Volume 6 | Issue 1

 Abstract

Graphs are very powerful tools for describing many problems and structures in image processing. But graphs only describe some binary relations and are not always sufficient for modeling some complex problems or data. In order to overcome these difficulties and to provide a more viable tool for processing images by taking into account the topological and geometrical aspects of an image, combinatorial or hypergraph model is proposed. A relatively new class of algorithm termed combinatorial algorithm relies on approach to image processing. Combinatorics refers to arranging the elements into sub sets. This project aims three applications in particular to Denoising of Image, Image compression and Image Edge detection using combinatorial analysis. First the image can be converted into Hypergraph model by using Image Adaptive Neighborhood Hypergraph (IANH) model then this model can be used for different applications of image processing. Impulse noise is detected by analysing unit cardinality pixels in IANH model, that can be removed by different traditional methods and comparing PSNR and BER of these methods. In this project relates to a new method for lossless image compression, based on combinatorial (Hypergraph) analysis HGLC (Hyper Graph Lossless Compression). First the image can be represented into Hypergraph model by using IANH model. Then it can be modeled into number of rectangles to remove redundant data using algorithm to compress the image.

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 Keywords

Image compression, lossy, Lossless ,Image restoration,Hypergraph

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 Abstract

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allotted a bandwidth of 7.5GHz (from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz) for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communications, UWB is rapidly advancing as a high data rate wireless communication technology. In this paper requirements for the Ultra-wideband antennas for wireless system are discussed UWB applications are becoming very popular because of reliability, security and high speed data transmission over smaller distances. In these applications it is very much essential to have small size printed antennas for transmitting and receiving of UWB signals. The research into UWB transient antennas has also made significant contributions to the development and improvement of wideband continuous wave (CW) antenna designs. However, designing small size printed antennas with good performance is quite a challenging task.This paper gives a state of art on covering the areas of UWB fundamentals, antenna theory, and it focuses on UWB planar printed circuit board (PCB) antenna design and analysis. It also presents a summary of key UWB antenna concepts, as well as system and network considerations, and fundamental limits for UWB antennas. These antennas can be used in many applications like 4G, wireless body area networks, spectrum sensing in cognitive radio, wireless telemetry, telemedicine and RF energy harvesting. GPR, MIMO, wireless personal networks, wireless sensor networks and so on.

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UWB, Wireless communications, Slot antenna, Monopole antenna, PCB antennas,Ultra-wideband antennas for wireless system

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 Abstract

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e-Health; m-Health; RFID; Healthcare; Body sensor; Cloud storage; Remote monitoring

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In remote correspondence, idea of parallel transmission of images is connected to accomplish high throughput and better transmission quality. Orthogonal Recurrence Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the methods for parallel transmission. The possibility of OFDM is to part the aggregate transmission transfer speed into various orthogonal subcarriers all together to transmit the images utilizing these subcarriers in parallel. In this paper, proposed OFDM framework configuration is reproduced utilizing MATLAB simulink tool stash. The computerized adjustment plans for example, M-PSK (M-array Stage Move Keying) and M-QAM (M-array Quadrature Plentifulness Adjustment), which give method for parallel transmission, are contrasted with investigate the BER execution of outlined OFDM framework. Specified plans utilized as a part of OFDM framework can be chosen on the premise of the necessity of energy or range effectiveness and BER examination

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 Keywords

OFDM;MATLAB Simulink;M-PSK;M-QAM;BER

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Vehicle Tracking, Fuel level Indicator, Microcontroller, GPS, GSM

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Pulse rate, Pulse detection sensor probe, Mobile application

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In this paper, we analyze existing phase frequency detectors from aspects of theoretical analysis and circuit operation. Based on the circuit architecture, both classifications and comparisons are made. Then we propose a phase frequency detector for PLL design. The proposed phase frequency detector is simple in its structure and has no glitch output as well as better phase characteristics. Several prior art phase frequency detectors with the proposed one are compared for phase sensitivity, dead zone characteristics and maximum operation frequency. The proposed phase frequency detector shows satisfactory circuit performance with higher operation frequency, lower phase jitter and smaller circuit complexity. The speed of the proposed phase frequency detector is up to 3.5GHz. Moreover, the circuit design of a GHz PLL has been completed including high speed VCO, charge pump and phase frequency detector with an external loop filter.

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 Keywords

Phase Locked Loop, Analog Phase Detector, Digital Phase Detector, Phase Detector, Voltage Controlled Oscillator, Simulation Results.

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Here a framework has been proposed that peruses the content experienced in regular scenes with the mean to give help to the visually impaired people. This paper portrays the framework plan and assesses a few character extraction techniques. Programmed content acknowledgment from normal pictures gets a developing consideration due to potential applications in picture recovery, mechanical autonomy and clever transport framework. Camera-based archive examination turns into a genuine plausibility with the expanding determination and accessibility of advanced cameras. Notwithstanding, on account of a visually impaired individual, finding the content is the primary imperative issue that must be tended to, in light of the fact that it can't be expected that the obtained picture contains just characters. At to start with, our framework tries to discover in the picture regions with little characters. At that point it zooms into the discovered regions to retake higher determination pictures vital for character acknowledgment. In the present paper, It has been proposed four character-extraction techniques in light of associated segments. The execution of the diverse techniques relies upon character measure. In the information, greater characters are more common and the best extraction technique turns out to be the succession: Sobel edge discovery, Otsu binarization, connected component extraction and rule-based connected component filtering.

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Sobel edge discovery, Otsu binarization, connected component extraction and rule-based connected component filtering.

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 Abstract

MRI images form an essential part in the diagnosis and treatment process in medical field. Due to the magnetic field, which is the core operation procedure of MRI, there is a commotion in the acquisition and processing of the image in the form of noise. The diagnosis of the disease cannot be properly done owing to the noise present in the image which will hinder its path of accuracy. In this paper, we present an edge detection method using morphological gradient and type 1 fuzzy systems. These are found to be effective both on noisy and noiseless images and perform better than the conventional edge techniques like sobel, prewitt etc. The analyzing process is done using PFOM and PSNR parameters.

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PFOM, PSNR

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Bluetooth ,Bluecore, Bluelab 2.7,Casira(SDK)

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Abstract: The reduction of IC Engine fuel consumption by improved combustion using the modified new designs to increase its performance and optimize the existing designs is implemented. Air flow in CI Engine has effects in the atomization and dispersion of fuel flown into the manifold. The improved atomization of fuel injected allows for progressive and complete burning which helps in reducing the Knock. A four stroke CI Engine with 8 Horse Power is chosen for the current work to explore the performance characteristics. The swirl flow movement of the air is a major parameter in the optimization of the engine performance. In order to improve the air flow in the inlet manifold use of Convergent- Divergent Nozzle to Increase the velocity and turbulence at the end of the manifold. Finally nozzle provides better combustion of the injected fuel. The performance parameters were observed and compared with normal nozzle. It is noticed that at all loads mechanical efficiency gradually increases BSFC reduces. At higher load break power and indicated power also improves. Hence it is concluded that by using Convergent Divergent nozzle gives better results compared with normal manifold

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FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE,NOZZLE

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This paper deals with a natural draft wet-cooling tower with various inlet conditions. A commercial code FLUENT has been used to simulate the transport phenomena inside the tower. In this a 50 tons cooling capacity model has been taken as reference model. The developed model is analyzed with two air flow rates in vertical direction and by combining air inlet temperature and water inlet temperature. The developed model has been updated and the height of the water inlet is increased from the basin height and the same analysis is done by using the two flowrates of air and water into the system. It is observed that the temperature and humidity inside the tower are the main influence factors on the performance of cooling tower. It is also observed that due to increase in height to an optimum condition the performance of the cooling tower is increased and further increase in the height decreased its performance. Analysis shown that due to temperature of fluid inlet, cooling capacity of the tower has been improved with increase in air airflow rate when compared with natural aspirated air. A turbulence model of k-? with energy equation is used for simulation

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Cooling tower, CFD, FLUENT

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With the advent of more Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) on the market, the use and integration of solar electric components in this sector is increasing. Two areas of providing electrical energy into a PHEV are now being exploited, photovoltaic (PV) systems on the vehicle themselves and common to the parking structures used by these vehicles

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Phev, solar roof, solar car port, solar parking structure, solar sun roof

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In this project, we are using the concept of "Zeer Pot Refrigeration" Technique for Air cooling. Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat from the system. It works by making the air to flow over the surface area of the cooled object. This cooling effect can be increased by having an increased flow of air over its surface. In all the cases air has to be flown over the object or surface from which is cooler than the air flown. The air has been cooled by chilled water and the heat transferred to that medium is transported outside where, often, fan driven water-to-air heat exchanging is again affected to reject the heat into atmosphere. Ambient temperature simply means ?The temperature of surrounding" and will be same as room temperature indoors. Refrigeration is the process of removal of heat from space where it is unwanted and transferring the same to the surrounding environment where it makes little or no difference. Zeer Pot is an evaporating cooling refrigeration device which does not use temperature. The rate of cooling depends upon outside temperature and relative humidity. In this project, we are combining the concept of Zeer Pot refrigeration and the air cooler. By using secondary liquid in the Zeer Pot and circulating in a copper pipe over the fan by which it absorbs heat from the closed system. Cooling depends upon the difference in the ambient temperature and the secondary liquid temperature. Then the Zeer pot full of water is used to cool the water flowing through it back to fan and it blow cool air. Various parameters that affect the cooling rate are ambient.

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Air Cooling, Zeer Pot Refrigeration, Porous Evaporation, Refrigeration, Lower Power consumption

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Wind turbine, wind velocity, CFD

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Four stroke Diesel cycle and Otto cycle engines have very low thermal efficiency due to high amount of energy is lost in exhaust. It is estimated about 28%of fuel energy is lost in exhaust of engine and 22%of cooling lost .Remaining percent of energy of the fuel about 50 % of energy gets converted in to work. The development of new engine is proposed to use the energy of exhaust and also cooling of the engine in two more strokes of IC engine leading to a external engine. The internal combustion engines are generally a major source of air pollution. However the spark ignition engines are recognized by their carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emission. One of the methods used to reduce the emission of these pollutants is the use of external combustion engine. This paper describes the development of an external combustion engine which uses air in tanks at pressures of 30 - 50 ?P? and at ambient temperature as combustion energy carrier, and hydrogen, alcohols or traditional motor fuel from organic minerals as chemical energy carrier. Research workings out are in the field finished to level of practical use. The mathematical and simulation model has been developed, tested, and verified to simulate a 4-stroke cycle of a spark ignition engine fuelled with gasoline

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Combined, High efficiency, I. C. Engine, Steam engine, six stroke engine

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An attempt is made to obtain the minimum temperature and pressure and to study the variation of velocity and entropy. In our present research a model of high speed rotating turbine is created with blade angle 150 and later which is simulated for results by using two different fluids i.e., oxygen and nitrogen. Here, creo element/pro-E is used to create the model of turbine using available data of hub, shroud and blade profile. ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 is used to mesh the model, to specify the simulation settings and physical parameters required to describe the flow through turbo expander at inlet and to examining and analyzing the output results. Using these results we can determine that how the variation will occur by using various fluids. Various graphs are plotted indicating the variation of velocity, entropy and mass flow rate to analyze the flow through Expansion turbine.

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Radial turbine, Blade angle 150, Pro-e, Ansys Fluent 14.5

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SOLEKSHAW indicates the meaning as SOLAR-ELECTRIC-AUTO RICKSHAW. In the busy streets of cities, mainly in Asian subcontinent, we find many tricycles and auto rickshaws. Auto rickshaws are driven by fossil fuel, which produces too much environment pollution. On the other hand tricycles or cycle rickshaws are used to carry two no of passengers and suitable for narrow streets at a speed below 20 Km/hr. Since it is not using any kind of fossil fuel, it is free from environmental pollution. But it is driven fully by manual power, which is a very strenuous job for driver. Now-a-days considering the climatic changes caused by environmental pollution, introduction of green vehicles has become very important. Especially in busy streets of cities, pollution is at alarmingly high levels due to very slow movement of automotive vehicles. Keeping this in mind, introduction of Solar Powered Motor assisted pedicab has been thought to be a wise prerogative, mainly in the busy and narrow streets of cities.

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Tricycle, Auto rickshaw, pedicab, Photo-voltaic, Reliable, Light-pipes, Transmission system, DC Motor

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 Abstract

In this paper, an attempt is made to deposit microcrystalline diamond films by Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HFCVD) method on Co-cemented tungsten carbide cutting inserts. To restrict the catalytic effect of cobalt binder phase for the formation of non-diamond carbon phases such as graphite and improve the adhesion between diamond and WC, inserts were pretreated with combined HCL and HNO3 solution. Seeding of the substrates was followed separately with Ti, Mo, W and diamond powders. Depositions were done at a pressure of 2.666 kPa, substrate temperature of 7000C, and filament temperature of 21000C with constant CH4 / H2 flow ratio of 0.5 / 100 SCCM. Characterization and purity (sp3 / sp2) of the acquired coatings have been evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Raman Spectroscopy. It is observed that there was no improvement in coating morphology when the treated samples were seeded with Ti, Mo or W powders. These results suggested that a continuous diamond film with well facet morphology is deposited with acid treated sample surface seeded with diamond powder. During dry machining, compare to uncoated tool, HFCVD diamond coated tool exhibits remarkable inertness towards aluminium leading to substantial reduction of cutting force and improved work-piece surface finish.

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HFCVD diamond, Morphology, Nucleation, Coating, Machining

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This paper emphasizes on PV cell fed 3- Level Full MOSFET which works using P&O MPPTtechnique and comprises super junction MOSFETs. This proposed Multilevel Inverteris used to feed singlephase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery-less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). Reduction in switching losses is achieved by using an improved 3- level full MOSFET inverter topology

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MOSFET Inverter, Multi-level, Flying capacitor, Soft-switching, Photovoltaic cell, MPPT

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