Volume 13 | Issue 1

 Abstract

It is a comprehensive comparative analysis conducted on the financial performance of Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. covering the period 2019-24. By using the financial statements, it has applied ratio analysis for evaluating profitability, efficiency, liquidity, and solvency of both companies and further analyzes their difference in financial performance. Hence, profitability, efficiency, and return on equity was significant at Maruti Suzuki, while proper debt management and improvement in the company's liquidity was observed in Tata Motors. Some other factors determining the financial performance were industry trends, government policies, and market conditions. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge related to financial performance analysis in the automotive sector, which would be helpful to investors, stakeholders, and researchers. Recommendations for financial sustainability improvement for both companies have been offered.

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A COMPARITIVE STUDY OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TATA MOTORS LTD AND MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LTD

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This study explored the strategies leaders can adopt to reduce the emotional exhaustion, lack of personal fulfillment, and depersonalization that characterize nurse burnout. The problem identified was continued nurse burnout resulting from long shifts most days of the week and fatigue due to lack of rest, affecting the quality of patient care and nurses' overall health and wellness. The proposed solution implemented the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) tool with SBAR communication to measure nurses' workload, assess their emotional exhaustion, and assign shifts accordingly. The implementation process focused on developing the necessary leadership practices to help reduce nurse burnout. This involved obtaining approval from the appropriate authorities to implement the strategies. Literature on evidence-based approaches was reviewed to incorporate lessons learned from other institutions into the process to gain deeper insight. A meeting was then scheduled with all stakeholders to identify and understand how the strategy would impact the work environment. Leader empowerment practice policies were then created to help implement the changes in the organizational culture. A two-week training session educated nurses about the adverse effects of burnout, the tools available to monitor burnout, and empowering practices that can facilitate change. The project evaluation revealed successes such as increased collaboration and cooperation among stakeholders and lessons learned that can inform future projects.

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Burnout, Nurses, Maslach Burnout Inventory Tool, SBAR Communication

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This research analyses the ongoing discourse regarding active and passive investment strategies within the Indian stock market. Through an analysis of key performance metrics (Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, standard deviation, tracking error) and consideration of cost factors (expense ratios, fees), the study compares the performance, risk, and cost implications of these two approaches. While active management presents the potential for outperformance, particularly in less efficient market segments, it is associated with higher risks and costs. Conversely, passive management, implemented through index funds, offers stable, predictable returns with lower risk and cost, rendering it appropriate for risk-averse investors and efficient market segments. The selection between active and passive strategies ultimately depends on individual investor characteristics such as risk tolerance, investment horizon, and financial objectives.

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Active Mutual Funds, Passive Mutual Funds, Index Funds, Risk-Return Tradeoff, Benchmark Index, NIFTY 50, MIDCAP 150, SMALLCAP 250, NEXT NIFTY 50, BSE SENSEX .

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The term "Global South" refers to developing countries, least developed countries, underdeveloped countries, lowincome economies, or thirdworld countries that have fallen out of favor. SouthSouth cooperation (SSC) has expanded in order to "challenge the North's political and economic dominance," and focused SSC activities have been renewed. The main objective is to develop mechanisms to promote the participation of people experiencing poverty and social exclusion in policy development and implementation. The existing literature provides more attention on socioeconomic exclusion in global south nation as characterized as developing nation. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living. The Financial inclusion considered as economic inclusion is an enabler for the seventh of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals, and the World Bank Group considers it a key enabler to reduce extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity. This study has made an attempts to measure financial inclusion using a cross country data set from Financial Access Survey (FAS) and the index of financial inclusion (IFI) developed by Sarma (2012). Then it presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between financial inclusion and human development across countries in global south. Thererfore the present study focused on the socioeconomic inclusion with the help of Human development index and financial inclusion index for the year 2022. This article investigates the relationship between financial inclusion and human development index positions in 138 countries throughout the global south. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nexus between financial inclusion and human development for global south nations and analyse the relation between financial inclusion and human development. The study examines the effect of IFI on the human development index (HDI) at the aggregate level.

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Financial Inclusion, Human Development Index, Sustainable Development Digtal Economy.

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Pregnancy is a very crucial period of foetal development, and exposure to certain antibiotics can have harmful results. Teratogenic effect of some antibiotics in pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, birth defect, and long-term health problems. Now days it founds that the physicians are prescribing different antimicrobial agents to the Pregnancy women to tackle the multi-resistant microorganism. This review article aims to provide a list of teratogenic effect of some common antibiotics in pregnancy and including the teratogenic risk factors involves with it. And also, it intends to assists the physicians and pharmacist during prescription and dispensing respectively. As well as we can reduce the effect of teratogenicity.

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Antibiotics, Pregnancy, fetus, teratogenic effect

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Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous, scaly plaques that significantly affect the quality of life. Modern medicine offers symptomatic relief through immune-suppressants and corticosteroids, but these treatments often fail to provide a permanent cure and are associated with adverse effects. As a result, patients increasingly turn to alternative therapies for long-term management. Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine from India, emphasizes holistic treatment that addresses the root cause of diseases through a combination of detoxification, dietary modifications, and lifestyle adjustments. This case study explores the Ayurvedic management of plaque psoriasis in a 21-year-old female patient who had been suffering from the condition for three years and sought treatment at the Government Dhanwantari Ayurveda Medical College & Hospital, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. The treatment included Shodhana (purification) and Shamana (palliative) therapies, as well as adherence to Pathya-Apathya (dietary and lifestyle protocols). Over a two-month period, the patient exhibited notable improvements, including a 95% reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores. Scaly patches and erythema decreased significantly, and the patient reported enhanced overall well-being. These findings suggest that Ayurvedic management, emphasizing holistic and personalized care, may offer a valuable adjunctive approach to conventional treatments for plaque psoriasis. This case study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the integration of Ayurveda into modern healthcare systems. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying Ayurvedic therapies and to establish their efficacy in larger patient populations.

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Ayurvedic treatment, Psoriasis, Shodhana, Shamana, Pathya-Apathya, Case Study.

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This study compares the flexural properties of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP and steel rebars. Beams with a 100mm x 100mm cross-section and 500mm length, each using 12mm diameter rebars, are tested to assess GFRP's viability as a reinforcement material. The paper also explores why GFRP rebars, despite their advantages, are still underused in some area

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KEYWORDS: GFRP, Flexural Strength, rebars & composites.

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???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????| ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? | ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? | ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????, ???? ????????, ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ????????, ??? ????, ??????? ????????, ??? ??????,(??? ????) ????? ???, ?????? ????????, ???? ????????, ???????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ??? ????????, ????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ???, ??????? ???, ??????? ???, ??? ????????, ?????? ????????, ??????? ????????, ???????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??| ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? | ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? | ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? |

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?????????, ??? ????, ?????, ????????, ???????,???????,?? ?????, ???? |

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The delivery of drugs to the human body is carried out through various routes of administration. One of these is the topical drug delivery route, which involves delivering drugs to the skin. The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The stratum corneum, part of the epidermis, is a major barrier to topical drug delivery. Delivery of drugs across the stratum corneum is facilitated by different systems. Conventional systems include ointments, creams, gels, pastes, emulsions, shampoos, lotions, solutions, and suspensions. These systems are used to deliver the drug to the required site of action. In recent years, the focus has shifted towards novel drug delivery approaches in search of safer and more effective therapies. This includes the development of nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Novel carriers such as liposomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers are being used in drug delivery systems. Nanosystems are employed in the treatment of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases. Additionally, the potential of these systems has been explored in the treatment of skin-related cancer therapies.

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TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY: A REVIEW

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Rajam Krishnan, renowned for her socially conscious novels depicting the lives of marginalized communities such as poor farmers, salt workers, and female laborers, offers a compelling narrative in Lamps in the Whirlpool. This novel explores the psychological struggles and resilience of Girija, a woman navigating life within an orthodox Brahmin household. Subjected to subjugation and treated as a mere subordinate by her husband and mother-in-law, Girija undergoes a transformative journey of self-realization. Breaking free from societal conventions and familial oppression, she reclaims her agency and chooses to live life on her own terms. The present research article examines Girija's journey as a powerful representation of an empowered woman, highlighting her resilience and psychological growth amidst patriarchal constraints.The research psychological theories of Maslow's self actualisation

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Empowered Woman, Orthodox Brahmin Community, Patriarchal Oppression, Self-Realization, Psychological Resilience, Gender Equality, Social Conventions, Feminism

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Phytochemistry plays a pivotal role in understanding the chemical constituents of medicinal plants and their biological activities. Phytochemical screening provides insights into bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides. These compounds contribute significantly to therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. This review highlights the importance of phytochemistry, methods of phytochemical screening, and the relevance of medicinal plants in drug discovery and development.

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Keyword: Phytochemistry,Phytochemical Screening Phytochemicals Medicine, Extraction Methods.

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? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? '????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??.' ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??. "???????????? '??????? ????? ??' ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? '????? ???? ????? ?????' " ? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??-?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??. ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??????, ????, ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??. ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? '?????????? ????? ????????' ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??. ???? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????? (????????? ??????????? ?? ??????) ?????? ??? ??. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? '??????????'??? ??????, ???? ????????? '?????? ???????? ???:???? ?????????????' ??????, ??? ????? ?????? '?????? ????????' ???? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? '??????????'?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????-?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??. '????????? ???:??? ?????????????' ??? '?????? ????????' ? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??. ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??.

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???????????? ?????? ?????? : ???

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Forest fires, also known as wildfires, are uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly across vegetation, causing significant damage to ecosystems. These fires can be ignited by natural factors, such as lightning, or human activities, including agricultural practices and negligent behaviors. The impact of forest fires on the environment is far-reaching, affecting air quality, biodiversity, and the climate. One of the most immediate effects is the release of large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO?) and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Forest fires also produce harmful particulate matter and toxic gasses, which degrade air quality and pose serious health risks to both humans and wildlife. Biodiversity is greatly affected as fires destroy habitats, displacing species and leading to loss of flora and fauna. Some species may face extinction if their habitats are permanently altered. This study was based on an empirical research method. The data was collected within India by adopting the convenient sampling method and the sample size is 206. The tool used for the study is the structured questionnaire. The loss of vegetation also increases soil erosion, reducing the land's ability to retain water, which can lead to further degradation of ecosystems. Forest fires also disrupt the carbon cycle. Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO? from the atmosphere; when they burn, not only is this ability diminished, but stored carbon is released. This exacerbates climate change and alters weather patterns, potentially increasing the frequency and severity of future fires. In sum, forest fires are both a consequence and a cause of environmental degradation, significantly impacting air quality, biodiversity, and the global climate system.

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Wildfires- Fire ecology- Deforestation- Carbon emissions- Wildlife displacement

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David Dabydeen's novel The Counting House provides a compelling narrative that examines the historical phenomenon of Indian indentured labour migration during the 19th century. This paper delves into the factors that catalysed this large-scale movement. Economic, social and political conditions in India -- such as extreme poverty, exploitative caste hierarchies, and oppressed colonial policies -- acted as key push factors. Simultaneously, the allure of promised opportunities, financial stability etc. in British colonies served as potent pull factors. By focusing mainly on the push alternative, this paper explores how The Counting House not only reconstructs a significant historical migration but also interrogates the broader legacies of colonial exploitation and cultural dislocation.

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Counting House, Indentured labour, Migration, Poverty, Push factor

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The socio-economic, occupational, and educational changes in the Hasala community, with special reference to Shimoga District, would involve an analysis of the community's development and transformation over time. To understand these changes, we can break it down into three broad categories:

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Introduction, Socio-economic Changes, Occupational Changes, Educational Changes, Educational Changes, Key Challenges and Opportunities, Conclusion, Bibliography

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The sneaker market has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar industry, with sneaker prices often exhibiting significant volatility driven by factors such as brand, exclusivity, release frequency, and market trends. Predicting sneaker prices has become a crucial task for both consumers and businesses, as it can influence purchasing decisions, reselling strategies, and inventory management. Machine learning (ML) techniques have shown considerable promise in modeling and forecasting sneaker prices by leveraging historical data, product attributes, and external factors. This review paper explores the application of various machine learning methods.

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Machine Learning

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The Battle of Kohima, a decisive turning point in the Burma Campaign during the Second World War, is often remembered for its military strategies and geopolitical significance. This study, however, shifts the focus to the human dimension, examining the psychological warfare, power dynamics, and socio-cultural implications experienced by British, Indian, and Japanese soldiers, as well as the Naga people. Through a micro-historical analysis of primary accounts, it uncovers the psychological toll of war, hierarchical oppression, and shifting loyalties shaped by cultural and historical contexts. By exploring the use of propaganda, emotional trauma, and survival strategies, this paper provides a nuanced understanding of the conflict's impact on individuals and communities. It highlights the ways wartime power structures influenced both personal and collective experiences, offering insights into the resilience and agency of those caught in the throes of war. The study underscores the importance of documenting these narratives to deepen historical discourse and honour the human spirit's endurance in the face of adversity.

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Battle of Kohima, Japanese invasion of Nagaland, World War II, Naga people, British and Indian soldiers, Japanese soldiers, cultural assimilation, forced labour, psychological warfare, Bushido code, resilience and adaptability, and human cost of war.

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This research paper explores the effectiveness of remedial learning in enhancing writing skills among students, with a particular focus on rural learners studying English Literature at Sacred Heart College, Tirupattur. By addressing the challenges faced by these students, the study seeks to identify practical strategies to improve their writing proficiency and overall academic performance. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical research, the paper examines various remedial measures and their impact on students' writing skills. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from writing assessments with qualitative insights from participant feedback and observations. This dual approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how specific interventions influence writing development. Key remedial strategies explored include scaffolding, peer learning, and individualized attention, each designed to address the unique needs of students struggling with writing tasks. Scaffolding techniques provide a structured framework for learners, enabling them to build on their existing knowledge and gradually develop more complex writing skills. Peer learning fosters collaboration and mutual support, creating an interactive environment where students can share ideas and learn from one another. Individual attention ensures that each student's specific challenges are addressed, offering tailored guidance to enhance their writing proficiency. The findings of the study indicate that targeted remedial interventions significantly improve students' writing abilities. Participants demonstrated notable progress in areas such as grammar, coherence, and expression, highlighting the effectiveness of the remedial strategies employed. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of creating a supportive learning environment that encourages active participation and continuous feedback. This research has important implications for educational practice and policy. It advocates for the integration of remedial learning programs into the curriculum, particularly in institutions serving rural and underprivileged students. By prioritizing individualized support and collaborative learning opportunities, educators can empower students to overcome their writing challenges and achieve academic success. The study also calls for further research to explore the scalability and long-term impact of remedial interventions, paving the way for more inclusive and effective educational practices.

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Writing skills, Remedial, Rural students, Mixed Method.

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The gig economy refers to a labour market characterized by the prevalence of short-term, flexible jobs rather than permanent, full-time positions. Instead of engaging in traditional regular jobs, gig workers take on temporary assignments or "gigs" in a wide range of fields, often facilitated by online platforms. This model allows workers to have more autonomy and flexibility in their schedules, while employers benefit from a workforce that can be hired on-demand, often for specialized tasks The gig economy in Kerala provides a wide range of opportunities for educated individuals. Kerala is the state with high literacy rate and has a significant number of college graduates. Many educated people in Kerala are increasingly seeking gig work due to its flexibility and the ability to supplement their income. The gig economy in Kerala for educated individuals is an emerging and growing space, driven by the state's high literacy rate, strong presence of tech-savvy professionals, and a culture of innovation. With an increasing number of people looking for flexible work arrangements, the gig economy offers a variety of opportunities for educated individuals to leverage their skills. These diverse participants create a fluid and flexible system where traditional employer-employee relationships are replaced by temporary, often task-based collaborations that are mutually beneficial, though with different levels of security and stability for workers compared to full-time jobs.

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Gig workers, gig economy, educated youth in Kerala, skilled youth, online platforms

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Internet banking is about using the infrastructure for digital age to create opportunities, both in local & global market. In India a number of banks have either gone on internet banking or are on the verge of going for it. Internet banking system taking about his different from what was possible up to now -off line information or few limited services. This paper gives a diagram of the surviving exploration into the connection amongst trust and internet banking. In this paper analyze the level of trust for internet banking among various age groups and challenges too. And find out the ways to improve the functioning of internet banking.

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Keywords: Internet banking, customer trust, information technology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition