up to 40% in arid and dusty regions. This paper proposes an innovative automatic dust cleaning mechanism designed to enhance solar panel efficiency by mitigating soiling losses in real-time. The system integrates sensor-based detection, mechanical brushing, and waterless cleaning techniques to autonomously remove dust without human intervention, addressing limitations of manual cleaning methods that are labour-intensive, costly, and inconsistent. Key components include dust sensors (e.g., optical particulate monitors) that trigger activation when soiling exceeds a predefined threshold, a motorized brush assembly with anti-static bristles for gentle surface contact, and a solar-powered microcontroller for energy-efficient operation. The mechanism employs a linear actuator to sweep the panel surface bidirectionally, ensuring comprehensive coverage while minimizing mechanical wear. To optimize performance, an IoT module enables remote monitoring and predictive maintenance via cloud analytics. This automatic cleaning solution offers scalability for utility-scale solar farms and rooftop installations, promoting sustainable energy production. Future enhancements could incorporate AI-driven dust prediction and adaptive cleaning schedules to further boost reliability and economic viability.

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Photovoltaics, Soiling, Automation, Waterless, IoT

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The complexity of career decision-making has increased as job roles evolve and digital recruitment systems become more widely adopted. Job seekers often struggle to match their skills with market expectations and generate resumes that align with Applicant Tracking System (ATS) requirements. ASPIRA is proposed as an intelligent career guidance platform that supports applicants through automated resume parsing, rule-based skill extraction, skill-gap identification, and job-role alignment using real-time job market data. The system is developed using a MERN stack architecture and integrates external job data APIs to recommend suitable career roles and upskilling paths. Preliminary evaluation shows improvements in resume-job relevance and application accuracy when compared to traditional keyword-based job search approaches, indicating the platform's potential to enhance employability and support informed career planning

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Career Guidance, Resume Parsing, Skill Gap Analysis, ATS Optimization, MERN Stack, Job Recommendation System, Employability Enhancement, API Integration, Job Market Analytics.

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In today's fast and competitive world, many gynaecological cases are rapidly increasing because of sedentary lifestyle, faulty food habits, depression, addiction and loss of mental peace. In Ayurveda, sthanika chikitsa (local therapies) are specialized treatment procedures for women. Uttarbasti, a traditional Ayurvedic treatment, involves the instillation of medicated oils or ghee into the uterus through the cervix. This procedure aims to restore balance to the vaginal tissues, promote healing, and alleviate symptoms associated with various gynecological disorders. This holistic approach treats vaginal trauma, infections, and diseases, while also relieving pain, discomfort, and difficulty in conceiving. By promoting healing and rejuvenation, Uttarbasti restores vaginal health and balance, making it a valuable treatment option for women seeking natural and effective solutions for their gynaecological concerns.

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Uttarbasti, Basti, SOP, Sthankia chikitsa, Uttar marga, Panchakarma, Gynecology, Infertility, Uterus, Vagina, Cervix.

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Smart mobility has emerged as a critical component of sustainable urban development, aiming to address challenges related to traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and inefficient transportation systems. In India, the rapid pace of urbanization has intensified the need for intelligent and technology-driven mobility solutions, particularly in medium-sized cities that often face infrastructural and governance constraints. Meerut, a rapidly growing city in Uttar Pradesh and part of the National Capital Region (NCR), has been identified under the Smart Cities Mission, making it a relevant case for examining the adoption of smart mobility initiatives. This study investigates public perception, awareness, and willingness to adopt smart mobility solutions in Meerut. Primary data were gathered using a quantitative research approach by giving structured questionnaires to city dwellers from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. The study looks at important elements that affect adoption, such as perceived utility, affordability, ease of use, trust in technology, and institutional support. The results show that the public has a moderate understanding of smart mobility concepts and is more receptive to solutions like smart traffic management systems and app-based public transportation services. However, more sophisticated technologies are met with skepticism because of issues with cost, accessibility, and data privacy. In order to improve public participation and the successful implementation of smart transportation solutions in Meerut, the study identifies important adoption hurdles and offers policy-oriented recommendations. The study provides insights for policymakers and urban planners and contributes to the limited empirical literature on smart mobility uptake in medium-sized Indian cities

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Smart mobility, public perception, technology adoption, smart cities, Meerut, urban transportation

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Metro rail systems are increasingly promoted as sustainable solutions for managing congestion, reducing pollution, and improving urban mobility efficiency in Indian cities. Despite extensive public investment and technically advanced infrastructure, many newly operational metro systems continue to experience ridership levels that are significantly lower than initial projections. This persistent gap highlights the limitations of infrastructure-led planning approaches that overlook behavioural, spatial, and environmental dimensions of everyday travel. This research examines low metro ridership in Indian cities through the concept of behavioural friction, defined as the cumulative spatial, psychological, climatic, and social resistance encountered by commuters during daily mobility. The study moves beyond traditional transport performance metrics by focusing on lived commuter experience, particularly during first- and last-mile access to metro stations. A mixed-method approach combining commuter perception surveys, spatial accessibility analysis, walkability audits, and qualitative behavioural assessment is adopted. A Behavioural Friction Index (BFI) is developed to evaluate station-level resistance to metro usage by integrating walkability quality, climatic comfort, safety perception, last-mile reliability, and surrounding land-use activity. Findings indicate that extreme thermal stress, fragmented pedestrian infrastructure, safety concerns, unreliable last-mile services, and entrenched twowheeler dependence significantly reduce the effective catchment area of metro stations. The paper concludes that metro performance in Indian cities depends less on engineering capacity and more on access comfort, behavioural acceptance, and spatial quality, advocating a shift toward behaviour-led, climate-responsive, and human-centric urban mobility planning.

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Behavioural friction, metro ridership, urban mobility, walkability, climate stress, Indian cities

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A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

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DEM, Flood modeling; HEC-HMS/RAS; HEC- GeoHMS/RAS; Urbanization

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INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is very crucial event in every woman's life. Its brings anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes in women body. These all changes bring many common symptoms in pregnant mothers like, nausea and vomiting, heartburn, varicose vein, constipation. Constipation is the second most common in pregnant mothers. Constipation is occurring due to hormonal fluctuations like progesterone hormone increased during pregnancy that leads to relaxation of intestinal muscles. Other causes of constipation like enlargement of uterus, lack of fiber rich diet, lack of fluids, lack of exercise and also due to iron and calcium supplementations. Constipation leads to symptoms like, infrequent bowel movements, hard stool, rectal fullness. Along with this constipation leads to complications like hemorrhoid and rectal bleeding. Constipation is occurs in approximately 2.6% to 24.8% in Asia. Prevalence rate of constipation in pregnant women was 40% and evidence also shown that prevalence rate of constipation is two-three folds higher among pregnant women. PROBLEM STATEMENT Effect of diet counselling and exercise on constipation among antenatal mothers. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ? To assess the prevalence rate of constipation among antenatal mothers ? To assess the effect of the diet counselling and exercise on constipation among antenatal mothers. METHODOLOGY This is a quasi-experimental research study was conducted on 64 antenatal mothers consecutive purposively selected, who were came for antenatal checkup in the selected hospital in the selected city. Antenatal mothers in their second trimester onwards , those were will to participate and those who can read and write Marathi were included in the study and those antenatal mothers with high risk complication like preeclamsia, eclampsia or those were on treatment of constipation were excluded from study. Researcher divided the antenatal mothers in experimental and control group. Modified Rome III criteria was used as research tool to check the constipation score among antenatal mothers. Reliability score of Modified Rome III criteria was calculated with the help of split half method and found to be 0.871. Data analysis done with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Researcher used Mann-whitney and Wilcoxone test to fulfill the objectives. RESULT 64 antenatal mothers were enrolled between the age of 20-25 years among them mean duration of pregnancy in experimental group was 6.88% months and in control group was 6.78%. Most of the antenatal mothers i.e. 78.1% had moderate constipation, while 21.9% cases had mild constipation and none of cases had constipation or sever constipation during pretest of experimental group. In post-test 46.9% of cases mild constipation, 53.1% cases had no constipation and none had moderate or severe constipation. Whereas 78.1% antenatal mothers in control group had moderate constipation 21.9% of cases had mild constipation and none of case had constipation or severe constipation in pretest while in post-test 18.7% of cases had moderate constipation, 59.4% of cases had mild constipation, 21.9% of cases had no constipation and none of case had sever constipations. Mean pretest constipation score was 2.91 in experimental group while 0.63 was mean posttest constipation score. Posttest constipation score was significantly decreased i.e. 78.35% by applying Wilcoxon test Z=5.01>1.96, reject the null hypothesis as P<0.0001 Mean pretest constipation score was 3.06 in experimental group while 1.66 was mean posttest constipation score. Posttest constipation score was significantly decreased i.e. 45.75% by applying Wilcoxon test Z= 4.41>1.96, reject the null hypothesis as P<0.0001 CONCLUSION The present study shown that diet counselling and exercise was effective on constipation among antenatal mothers. The similar study can be conducted with acupuncture and with honey water as study interventions to treat constipation during antenatal period. The same study can be done throughout pregnancy and postnatal period also this study can be conducted in community setting and among antenatal mothers of first trimesters

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Diet counselling, Exercise, Antenatal mothers, Modified Rome III criteria.

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The upturn of Naxalism in India reflects deep-rooted socio-economic inequalities, political marginalization, and uneven development in tribal and rural regions. Originating as an agrarian movement, Naxalism has evolved into a significant internal security challenge, particularly in the Red Corridor states. Factors such as land alienation, exploitation of forest resources, poor governance, and lack of basic services have contributed to its resurgence. Despite various counter-insurgency and development initiatives by the government, the movement continues to attract local support. Addressing the issue requires a balanced approach combining security measures with inclusive development, justice, and effective governance.

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Naxalism capitalism communism

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This unique study critically re-examines the widely accepted notion of the so-called “ozone hole,” a concept that has been a major global environmental concern for decades. Based on factual evidence, theoretical principles, and rigorous scientific reasoning, it is demonstrated that the concept of ozone depletion largely arises from the inherent limitations and inaccuracies of measurement instruments, methodologies, and interpretations. A careful analysis of the scientific processes governing the formation and destruction of stratospheric ozone reveals natural balance within the Chapman cycle, thereby challenging conventional conclusions. Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation up to 290 nm (290 nanometer = 2900 Å = 2.9×10-7 m) is effectively absorbed by stratospheric oxygen and ozone. Molecular oxygen (O₂) undergoes photolysis to yield atomic oxygen, which recombines with O₂ to form ozone (O₃). Ozone itself is continuously destroyed through photolysis and spontaneous reactions (O + O₃ → 2O₂; O₃ + O₃ → 3O₂). This continuous cycle is active only in the presence of the Sun’s UV radiation. And this megacycle benefits our Earth in many ways, both directly and indirectly. Instead, increased UV radiation at specific geographic regions (Antarctica, Arctic, Tibet, Greenland, Himalayas, Alaska, etc.) is attributed to extremely low temperatures and exceptionally clean atmospheric conditions, not to the destruction of the ozone layer. Thus, the term “ozone hole” should be interpreted as enhanced UV radiation, rather than actual ozone loss. UV radiation is classified on a health basis, not on the basis of ozone absorption or any instrument-specific measurement principle. Accordingly, it is divided into three categories: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (100–280 nm). Among these, UV-C is the most harmful, but it is completely blocked by the oxygen–ozone shield. UV-B partially reaches the Earth’s surface and plays a crucial role in vitamin-D synthesis, while UV-A, though less harmful, reaches the surface almost entirely, with its intensity modulated primarily by other atmospheric constituents. In the primary stage, the oxygen layer absorbs extremely short-wavelength solar UV radiation, leading, as a consequence, to the formation of ozone in the secondary stage. In this secondary stage, the ozone layer absorbs, interferes with, attenuates, blocks, scatters, reflects, and refracts UV radiation with wavelengths shorter than 290 nm. As a result, biologically destructive UV-C radiation is fully eliminated before reaching the surface. Modern scientific understanding has now almost firmly established that UV radiation beyond 290 nm is controlled predominantly by other atmospheric components, such as aerosols, OH, H₂O, SO₂, NO₂, CO₂, and related species. In this wavelength region, the influence of the ozone or oxygen layers is negligible, and therefore it is scientifically untenable to infer ozone concentration by measuring variations in UV intensity beyond 290 nm using instrument-based measurement principles. In conclusion, the stratospheric oxygen– ozone system functions as a natural protective umbrella for life on Earth. The perceived “ozone hole” does not represent true depletion, but rather reflects natural variations in UV radiation and limitations of measurement interpretations. The objective of this research is not to weaken environmental protection policies, but to correct pseudo-scientific narratives and establish a rigorous, fact-based scientific foundation for atmospheric studies

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The Ozone Hole, Ozone layer depletion, The Oxygen Layer, Ozone Layer, UV Index (UVI), Atmospheric Components Freezing, polar vortex, Antarctica and Tropical Ozone Holes, Greenland, Alaska, Himalayas, Tibet and Arctic Mini Ozone Hole, Stratospheric Water Vapor (SWV) and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), Mega Cycles, Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC), Dobson Spectrophotometer, Ozone Sonde, Satellite Observations, Chapman Cycle, Stratospheric Dynamics, Surface

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In this project, we develop an IoT-Based Smart Irrigation System using ESP32 WiFi Module. The ESP32 connects to a WiFi network and uploads real-time soil moisture level, rain detection status, and pump operation status to the Adafruit IO cloud platform. The system uses a soil moisture sensor to determine the water content in the soil and a rain drop sensor to detect rainfall, enabling intelligent control of irrigation

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IoT,Smart irrigation system,ESP32 system

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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iot, esp32, embedded,

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"A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONE ON EXAM PERFORMANCE AMONG JUNIOR COLLEGES STUDENTS IN SELECTED COLLEGE OF NAGPUR CITY."

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