Volume 14 | Issue 1

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AI-Driven Testing, Machine Learning in QA, Self-Healing Test Automation, Autonomous Testing Agents, Visual AI Regression, Predictive Defect Analytics, Synthetic Data Generation, Natural Language Processing (NLP) Testing, Continuous Testing (CT), Quality Engineering (QE), Test Maintenance Reduction, Generative AI (GenAI) for Software Testing

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This paper examines the invisibility of widows in Indian society through a sociological lens. Drawing from feminist theory, symbolic interactionism, and intersectionality, it argues that widowhood represents a form of social death, where women are systematically erased from cultural, economic, and familial life. Using case studies such as Vrindavan widows, caste variations, and NGO interventions, the paper highlights both the persistence of widow stigma and emerging transformations through activism and reform.

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Social death, widow, stigma

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Digital finance has emerged as a significant driver of economic transformation in emerging economies by improving financial inclusion, enhancing transaction efficiency, and expanding access to credit. The power sector, being capital-intensive and vital for economic growth, continues to face challenges such as financing constraints, poor revenue realization, high distribution losses, and limited access to long-term capital. This study examines the role of digital finance as a catalyst for power sector growth in emerging economies, with particular emphasis on its impact on investment, operational efficiency, and revenue sustainability. Using secondary data collected from international energy and financial databases covering selected emerging economies over the period 2019-2024, the study employs descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis to assess the relationship between digital finance indicators and power sector performance. The findings reveal that digital finance has a positive and significant influence on power sector growth by improving bill collection efficiency, enabling innovative financing models, and supporting decentralized energy systems. The study highlights the importance of digital financial infrastructure and policy support in strengthening the financial viability and long-term sustainability of the power sector.

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Digital Finance, Power Sector Growth, Emerging Economies, Financial Inclusion, Energy Financing, Fintech.

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15 अगस्त 1947 को एक लंबे संघर्ष के बाद भारत को विदेशी अंग्रेजी सत्ता की गुलामी से स्वतन्त्रता मिली थी | भारत विभाजन इस देश के इतिहास की बेहद महत्वपूर्ण और त्रासद भरी घटना है | इस विभाजन की घटना ने देश के स्वर्णिम इतिहास और हजारों लोगों की कुर्बानियों से प्राप्त स्वतन्त्रता को कलंकित कर दिया | देश के विभाजन ने वर्षों से एक-साथ निवासरत लोगों की एकता,संस्कृति,रीति-रिवाजों,आपसी संबंधों और भाषा को एक झटके में ही नष्ट कर दिया | विभाजित होते ही लाखों लोगों का जन-जीवन ,वर्षों पुरानी सभ्यता और संस्कृति ,वर्तमान और भविष्य ,सबकुछ विभाजन के अंधेरे में डूब गया | देश का विभाजन आज भी हमारे हृदय में एक जहरीले कांटे की तरह चुभ रहा है | भारत की आजादी को आज भले ही 78 वर्ष बीत चुके हैं | हम सभी भारतवासी प्रतिवर्ष भले ही आजादी का जश्न और खुशियाँ मनाते हैं ,आजादी के गीत गाते हैं ,लेकिन फिर भी कहीं न कहीं हमें विभाजन का वो भयानक मंजर और उससे पीड़ित लोगों की तस्वीर आज भी याद हैं ,जो विभाजन की पीड़ा को हमेशा ही याद दिलाते हैं | जिस समय आजादी की लड़ाई लड़ी जा रही थी किसी ने भी महसूस नहीं किया होगा कि देश की आजादी के साथ देश के विभाजन का भयानक और त्रासद समय ,देशवासियों को देखना पड़ेगा |

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गुलामी,कलंकित,त्रासद,स्वर्णिम,मंजर,भारत,पाकिस्तान,साम्प्रदायिकता,फूट–डालो,बेहया ,अलगाव ,बंदे |

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The present study was conducted to assess the conservation treatment procedure of ancient shawl object in Bangladesh National Museum. In the present study, character of Shawl has been evaluated and assessed the suitability of prevention purposes. The environmental impact of shawl has been discussed. The assessment can be increased the awareness of the people of the risk and affected the Shawl so that they could ready to face the disaster due to climate change, from the investigation it can be concluded that the Shawl is being affected by environmental hazard. The strength of colors were studies of their lowest values such as blue, red and yellow were founds in variation from 1.470998(N), 0.588399(N) and 0.392266(N) respectively. The strength of lowest value of different yarn studied was found lower hose of the new yarn value. The delay of the application of the legal frame work as well as people's awareness aggravates the situation by continually reducing the longevity of ancient Shawl in Bangladesh National Museum

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Shawl, Conservation, Bangladesh National Museum, Ancient, Environmental, Hazard, Reducing, Longevity.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The advent of smartphones has revolutionized the way people communicate, access information, and entertains themselves. In recent years, the use of smartphones has become ubiquitous, with people of all ages owning a smartphone. According to a report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the number of mobile phone users worldwide is projected to reach 7.1 billion by 2025, with India being one of the largest contributors to this growth. The widespread adoption of smartphones has transformed the way people live, work, and interacts with each other. The impact of smartphone usage on adolescents is a topic of significant interest and concern. Adolescence is a critical stage of development, characterized by significant physical, emotional, and social changes. During this stage, adolescents are vulnerable to various influences, including peer pressure, social media, and technology. The increasing accessibility and affordability of smartphones have made them an integral part of adolescent life, influencing various aspects of their development, including physical and mental health, social relationships, and academic performance. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: "A study to assess the effect of smart phone usage in adolescents at selected high school in Tirupati" OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the effect of smart phone usage in adolescents at selected high school Tirupati. 2. To associate the level of effect of smart phone usage in adolescents with selected demographical variables. METHODOLOGY: The research approach used in the study was Quantitative and the research design was Descriptive design. Sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique for an objective group. The self-structured questionnaire was used to assess the effect of smart phone usage in adolescents at selected high school in Tirupati. A sample of 100 adolescent students were selected for the study. The reliability for the tool r=0.8. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data of study. RESULT: The study findings include, Effect of smart phone usage is moderate among adolescents that is 35. 34 of Adolescents were with mild effect and 31 of adolescents were with severe effect. There is no significant association with socio demographic variables. The other variables were not found to have any significant association with the effect of smart phone usage among Adolescents. CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that smartphone usage has a moderate overall effect on adolescents studying in the selected high school at Tirupati, with a considerable proportion experiencing mild to severe effects. Although demographic variables largely showed no significant association with the impact of smartphone use, the findings highlight that excessive or unmanaged smartphone usage can influence adolescents' well-being and daily functioning. These results emphasize the need for awareness programs, parental guidance, and school-based interventions to promote responsible smartphone use among adolescents and to minimize its potential negative effects on their physical, mental, and academic development.

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Smartphone usage, Adolescents, Effect High school students, Descriptive study, Tirupati

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This paper illuminates the importance of Ocean Governance and upholds and clarifies the ongoing significance of UNCLOS 1982 in promoting collaboration, harmony, and sustainable growth throughout the world's seas, therefore enhancing and promoting marine sustainability and fair resource administration. A keystone in regulating ocean affairs is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), offering a thorough legal framework to control a range of activities and interests in the world's seas. The paper analyses the relevance of UNCLOS in forming global marine governance, which examines the historical background, development, main clauses, and impacts of the Convention. This paper aims to clarify the ongoing significance of UNCLOS in promoting cooperation, peace, and sustainable development throughout the world's seas by exploring the influence of the Convention on current difficulties and its applicability in tackling upcoming concerns. This paper provides a thorough study that advances knowledge of UNCLOS's function in navigating the challenges of ocean governance and promoting attempts to manage resources fairly and sustainably in the ocean.

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UNCLOS 1982, UNCLOS and Maritime Governance, UNCLOS and Sustainable Development

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Diazepam (Dz) is considered to be very safe initially, but later on it has been revealed that it may cause dependency. Since Dz is a drug of abuse, too, it may also cause intentional dependency. This intentional dependency is more serious due to the undefined nature of Dz consumption (Dose and frequency) and subsequent possible toxicity, which are generally not associated with therapeutic use of Dz. To evaluate the cellular toxic impact of Dz abuse, this study aimed to assess the impact of the number of defined overdoses of Dz on the cellular level of established enzyme markers for toxicity, i.e. TRAP-5b, ALT, AST, LDH and GST in the Swiss albino mice model. This study is unique as it monitors the serum level of these enzymes at various time intervals after discontinuation of Dz overdosing. The results of this study established a link between the number of Dz overdoses and irregularities in the serum levels of enzymes. It has been observed that the appearance of irregularities in the serum level of the chosen enzymes has been delayed after discontinuation of Dz abuse. Additionally, it is also evident that the persistence of this abnormality in the serum level of enzymes may depend on the number of doses of Dz (the higher the number of Dz overdoses, the longer the persistence of abnormalities). These irregularities are directly linked to Dz abuse with cellular toxicity as well as bone health.

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Diazepam, Drug abuse, Drug toxicity, Drug dependency, Bone health

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Banks are the financial intermediaries that serve as a bridge between assurances and general public. Banking business is therefore prone to high risk in the changing economic conditions. With the introduction and revision of Basel Norms, banks in India have also started to accept the importance of capital adequacy requirement and maintaining optimum profitability and operational efficiency to remain relevant in the market. This paper is an attempt to analyze the effect of various profitability parameters in the era of Basel Norms III and compare the performance of select public and private sector banks on the basis of NIM, PPE and ROE. 8 banks were taken as sample and data was collected from the banks' annual report and RBI's official website. Through analysis, it could be concluded that ROE and PPE are very much significant as parameters of profitability as compared to NIM. Private sector banks, mainly HDFC and ICICI give very good indicators of efficient resources management over the years as compare to public sector banks. The study indicates that banks are well verged with guidelines given under Basel III as they are exerted with pressure to maintain higher liquidity and profitability for improved financial resilience and stability.

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profitability, banks, Basel Norms, NIM, PPE, ROE

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ABSTRACT Virtual reality (VR) is emerging as a dynamic teaching resource in nursing, offering safe, immersive simulations that enhance learner's clinical abilities, analytical thinking and decision making skills. Through the creation of realistic healthcare environments, VR transforms theory into hands-on experiences and equips future nurses to handle the challenges of real-world clinical setting.

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Key words:Virtual reality, immersive learning, nursing education, simulation, healthcare technology

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This study explores the nature and extent of women's participation in the political processes of Timona Gram Panchayat in Dibrugarh dist, Assam. Despite constitutional provisions and local self-governance systems, women's political engagement in this rural panchayat remains limited. Traditionally, women have been confined to household roles, with limited political awareness and exposure. Although younger generations show improvement, significant gender disparities persist. The study identifies key barriers to women's political involvement, including patriarchal mindsets, limited education, economic dependence, and lack of political training. These factors often prevent women from participating meaningfully in panchayat meetings or decision-making bodies. Field-level interactions with elected women representatives, local leaders, and community members reveal that while constitutional reservations (as per Article 243(D) of the Indian constitution) have improved women's numerical presence in Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs), their participation often remains symbolic. It argues that true empowerment requires moving beyond quotas to ensure active and informed participation. The paper highlights the need for political capacity-building programs, awareness campaign and support networks to strengthen women's roles in grassroots democracy. Ultimately, the study contends that meaningful political participation by women is not only vital for achieving gender equality but also essential for the effective functioning of democratic institutions at the grassroots level.

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women empowerment, political participation, grassroots democracy, proxy representation

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The rapid digital transformation of the banking sector has significantly increased vulnerability to cyber-attacks, data breaches, and technology-driven financial crimes. As traditional insurance products largely focus on physical assets and fail to adequately cover intangible digital risks, cyber insurance has emerged as an essential risk-mitigation tool for banks. This study examines the rising importance of cyber insurance in the Indian banking industry by analyzing the escalation of cyber threats, regulatory requirements, and financial implications associated with cyber incidents. It also evaluates the evolving cyber insurance market in India through a comparative assessment of policy structures offered by private insurers such as HDFC Ergo and Bajaj Allianz, and highlights the considerable untapped potential due to limited involvement of public sector insurers. Additionally, the study explores the growing necessity of cyber insurance for newly consolidated Public Sector Banks, which now operate with larger digital footprints and interconnected systems. The findings reveal that cyber insurance plays a critical role in enhancing cyber resilience, ensuring business continuity, and safeguarding customer trust in an increasingly digital financial ecosystem. Overall, the research concludes that adopting comprehensive cyber insurance coverage is no longer optional but a strategic imperative for Indian banks facing escalating cyber risks and expanding digital operations.

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KEYWORDS: Cyber Insurance, Banking Sector, Cybersecurity, Data Breach, Risk Management, Digital Banking, Public Sector Banks, Cyber-attacks, Insurance Market, Regulatory Compliance, Business Continuity, Cyber Risk Mitigation.

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Academic Stress, Mental Health, Emotional Intelligence, Academic Procrastination and Intermediate Students

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Kamala Markandaya's Nectar in a Sieve (1954) offers one of the most powerful depictions of the endurance, courage, and emotional complexity of a rural Indian woman. The protagonist, Rukmani, functions not only as the novel's central figure but also as its psychological nucleus. Her inner life--moulded by poverty, marriage, motherhood, grief, hope, and despair--mirrors the mental realities of numerous marginalized women living in agrarian societies. This research paper examines Rukmani primarily through psychological perspectives such as resilience theory, trauma studies, emotional stamina, identity development, and coping mechanisms in prolonged adversity. Using selected quotations from the text, the study shows how Rukmani sustains her sense of self and emotional balance amid intense socio-economic disruption. Ultimately, Markandaya presents her as a symbol of psychological fortitude, embodying the quiet, often overlooked strength of women surviving under oppressive conditions.

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Rukmani, psychological study, resilience, trauma, identity, rural woman, Markandaya, Nectar in a Sieve, emotional endurance.

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ShriLal Shukal k Rag Darbari mai Gramin Samaj ka yadharth or Vyangyay

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ShriLal Shukal k Rag Darbari mai Gramin Samaj ka yadharth or Vyangyay

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One of the world's first cultivated crops is the lentil. Legumes are a cool-season food that are important to humans. A variety of agroecological locations, including Asia, North and South America, Africa, and Oceania, grow lentils. The global output of lentils grew by 107% between 2001 and 2020, from 3.15 to 6.54 million metric tons. With 44% of the world's production, Canada is the top producer of lentils, followed by Australia and India with 18% and 8%, respectively. Typically, lentil crops are planted in the fall and harvested at moisture levels of 16-18% for green lentils and 14-16% for red lentils toward the conclusion of a very hot and dry summer. Lentils are regarded as a nutritious food since they are high in protein, complex carbs, dietary fibre, and folic acid. Numerous bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, total phenolics, phytate, saponins, and tannins, are also found in lentils. An overview of lentil production and trade, consumption patterns, nutritional profile, health advantages, and the contribution of lentil production to environmental sustainability is given in this review article.

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Lentil, Health Benefits, Functional Food, Bioactive Compound, Antioxidant

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Water scarcity is a critical global challenge, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where conventional water resources are inadequate to meet growing demands. Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) has emerged as a promising alternative water source by extracting moisture directly from ambient air. Among various AWH techniques, adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting has gained increasing attention due to its ability to operate under low relative humidity conditions and its potential for energy-efficient operation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting systems with a focus on working principles, adsorbent materials, system configurations, and performance parameters. Various solid adsorbents such as silica gel, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and composite materials are discussed with respect to water uptake capacity, regeneration temperature, and operational feasibility in arid climates. The advantages and limitations of adsorption-based systems are critically analyzed and compared with conventional condensation-based water harvesting methods. In addition, recent advancements, sustainability aspects, and challenges related to material cost, regeneration energy, and system scalability are highlighted. The study identifies key research gaps and emphasizes the need for low-cost, environmentally friendly adsorbents and passive or solar-driven regeneration techniques. This review aims to provide a consolidated understanding of adsorption-based AWH systems and serve as a reference for future research and practical implementation in water-stressed regions.

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Atmospheric Water Harvesting, Adsorption Technology, Arid Regions, Water Scarcity, Adsorbent Materials, Sustainable Water Resources.

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Abstract Regional political parties constitute a crucial yet underappreciated component of India's federal political system, particularly in peripheral and ethnically diverse states such as Arunachal Pradesh. This article examines the historical evolution, political functions, and contemporary relevance of regional political parties in shaping the state politics of Arunachal Pradesh. By situating the analysis within theoretical frameworks of federalism, regionalism, and identity politics, the study explores how parties such as the People's Party of Arunachal (PPA) and Arunachal Congress (AC) have influenced governance, leadership formation, electoral competition, and centre-state relations. The article argues that although national political parties have increasingly dominated electoral outcomes in Arunachal Pradesh, regional parties continue to play a vital intermediary role by articulating sub-national interests, enabling elite mobility, and mediating political stability. The study contributes to the broader literature on Indian party systems by highlighting how regional parties in frontier states shape democratic representation beyond electoral dominance.

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Keywords: Regional Political Parties, Arunachal Pradesh, Indian Federalism, Northeast India, Ethnic Politics, State Politics

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This study examines the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) centralised Chief Minister selection strategy and its implications for state governance, party institutionalisation, and democratic accountability in India. Drawing on party organisation theory, principal-agent frameworks, and federalism literature, the paper analyses six BJP-ruled states--Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Himachal Pradesh--between 2014 and 2024. Findings reveal that the BJP prioritises organisational loyalty, ideological alignment, and central control over regional charisma or mass-based leadership, often replacing popular Chief Ministers post-election to maintain high-command authority. Comparative analysis demonstrates that centralisation enhances national electoral efficiency, narrative coherence, and governance coordination, while simultaneously reducing state-level political autonomy, weakening intra-party democracy, and creating risks of bureaucratic dominance and voter disengagement. The paper further highlights how this strategy contributes to the presidentialisation of Indian politics and raises normative concerns regarding democratic backsliding. By integrating empirical case studies with theoretical insights, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how centralised leadership selection functions as both a tool of electoral optimisation and a potential challenge to the long-term institutional and democratic health of India's federal system.

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BJP, Chief Minister selection, centralised leadership, federalism, party organisation, democratic accountability, India.

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