Volume 12 | Issue 1

 Abstract

This article represents an interval branch and bound (B & B technique) constrained global optimization method developed by Karmakar & Bhunia [17] for Sum of Ratios Fractional Programming Problems (FPPs). The constraints of this kind of FPPs involves sum of ratios fractional type constraints. There exist several efficient constraint-handling techniques to find global optimizers for various problems; but, not so effective for general sum of ratios fractional type constraints. A more updated and general interval ranking definitions in terms of decision maker's view point has been used to modify this B & B technique. The method is mainly based on the multi-section splitting criterion of the accepted/prescribed search region, calculation of interval inclusion of the fractional objectives and constraints and the selection of subregion depending on the modified interval order relations said earlier. Adequate number of numerical examples selected form the existing literature have been solved and compared in support of this technique.

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 Keywords

Fractional Programming Problem; Interval Optimization; Interval Arithmetic; Interval Order Relation; Branch and Bound Technique; Decision Theory.

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This research has taken a short study of the theme 'neo-rich couples' in the novels of Sudha Murthy, one of well-known contemporary women writers in India, particularly Feminist writings in India. Her association with social service through Infosys Foundation is much appreciated. She has written novels, children stories and Novellas. Her works have been acclaimed and translated into many languages around the world. Her works are a wonderful blend of old Indian and new Indian culture. They also deal with impact of globalization on Indian economy and its impact on the family structure, particularly rural and urban middle class families. Her narration technique is simple and straightforward. Her major novels are Dollar Bahu, Mahashweta, Gently Falls the Bakula, and House of Cards. She has also written two novellas and a few children's stories. She covered the youth of modern India, particularly young couples. The issues of middle class Indian couples boldly revealed by the characters in the novels. The problems faced by these neo-rich couples in the society as well as in families well depicted and offered some solutions to the existing conditions. This study is limited to the exploration of neo-rich couples with reference to her novels.

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Domestic relations, Globalization, Opportunities, Individuality, Career, Economy.

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The word 'Bhakti' is an enigmatic term to define. It is construed both as individual devotion as well as a socio-religious and literary movement, which makes it distinctive from other movements. As a social movement, it critiqued the upper caste orthodoxy or class hierarchy and believed in the equity and oneness of humankind. As a religious movement, it emphasized personal devotion to God without any mediation and the possibility of salvation for all through good deeds and austere living. As a literary movement, it provides a considerable impetus for the efflorescence of vernacular literature and liberated poetry from the eulogies of kings, infusing it with the themes of spirituality. Unlike other movements, it endeavoured for both the individual and the social upliftment of the lower strata of society. The word 'empowerment' has myriad connotations; however, the apt version of empowerment is when a person is not the victim of any complex--cast complex, religious complex, social complex, or any other. The Bhakti movement offered the marginalised subjects a platform to fight against all socio-religious inequalities and consequently helped them to come out of these imposed shackles or complexes. This paper reviews the Bhakti movement as a sui generis movement for the empowerment of ghettoised and marginalised subjects in all respects. It also explicates how the Bhakti movement helps us to cater to and tackle the current scenario of India, characterised by acute polarization and extremism.

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Bhakti movement, Empowerment, India, Marginalized, Sui generis.

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Food is one of the most basic needs for human existence. Age-related dietary needs differ from those of childhood. Because children in developing nations like India do not receive enough nutrition, infant mortality rates are higher there. For this reason, it is essential to feed children enough food. For children, milk is the most important food because it provides them with energy and supports healthy growth and development during this critical period. Breast milk was considered a great food for newborns even in the Vedic Period. After delivery, the Rigveda advises nursing while reciting mantras. A number of ayurvedic publications highlight the benefits of breastfeeding under the heading of jatakarma. According to Ayurvedic literature, Stanya or breast milk, is one of the updhatu of rasa. Breastfeeding offers numerous health advantages to both the mother and the child. As soon as the baby is born, breastfeeding should start. The best method of providing care for a newborn is breastfeeding. Besides the overwhelming attachment it creates, breast milk is the perfect diet for them. This review concentrated on the idea of Stanya, or breast milk, as it was mentioned in Ayurvedic literatures and how important it is in the modern world.

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Stanya, breastfeed, updhatu, Ayurveda.

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Women's empowerment is a crucial process aimed at granting women access to and control over material and informational resources. This concept, first articulated in 1985 by Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), empowers individuals, groups, and communities to take charge of their circumstances, thereby enhancing their quality of life. Women constitute an essential part of the labor force, and their economic involvement is intricately linked to overall development. The level of women's integration into economic development serves as an indicator of economic independence and social status. Women's empowerment encompasses equipping rural women with the necessary skills to undertake various tasks independently or collectively, granting them improved access to and control over societal resources. Empowerment is recognized as a pivotal strategy for enhancing the well-being of individuals, families, communities, as well as governmental and non-governmental agencies. It is crucial to continually refine women's empowerment strategies to ensure they are effective and yield tangible results. Notably, income earned by impoverished women tends to be prioritized for essential life needs, underscoring the significance of women as focal points in development efforts. When women work together in groups, it fosters a newfound sense of solidarity and cooperation, contributing to their economic independence.

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Women Empowerment, Economic Independence, Sustainable development, Leadership.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In contemporary societies, the sharing of knowledge in the public area is challenged by using the internet and the protection of information through intellectual belongings Rights (IPR). IPR is intertwined with the difficulty of clean on line get right of entry to. moreover, on line get entry to valuable knowledge has become a precondition for financial fulfillment. internet might be the primary really 'mass media' of the arena. Slowly we are witnessing the convergence of other varieties of communications technologies with the net. As mentioned earlier, the socio political and prison troubles which stand up because of introduction of such borderless mass method of verbal exchange are incredible and intellectual property issues are best part of them. Courts and worldwide groups however, have proven the need to deal with those troubles. together with addressing the disputes in courts new varieties of dispute resolution mechanisms have been installation to remedy the issues.

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Electronic Form, Ipr etc

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The emergence of social media platforms in the digital age has provided individuals all over the world with unparalleled possibilities for creative expression. However, under the surface of these virtual communities is a complicated web of copyright complexities that control the ownership and use of the information exchanged. This research paper, "Navigating Copyright Ownership and Creative Expression in Social Media," digs thoroughly into the complex link between copyright ownership and the dynamic world of creative expression in the social media environment. The study begins by looking at how copyright ownership works in the context of social media platforms, analyzing the formation of copyright rights and the procedures for enforcing them. It analyzes the ever-changing tension between content producers' rights, platform providers' interests, and user expectations in an environment where ideas flow freely and intellectual property borders dissolve. Furthermore, the influence of copyright ownership on creative expression that lies within the social media ecosystem is investigated in this study. It investigates how copyright knowledge affects the scope, diversity, and originality of creative output exchanged on digital platforms, as well as the tactics used to reduce copyright-related risks and disputes. This study paper provides useful insights into the intricacies and problems that content providers, platform operators, and users all encounter. Finally, the goal of this study is to give a thorough knowledge of how copyright ownership connects with and impacts creative expression in the setting of social media. By exploring the numerous mechanisms at work, it adds to the wider discussion of intellectual property rights, innovation, and the digital world, providing insights and advice for effectively navigating this difficult terrain.

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Copyright, Social Media, Creative Expression, Ownership, Infringement

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Background: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating a nuanced understanding of its molecular underpinnings for improved diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has emerged as a key player in OSCC, demonstrating intricate involvement in tumorigenesis and offering potential clinical applications. Methods: A comprehensive exploration of miR-21 in OSCC was conducted, encompassing its oncogenic nature, progressive expression patterns, diagnostic potential, therapeutic implications, and clinical significance. The analysis included studies on miR-21's functional diversity, its diagnostic utility in lesion progression, and the use of targeted interventions to inhibit tumor formation. Results: MiR-21 exhibits a multifaceted role in OSCC, extending beyond cell proliferation to intricate regulatory functions in inflammatory pathways. Its progressive expression patterns throughout lesion development position it as a promising diagnostic marker, detectable in non-invasive samples. Antisense oligonucleotide-based interventions demonstrate therapeutic potential, suggesting miR-21 as a viable target for precision medicine. Conclusion: The study underscores miR-21's central role in OSCC, presenting a dynamic landscape of diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. As a potential biomarker, prognostic indicator, and therapeutic target, miR-21 holds promise for personalized approaches in oral cancer management. Further research, including exploration of molecular intricacies and crosstalk, is warranted for transformative breakthroughs in OSCC diagnosis and treatment.

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MicroRNA-21, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Tumorigenesis, Diagnostic Biomarkers, Therapeutic Targets, Precision Oncology

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Abstract: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by reproductive and metabolic complexities. This systematic review investigates the role of serum leptin levels and their relationship with PCOS through an extensive analysis of existing literature, the review explores the intricate role of leptin in PCOS pathophysiology, highlighting its regulatory impact on reproductive hormones and metabolic pathways. Leptin, a multifaceted adipokine, emerges as a significant player in the complex web of PCOS pathophysiology. Drawing from a comprehensive analysis of current research, the review unravels the signalling pathways involved in the interplay between leptin and PCOS. The synthesis of findings contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between serum leptin levels and PCOS, providing valuable insights for the development of targeted diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. This exploration of the predictive significance of serum leptin levels not only enhances our comprehension of PCOS pathophysiology but also holds promise for advancing diagnosing strategies in clinical practice.

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o Leptin o PCOS- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome o Reproductive Health o Lifestyle disorders o Obesity

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Ductile Design is one of the most important aspects of RCC design in modern days. Earthquake can cause huge damage to life and property. Several attempts are made nowadays to increase the resistance of structures against earthquake forces (also termed as Seismic Forces). Ductile Design is one such design concept which if properly maintained on any structure can make the structure seismic resistant. More over ductile design also increases the strength and load carrying capacity of the structure. Ductile Design is done as per the guidelines and provisions provided in IS 13920 but at times for small buildings and structures, cost becomes an issue for constructing the building by following all the provisions provided in IS 13920 along with IS 456. This paper mainly provides a set of standard guidelines collected from various sources; which if maintained during the construction work, then the structure can also become earthquake resistant to some extent without any significant increase in the total cost of construction.

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Ductile Design, Seismic Force, Joints

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Learning disabilities are complex neurodevelopmental conditions that significantly impact a child's academic performance and socio-emotional well-being. The support and involvement of parents in remedial therapy play a crucial role in enhancing the child's overall development and educational progress. The purpose of this research is to explore the diverse perspectives of parents who have children with learning disabilities and their experiences with the school in terms of provision of services. The data for the study was gathered from 12 parents who agreed to participate in the study via a self-created Google form. The analysis reveals what all provisions, facilities and support the parents get from the school. Most of the parents responded positively reporting that the school provided the provisions and necessary facilities along with a motivating environment for the child. However, the evident fact was that there were few parents who were aware of the complete framework of legal facilities and services that a student with a learning disability has a right to.

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Learning disability, parental perception, school facilities, legal provisions.

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Herbs are more effective because they are safer and have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. The current study involves the development and evaluation of medicinal antiacne herbs containing th e hydroalcoholic extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica). And extract of aloe vera gel from aloe vera leaves. Information shows that this herb has good antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of our research is to create herbal nanogels and soaps with antibacterial properties. Herbal soaps were prepared and evaluated in terms of pH, moisture content, foaming index, foam retention time and s aponification analysis. Herbal gels were prepared and evaluated in terms of pH, spreadability, extrudability, viscosity and homogeneity. Prepare herbal gel containing neem leaf hydroalcoholic extract and aloe vera extract is a good try.

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Acne, anti-inflammatory, herbals, aloe vera, neem

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Nursing is one of the challenging professions in the health sector. Nurses are always at risk for developing many occupational health problems because of physically demanding nature of work i.e.,working in the same positions for longer periods , lifting or transferring dependent patients and caring for high number of patients. Amongst those, work related musculoskeletal problem i.e., low back pain (LBP) is very common. This study was hence conducted to assess the prevalence of low back pain among the nurses working in Amar Hospital District, Patiala, Punjab. Detailed sociodemographic data which included age , gender ,weight ,present area of work, shifts, wearing heels, marital status, and family history of low back pain. In addition to these, data collected from the semi structured questionnaires are also taken into account. From the finding, present study showed that , Low back pain was present in 39 (65%) of staff nurses. There was no significant association of quality of life of staff nurses having low back pain with selected sociodemographic variables i.e. age (in years), weight (in kg), gender, marital status, family history of low back pain, present area of work, total work experience (in years), mostly on which shift. There was significant association of wearing heels with low back pain at p>0.05. study shows that low back pain is prevalent in nurses of all age group, specially among adults. It revealed that there was no significant association of quality of life of staff nurses having low back pain with selected sociodemographic variables i.e. age (in years), weight (in kg), gender, marital status, family history of low back pain, present area of work, total work experience (in years), mostly on which shift. There was significant association of wearing heels with low back pain at p>0,05.

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Low back pain, Prevalence, Staff nurses.

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Tribal education plays a vital role in the advancement and empowerment of indigenous communities. However, it encounters numerous obstacles, including poor infrastructure, limited access, inadequate quality, lack of relevance, and inequity. These challenges are further compounded by the geographical, cultural, linguistic, and socio-economic diversity within tribal populations. One particular area that urgently requires attention in terms of tribal education is the Tulail Valley, a sub-valley of Gurez in the Jammu and Kashmir union territory, nestled in the Himalayas. This valley is inhabited by the Dard tribe, who speak Shina, a branch of the Dardic languages. This community possesses a rich and unique cultural heritage, but unfortunately, they also face poverty, isolation, and marginalization. This research paper aims to investigate the state of institutional infrastructure and the complex challenges confronted by tribal students, with a specific emphasis on the status of elementary education in the Tulail Valley. By conducting a thorough analysis of the educational landscape, this study employs a natural inquiry design, utilizing information blanks, field notes, surveys and interviews as the primary methods for data collection. The aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issues at hand. The study's findings shed light on the poor institutional infrastructural, lack of professional teachers, accommodation and many other unfolded challenges that hinder the accessibility and quality of education in the Tulail Valley. Furthermore, it explores potential strategies and interventions to address these challenges and promote inclusive and sustainable tribal education in the Tulail Valley.

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Tribal Education, Tulail Valley, Institutional Infrastructure, Quality of Education.

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Traditional drug delivery systems lack precise control over drug release patterns and the absorption of drug concentrations at the target site. An inherent issue with traditional dosage forms is the indistinct concentration of the drug in plasma. In response to these challenges, researchers and pharmaceutical scientists have dedicated their efforts to enhancing drug delivery systems, leading to the emergence of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). NDDS employs innovative approaches and technologies to achieve controlled drug release at low concentrations, often following a zero-order release pattern. A significant advancement within NDDS is the development of Implantable Drug Delivery Systems (IDDS). IDDS represents a novel approach to drug delivery, ensuring controlled release at the specific implantation site. This study delves into the mechanism of drug release from implantable therapeutic systems, preparation evaluation parameters, and prospects of the implantable drug delivery system (IDDS).

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Implants, Polymers in implants, Methods, mechanism, Evaluation of Implant.

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English has long been a language of modernity which allows growth, power, position, etc. It has been a medium with which parents craze their children to educate so that their children can be on par with the world. It has also been taught as a second language in schools, colleges, and universities. The learners due to their cultural variations, long-kept habit and attitude towards learning English have failed to be the apt users of it and the result is the final loss they have to bear in the jobs which they wish to opt from the market with high perks. The diversity of the students' socio-cultural background, motivation and interests, learning styles, differing personalities and behaviour patterns. Tribals face many problems while learning English the face acute problem as they have their own language too for communication. This study has focused on the problem of tribal students in learning English as a second language. The attempt has been made to find out the obvious reasons for the failure in the learning of English. The purposive random sample technique was used in the present study to select the sample of 300 students from different Schools drawn purposively from Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state. In this sample 150 tribal boys and 150 tribal Girls were selected from Government, Private schools. The researchers has followed Descriptive survey method to conduct the study and taken the help of research tool like questionnaire, to collect information from the subjects. The data was subjected to statistical treatment by using percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, and 't' test The results show that the tribal students face innumerable problems in learning English.

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Tribal students, Problems of learning English, second language, Location, and Management

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Distance education is quickly becoming a more popular option to traditional classroom settings, which will enhance access to higher education both domestically and globally. Using a multimedia approach to training, distance education sets itself apart from traditional teaching-learning methods. The goal of the current study is to investigate how distant learners feel about using multimedia to teach. The Indira Gandhi National Open University accepted participants into a variety of its programs. Out of the 1200 pupils that were given an attitude scale (Thurstone type), only 243 of them answered. A mean attitude score of 7.17 was found through data analysis, suggesting that respondents had a favorable propensity to learn using a multimedia approach. Additional investigation is necessary in this domain to examine the mindset of students in diverse remote learning environments. It would assist remote educators in motivating students, lowering attrition rates significantly, and extending the reach of education via distance learning.

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attitude of distance learner, attitude scale, multimodal approach to instruction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sanitation is a necessity for a healthy life (George: 2008). Access to basic amenities such as safe drinking water and sanitation is not only an important measure of socio-economic status of the household, but also a fundamental element to the health of the people. In India, access to improved sanitation remains far lower as compared to many other countries. In rural areas, the scale of the problem is particularly daunting as 74 percent of the rural population still defecates in the open. Individual health and hygiene is dependent largely on adequate availability of drinking water and proper sanitation. There is, therefore, a direct relationship between water, sanitation and health. In this light the aim of present study was to evaluate the Sanitation and Public Health services that provided to the people in rural Punjab. The main objective was to evaluate the views of villagers towards sanitation and health status conditions, programmes related to sanitation and health and scope of improvement in such programmes. The study was based on the survey of 120 respondents, selected through simple random sampling.

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Open Defecation Free Programme (ODF), Santitaion, Public Health and Hygiene

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India is poised to emerge as a significant player in the carbon market, particularly in the domain of carbon farming credits, owing to its extensive agricultural land and substantial potential for carbon removal and storage. Priced at approximately $10 per metric ton and with estimated emission reductions of 3 metric tons per hectare, the market's potential value in India surpasses $5 billion if extended nationwide. This paper explores India's promising position in the carbon market, examining factors such as policy changes, the prospect of a national carbon pricing regime, and strengthened international collaborations. The anticipated growth in awareness and capacity development activities is expected to foster a more inclusive and dynamic carbon market. By integrating cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions, India is poised to lead in climate innovation. The paper also emphasizes the holistic approach of India's carbon market, aligning with sustainable development goals, pursuing adaptation measures, and encouraging voluntary carbon reduction initiatives by businesses. The conclusion underscores the potential revolutionary impact of India's carbon market, contributing significantly to global climate objectives while promoting economic growth and social well-being, contingent on regulatory clarity, financial tools, and a commitment to inclusion.

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India, carbon market, carbon farming credits, emission reductions, sustainable development, climate resilience, policy environments, national carbon pricing, international partnerships, awareness, capacity development, technology integration, innovation, adaptation measures, voluntary carbon reduction, regulatory clarity, economic growth, social well-being.

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Fluoroscopy experts, constantly exposed to X-ray radiation, face an elevated risk of radiation-induced cancer. This study aimed to assess the safety measures employed by medical personnel, particularly those working in gastroenterology theaters, to mitigate the risks associated with prolonged radiation exposure. The survey encompassed patients and medical professionals involved in fluoroscopic procedures. Observations were made on individuals, including patients, radiation technologists, radiologists, surgeons, and students, all wearing radiation protection clothing. A total of 30 patients and 17 medical professionals were observed during the study. Fluoroscopy suites are equipped with various shields, such as table skirts, ceiling-suspended shielding, and mobile shields on wheels, designed to reduce scatter radiation from patients--a primary source of operator exposure. Essential radiation protection garments, such as leaded aprons and thyroid shields, are crucial for personnel in fluoroscopy settings, providing both comfort and adequate protection. Observations on patients revealed that 49.80% used thyroid shields, 42.7% used gonad shields, 97.6% employed collimators to reduce scatter radiation, and 100% utilized filters. Surprisingly, lead aprons were not used on patients, as they would obstruct the target area. Among medical professionals 63% of radiation technologists used lead gloves, all medical professionals wore lead aprons, 45% of surgeons used thyroid shielding, and none used lead goggles during the investigation. In conclusion, the study found that all observed medical professionals demonstrated good work practices and possessed sufficient knowledge about radiation protection and protective apparel. However, the need for scheduled training on radiation protection devices and the effects of radiation on patients and personnel, mandated by various regulatory bodies, was emphasized.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Lead Apron, Thyroid Shield, Lead Gloves, Tube Curtain, Collimator, Filters

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