Volume 12 | Issue 1

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: A Common sleep disorder such as insomnia is characterized by persistent problems falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing nonrestorative sleep that impairs functioning during the day. Regardless of the proper conditions for sleeping every night, the sleep disruptions associated with insomnia typically manifest as difficulties falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early. A person's quality of life can be negatively impacted by insomnia, which can lead to frequent daytime naps, difficulty focusing, an increased risk of mistakes and accidents, and lower productivity at work. A multidisciplinary strategy is recommended for the treatment of insomnia, with an emphasis on pharmacological therapy, behavioral treatments, better sleep hygiene, psychological stress management, and hypnotic treatment. In order to limit the required dosage and any associated side effects, the most successful treatments combine medication with cognitive behavioral therapy. The most often utilized hypnotics as supplementary therapy are non-benzodiazepine ones like zaleplon, eszopiclone, and zolpidem. Zolpidem is one of these hypnotics that is most often utilized. But zolpidem has a lot of adverse effects, and the literature has a few distinctive features to keep in mind. Objective: To carry out a comprehensive analysis of adverse events associated with zolpidem. Method: A variety of websites, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Seizure Journal, Elsevier, Medscape, WHO Pharma Newsletter, Research Gate, Springer Link, and Online Library Wiley, were reviewed in the preparation of this review study. Observation: Owing to its superior safety profile over benzodiazepines, zolpidem is one of the most often given medications for insomnia. But zolpidem usage is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric side effects that should be taken very seriously, including hallucinations, sensory distortions, delirium, parasomnias or complex sleep behaviors (CSBs), amnesia, somnambulism, sleep-related eating disorders, suicidality, etc. When prescribing a medication, medical practitioners should be cautious and mindful of its potential harmful effects. Study Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly articles of any kind (case reports, case series, observational or interventional studies) that detail zolpidem's neuropsychiatric side effects.

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Key Words: Zolpidem, Complex sleep behavior, Parasomnias, Somnambulism, Sleep related eating disorder, and Suicidality

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The current study identified the variety of fish found in Yavatmal District's Borgaon Reservoir, which is close to Madani Town. This dam was built in 1993 on the nearby Nallah River as part of the Maharashtra government's irrigation projects. In this investigation, samples were gathered using fishing nets with the assistance of local fishermen, and they were recognized using identification keys. Eleven fish species from the area were identified, categorized into six orders and seven families. Puntitus dorsalis, Chela cachius, Labio bata, Puntitus sophore, and Labeo cylindricus are the five species that make up the family Cyprinidae, and the order Cypriniformes was the most dominating order. Order Anguilliformes, Anabantiformes, Osteoglossiformes, and Perciformes each contribute 01 species under the families Anguilidae, Channidae, Notopteridae, and Ambassidae. Order Siluriformes contributes 02 species under the families Siluridae and Bagridae. In the hopes that the diversity number will rise as well, more research on the relationship between eating habits. and pathogenicity will continue.

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Fish diversity, Borgaon reservoir, Yavatmal district, Maharashtra

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Background: Smartphone addiction (SA) refers to spending long hours using a smartphone, thus neglecting many other activities that an individual must complete. Adverse effects of SA include wasting time, neglecting other activities and people, and lethargy. SA in general refers to individuals' overuse of a smartphone and their inability to control its usage and preoccupation with it. Usage becomes compulsory, which results in adverse effects on various aspects of one's life: health, physical, psychological, social, and familial. 1 Long-term use of smartphones can cause physical, mental and behavioral problems such as eye problems, unhealthy eating habits, decrease in academic performance, decrease in attention and concentration, communication and adaptation problems, development of addictive behavior, low self-esteem and suicidal tendencies 2 Problematic smartphone uses and or addiction is defined as a form of behaviour characterized by the compulsive use of a smartphone that results in various forms of physical, psychological, or social harm. 3 Objective: 1. to know the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines in the cases of addiction of smartphone by using SAS-SV pre and post assessment test. 2. To identify the commonest indicated homoeopathic medicine in cases of addiction of smartphone. Method: The case series study includes 45 diagnosed cases of smartphone addiction using SAS-SV Scale; medicine was prescribed on the basis of totality of symptoms. Result: In our study, by using SAS-SV scale we assessed the pre and post scores of the patient by which we calculated the t- value using paired t-test and as our calculated value of t (10.8) was greater than the critical t value (2.02) at 5% level of significance. Hence, our study hypothesis was accepted. Conclusion: According to our study, indicated Homoeopathic medicines showed significant improvement in symptoms related to Smartphone addiction in 95.5% of population; but none of them were completely de-addicted according to SAS-SV scale scoring criteria in individuals between 15-30 years of age when prescribed on the basis of totality of symptoms. This shows that overall response of Homoeopathic medicines for Smartphone addiction were encouraging with evidence of improvement in symptoms of Smartphone addiction, which varied from patient to patient.

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Totality of symptoms, Homoeopathic medicine, smartphone addiction, SAS - SV (Smartphone addiction scale - short version).

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"The seeds of colonisation have sprouted so deep in the bright soul, And the intensity of glow has blinded humanity as whole". The emergence of postcolonial literature has contributed a critical role in redesigning literary landscapes and outlooks. "Centering Margins: A Postcolonial Study" explores into the intricacies of this literary genre, targeting to shed light on the voices that have long been marginalized and overshadowed. The colonial period, spanning centuries, has left permanent imprints on customs, cultures, the social orders, and literatures across the world. The dominance of colonial powers give rise to the suppression and subjugation of colonized peoples, leading to cultural erasure and loss of identity. Postcolonial literature emerged as a response to dominant imperial experiences and its aftermaths, seeking to retrieve narratives and voices that have been overshadowed. This paper presents a critical examination of marginality and its centrality in the selected works of Amitav Ghosh's novels "Sea of Poppies," "River of Smoke," and "The Glass Palace." In these Novels Gosh has employed intricate narratives that weave together the personal and the historical experiences, often shedding light on the lives of those on the edges of the grand accounts of imperial powers. Through a comprehensive examination of these three novels, this research paper explores how Ghosh fetches marginalized perspectives to the forefront, challenging central historical discourses and offering substitute ideas. "Sea of Poppies," the first novel in the Ibis trilogy, is set against the milieu of the 19th-century opium trade between India and China. "River of Smoke," the second Novel, describes the aftermath of the opium suppression in Canton and the lives exaggerated by these events. "The Glass Palace" covers over a century and touches the colonial and post-colonial histories of Burma, India, and Malaysia through various characters who experience the shifting regimes of power, identity, and belonging. In these novels, Ghosh employs a varied cast of characters--sailors, slaves, traders, soldiers, and orphans--whose stories are often put aside in official historical descriptions. The paper highlights how Ghosh's narrative approaches, such as polyphony, multilingualism, and a focus on the socio-cultural aspects of marginalization, serve to center these marginal figures. The characters' voyages across seas and borders symbolize their search for individuality and place in a fast-shifting world. The paper contends that Ghosh's work is crucial in understanding the intricacies of diaspora, displacement, cross culture and intermixing. By centering the margins, Ghosh not only gives voice to the voiceless but also renovates an additional comprehensive and subtle historical account that admits the interrelation of human experiences across time and space. The study concludes that Ghosh's novels offer a noteworthy contribution to postcolonial literature by redefining the relationship between center and margin and by emphasizing the resilience and agency of those who inhabit the gaps of history and culture.

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Amitav Gosh, colonialism, postcolonial literature, "Sea of Poppies," "River of Smoke," "Flood of Fire,", "Glass Palace" Crises, Imperial, Subjugation, Dominant and Dominance, identity, Colonizer, Colonization, marginalized voices, indentured labour

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In recent years remarkable progress has been made towards the understanding of proposed hallmarks of cancer development and treatment however with its increasing incidence, the clinical management of cancer continues to be a challenge for the 21st century treatment modalities comprise of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. Radiation therapy (RT) is the chief non-surgical method to control malignant tumour. RT has advanced in both methodological and biological aspects over the past few decades. RT remains an important component of cancer treatment with approximate 50% of all cancer patients receiving radiation therapy during their course of illness. it contributes toward 40% of curative treatment for cancer. In radiation therapy uses high energy particles or waves such as X- rays, Gamma rays, cancer cell. Our cell normally grows and divide to form new cell but cancer cells grow and divide faster than most normal cells. Radiation work by making small breaks in the DNA inside cells. these breaks keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and cause them to die. Nearby normal cell can also be affected by radiation, but most recover and go back to working the way they should. Some of the latest advances in radiotherapy, including 3-D conformal radiotherapy, Intensity modulated radiotherapy and Image-guided radiotherapy help define the target area with high accuracy and effectively deliver precise doses of radiation causing only minimal damage to healthy cells, tissues and organ. This paper present the history and status of RT studies, and principal of radiotherapy. And also we represent the recent treatment strategies of radiation therapy.

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cancer, radiation therapy, types of mutations, and recent treatments Strategies

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"The aging population is a global phenomenon with profound implications for societies and families. This comprehensive study delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding the maintenance and welfare of parents in Kashmir Division, a region renowned for its cultural richness and social uniqueness. The research investigates the evolving demographic landscape, exploring cultural and legal influences on the care of aging parents. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative analysis of demographic shifts with qualitative insights drawn from interviews and case studies. The legal framework governing elderly care is scrutinized, and the effectiveness of existing support systems is evaluated. Findings reveal a complex interplay of tradition and modernity, highlighting challenges faced by aging parents and caregivers. The research concludes with targeted recommendations for legal reforms, community involvement, and healthcare improvements, aiming to enhance the well-being of elderly individuals in Kashmir Division. This study contributes valuable insights to the global discourse on elderly care, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive and comprehensive approaches in diverse sociocultural contexts."

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Aging population, Maintenance and welfare of parents, Kashmir Division, Cultural richness, Social uniqueness, Demographic, landscape Legal influences, Mixed-methods approach, Quantitative analysis, Qualitative insights, Case studies, Legal framework, Support systems, Tradition and modernity Challenges, Caregivers Legal reforms Community involvement Healthcare improvements Sociocultural contexts

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Abstract: Education is a platform in which young generations are trained and make them future-ready. Education provides knowledge and skills which help the person to be employable. The Indian education system is very popular and diversified among other countries' education systems due to its change in the evolution from ancient to the modern education system. During the ancient and medieval periods of education, students were trained by teachers in such a manner that they can survive and live in that era. After independence, there is a tremendous growth in the Indian education system providing teaching and training in all aspects, but it does not satisfy the global demands of the market. The mentioned points are used to differentiate ancient, medieval, and modern education with advantages and disadvantages. In ancient India, both formal and informal ways of education system existed. Indigenous education was imparted at home, in temples, pathshalas, chatuspadis and gurukuls. Temples were also the centers of learning and took interest in the promotion of knowledge of our ancient system. Students went to viharas and universities for higher knowledge. Teaching was largely oral and students remembered and meditated upon what was taught in the class. Gurukuls, also known as ashrams, were the residential places of learning. Many of these were named after the sages. Situated in forests, in serene and peaceful surroundings, hundreds of students used to learn together in gurukuls. Women too had access to education during the early Vedic period. Among the prominent women Vedic scholars, we find references to Maitreyi, Viswambhara, Apala, Gargi and Lopamudra, to name a few. During that period, the gurus and their shishyas lived together helping each other in day-to-day life. The main objective was to have complete learning, leading a disciplined life and realizing one's inner potential. Students lived away from their homes for years together till they achieved their goals. The gurukul was also the place where the relationship of the guru and shishya strengthened with time. While pursuing their education in different disciplines like history, art of debate, law, medicine, etc., the emphasis was not only on the outer dimensions of the discipline but also on enriching inner dimensions of the personality.

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Education, learning, curriculum, ancient, medieval, modern etc.

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Asthma, a globally prevalent respiratory condition, involves chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory airflow limitation. Among elite athletes, respiratory conditions are notably common, affecting 20% to 70% across specific sports. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a frequent issue, impacting performance. The prevalence varies based on sport, training, and genetics. Although exercise triggers asthma, paradoxically, it can also enhance pulmonary function. Athletes' asthma phenotypes differ, posing challenges in management. Unique aspects include heightened airway sensitivity, allergen exposure, pollutants, and temperature variations. This review delves into EIB in athletes, covering pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. EIB's pathogenesis involves complex interactions, including airway dehydration and cooling. Airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness are common. Elite athletes show distinct inflammatory responses influenced by sport, training, and environment. Certain sports, like swimming, pose higher EIB risks, with chlorine exposure in pools being a notable factor. Diagnosing EIB in athletes requires objective testing, as baseline lung function tests may yield normal results. Exercise and bronchoprovocation tests provide reliable diagnoses. Spirometry and bronchodilation tests are standard, but emphasis is shifting toward provocation tests. Despite challenges, optimal diagnosis is crucial for effective management, leading to improved performance and quality of life. Managing EIB aligns with general principles for symptom control, prevention, and reducing complications. Non-pharmacological approaches, trigger avoidance, and warming up are essential. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are key in asthma therapy for athletes, discouraging sole use of short-acting beta agonists. Mast cell stabilizing agents (MCSA) and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) are likely options. Optimal management enhances athletes' quality of life and allows effective pursuit of competitive sports.

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asthma; exercise-induced bronchospasm; athletes

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-This innovative system represents a paradigm shift in Alzheimer's patient care by seamlessly integrating cutting-edge technologies. The GPS enabled tracker assists patients in locating their daily essentials efficiently. The Smart Medicine Dispenser leverages IoT- powered dispenser using Raspberry Pi to ensure the timely administration of medications. Automated alerts for missed doses not only promote medication adherence but also contribute to the effective management of chronic conditions, enhancing overall healthcare outcomes for Alzheimer's patients. The integration of AI based Virtual Assistants and Chatbots powered by artificial intelligence adds a layer of support by offering basic information and reminders. This not only aids in daily tasks but also serves as a communication bridge, potentially mitigating the impact of cognitive decline on patient engagement. By ensuring a constant awareness of the patient's location, this system contributes significantly to the overall well-being and security of individuals affected by Alzheimer's. In summary, this comprehensive system goes beyond traditional approaches, leveraging the synergy of IoT and AI to create a holistic solution for Alzheimer's patient care, addressing cognitive, medical, and safety aspects with a focus on improving both patient and caregiver experiences.

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Raspberry pi kit, GPS (Global Positioning system), AI voice assistant module

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Phosphorus plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including skeletal development, mineral metabolism, cell membrane phospholipid function, mitochondrial metabolism, cell signalling, and platelet aggregation. The typical daily diet introduces about 1000-1400 mg of phosphorus. Two-thirds of this phosphorus is excreted in urine, while the remaining third is eliminated in stools. Kidney function significantly influences phosphorus excretion, making chronic renal failure the primary cause of hyperphosphatemia. Despite advancements, challenges persist in achieving and maintaining target phosphate levels, particularly in the context of modern diets rich in phosphate additives. A significant percentage of dialysis patients struggle to keep their phosphate levels within recommended ranges, emphasizing the need for ongoing innovations in phosphate management therapies.

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Phosphate binders, Hyperphosphatemia, Chronic Kidney Disease.

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Premarital screening is a worldwide activity that aims to diagnose and treat unrecognized disorders and reduce the transmission of diseases to couples and children, it is considered as the primary preventive approach for couples who planned for conception. The researchers conducted a cross sectional study to understand knowledge and perception of pre-marital screening among conveniently selected unmarried 400 students from the selected colleges of Uttarpradesh India. Along with the basic demographic questions, the self-administered tool on knowledge and attitude of premarital screening was administered after obtaining informed consent from the research participants. After careful data collection, scrutinizing and analyzing, the result showed that the level of knowledge among the study participants, it revealed that about 21.5% were having adequate knowledge, 58.25% were having moderately adequate knowledge and 20.25% were having inadequate knowledge and the level of attitude among the study participants, it revealed that about 45.25% had a good attitude, 48.5% had a average attitude and 6.25% had a poor attitude. On associating the demographic variables with the knowledge of the premarital screening, there was a significant association with the demographic variables like age, family income and the residential area. The research concluded that the importance of understanding and applying the knowledge of pre-marital screening still being a taboo or a question of self-respect in a culturally bounded country like India, the going-to-be society is too crumbled in the same societal foundations. Awareness and education on the topic of premarital screening is the need of the hour for the developing countries like India.

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pre-marital screening, Knowledge, Attitude, young adults

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The status of women began to decline in the medieval period. During this period, there was prevalence of the Muslim era. This period brought about changes in the lives of women to a major extent. They were regarded as inferior as compared to their male counterparts. The birth of the girl children were not appreciated. During this period, the women were required to experience number of problems. The various problems that were experienced by women, which led to a decline in their status were, child marriage, purdah system, sati, jauhar and restriction on the education of the girls. Furthermore, there were implementation of factors, which led to improvements in their status. These are, education, employment opportunities and up-gradation of skills and abilities, which would render a significant contribution in bringing about improvements in their lives. Therefore, it is necessary for the leaders and reforms to formulate measures, which would contribute in eliminating the problems and barriers, experienced by women. The main areas that are taken into account in this research paper are, major problem experienced by women in medieval India, factors highlighting the status of women in medieval India, andimprovements made in the status of women in medieval India.

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Communities, Deprivation, Improvements, Medieval India, Problems, Status, Women

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Geeta Bhav Darpan

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Muktak Kavay

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Leptospirosis is a widespread and potentially deadly zoonosis that is endemic in many tropical regions and causes large epidemics after heavy rainfall and flooding. People living in urban areas are at high risk of rat exposure and leptospirosis. The global burden of leptospirosis is expected to rise with demographic shifts (increase in the population) that increase the number of urban poor (people residing in slums) in tropical regions. The impact of leptospirosis on the slum population may increase with storms and urban flooding due to climate change. Rat fever has been a major threat to the State of Kerala with more than 1,000 cases being reported annually. It causes the highest number of deaths among all communicable diseases in the state of Kerala. At least 100 deaths had been reported yearly in Kerala before 2010. This study is designed to understand and analyze the disease patterns across the state, using Geographic Information System (GIS), and Satellite Remote Sensing (RS) along with climatic and demographic datasets. The datasets have been analyzed with statistical techniques using Geoda Software. As a result, maps, tables, and graphs have been plotted to estimate the most significant parameters. These parameters have been assigned a weight value to prepare a model and Threat Index Map for the study area. This model can be used as a disease early warning system.

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Leptospirosis, Flood, Climate change, GIS

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ABSTRACT Music is a fine art that is socially general and presents in all human social orders across the world.The aim of the analysis the "gloomy Sunday" song lyrics. The original version of song has two verses. Here are discussing about First two original verse of the lyrics of "Gloomy Sunday" also known as the "Hungarian Suicide Song", is a popular song composed by Hungarian pianist and composer Rezs? Seress and published in 1933.It is important that here is a recurring urban legend which claims that many people have committed suicide while listening to this song, particularly Hungarians. The composer actually took his own life by jumping out of a window shortly after his, 69th birthday. Obviously, writer's demise simply added to the melody's as of now melancholy standing. No studies have established a clear link between the song and suicide. Key words: Gloomy Sunday. Music, Lyrics, Death, Suicide

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Key words: Gloomy Sunday. Music, Lyrics, Death, Suicide

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Now-a-days, the most occurring problem is hair fall, so the main aim of the study is to reduce hair fall and promote hair growth. The main ingredient in this study is fermented rice water (Oryza sativa) which contains many antioxidants when compared to the plain rice water.The herbal shampoo was formulated using some of the traditional herbs like Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis, Aloe vera along with fermented rice water in different concentrations and evaluated for various parameters. The evaluation results of the herbal shampoo had shown better results, which is ideal to use, safe and effective in the treatment of hair.

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Hair growth, Aloe vera, Oryza sativa

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The most common odontogenic cystic lesions of inflammatory origin are the radicular cyst. Since the lesion consists of a pathological cavity that is often filled with fluid and is walled by epithelium, it is a true cyst. The epithelial lining is formed from Malassez's epithelial remnants, which grows more as a result of the inflammatory stimulation from a pre-existing granuloma. It is also known as a root end cyst or peri apical cyst. The majority of cases are asymptomatic and frequently involve a non-vital teeth. Radicular cysts are unintentionally found during a normal radiography checkup. This case report focuses on a huge radicular cyst in the upper left anterior maxillary region, that occurred due to trauma following a fall and caused breach of cortical plates in the labial and palatal region with a history of longer duration.

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: Odontogenic cyst, Radicular cyst, trauma.

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The Nunudere River bridge is located at the Baguia post administrative, Baucau Municipality. In calculating the structure of this bridge, the dimensions used are railing 150/200 mm, sidewalk width 600 mm, traffic road width 6000 mm, bridge floor slab thickness 200 mm, the diaphragm 300/500 mm, girder 450/900 mm, and span length 13,200 mm. Furthermore, the materials used are concrete and reinforcing steel. The compressive capacity of concrete is 30 MPa and the tensile capacity of steel is 400 MPa. The maximum moment obtained at the support pillar was 2.86 KNm and the transverse force was 2.86 KN, on the sidewalk slab the moment was 15,124 KNm, on the floor slab the moment was 67.6192 KNm (M-support) and 60.20852 (M-field), on the main girder the moment was 1937.2 KNm and the transverse force was 599.3 KN, in the transverse girder (diaphragm) the moment is 55,864 KNm and in the transverse girder 153,455 kN. Thus, the dimensions of the concrete reinforcement for the main reinforcement pillars are 4?10 and stirrups ? 6 - 450 mm, the pavement slab with longitudinal reinforcement ?16 - 300 mm and transverse reinforcement ? 13 - 700 mm, the traffic floor slab with longitudinal reinforcement ? 13-200 mm and transverse reinforcement ? 16 - 150 mm, in the transverse beam (diaphragm) 4 main reinforcement ? 22 and 2 compression reinforcement rods 2 tensile reinforcement rods with stirrup reinforcement ? 10-200 mm. 13?32 main girders and 3 compression reinforcement bars, 10 tensile reinforcement bars. Apart from that, shrinkage reinforcement with 4 ? 12 - 200 mm and stirrup reinforcement ?12-120 mm and 200 mm is installed in the girder body.

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Bridge, reinforced concrete, reinforcing steel

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The emergence of the digital revolution has significantly changed the financial landscape in India, with major consequences for individual investors. This study explores the complex effects of digitization on the actions, choices, and results of retail investors in India. This study attempts to provide a thorough overview of these changing dynamics and understand the impact of digitization on the financial decisions made by retail investors through a thorough review of the body of existing literature. At the same time that internet accessibility has increased and mobile-based financial services have proliferated in India, initiatives like Digital India have played a critical role in advancing digital financial inclusion. Careful examination of the corpus of research points to a progressive move away from traditional investment strategies and toward digital platforms. As more and more retail investors use digital financial services, things like ease of use, accessibility, and up-to-date information become critical. Under the direction of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, regulations have been modified to allow for digital investment platforms while maintaining investor protection and transparency (SEBI). The conclusions drawn from the literature review are supported by statistical analyses of market trends and highlight the revolutionary effects of digitization on the behaviour of retail investors, including risk management, investment preferences, and trading frequency. The purpose of this study is to provide insightful information to help investors make wise choices when it comes to investing in digital assets. Furthermore, it aims to enhance understanding of the significant impact of digitization on Indian retail investors. The paper also emphasizes how important regulatory bodies are in dealing with cybersecurity, data privacy, and transparency issues in the rapidly changing digital financial industry. Future studies may examine the long-term effects of digitization on retail investors' financial security in addition to the dynamic role that fintech and digital platforms play in the Indian investment landscape.

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Automation, Small Investors, Inclusive Finance, Online platforms, Investment Behaviour, AI Driven Investment

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Transdermal films and patches are pharmaceutical preparations designed to prolong drug delivery to the skin to achieve a systemic or local effect respectively. Transdermal patches provide a wide range of advantages over oral and intravenous drug delivery and provide controlled drug delivery. Although the transdermal drug delivery system provides various advantages it has to face a strong barrier of skin stratum corneum. The current review concisely discusses the stratum corneum barrier, Polymers in the transdermal drug delivery system, Penetration enhancers, and evaluation of transdermal patches.

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Transdermal drug Delivery, Stratum corneum, Polymers, Penetration enhancer, Matrix, Reservoir

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