Volume 10 | Issue 9 | September-2022

 Abstract

The system is a down-counter configuration utilizing an 8051 microcontroller, designed to test the lifespan of electrical products. In industries with products like lights, bulbs, motors, etc., it is essential to assess the product's lifecycle. This lifecycle is determined by how many times the product can be switched ON and OFF while still functioning properly. Our project operates a relay switch that turns the load ON and OFF for a specified number of cycles. The system uses a microcontroller from the 8051 family, with a keypad interface for user input. It also includes a 7-segment display to show the count. When the system is activated, the user can input the desired number of cycles (0-999) for the product to be tested. The system then begins cycling the load ON and OFF, counting down from the entered value. The counter continues to decrement until it reaches zero, at which point the switching cycle is halted. The system could be further enhanced by adding a load output measuring system, which would inform the user when the load fails, thereby providing a direct indication of the load's lifespan The electrical equipment manufacturing industry provides specific specifications such as 230V AC, 1Amp, 25,000 life cycles (ON/OFF), 12V DC, 1Amp, 50,000 life cycles (ON/OFF), and so on. Therefore, it is essential to test the equipment after production. However, testing the life cycle specified by the manufacturer can be challenging. This project simplifies the process of testing the life cycle of electrical equipment. It is designed for industrial use to test the life cycles of lamps, relays, switches, motors, and other equipment. The life cycle is measured by counting the number of ON/OFF cycles the equipment can undergo while still functioning properly.

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 Keywords

Life Cycle Testing, Electrical Loads, Down Counter, Product Longevity, Reliability Testing, Quality Control.

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 Abstract

Groundwater serves as the main buffer against hydroclimatic variability in India, where recharge is concentrated within a short monsoon period. The study employs two focused analytical methods -- the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimation. Pre- and post-monsoon series are included in multi-year well observations, with quality control ensuring seasonal consistency. Sen's slope provides a robust measure of magnitude that is resistant to outliers and irregular sampling, while trend analysis identifies the direction and strength of monotonic changes at the well scale. This approach allows comparison between dry-season conditions before the monsoon and wet-season conditions after the monsoon, clarifying whether declines are concentrated prior to recharge or persist across seasons. Correlation analysis incorporates pre- to post-monsoon variations. The procedure separates long-term trends from short-term fluctuations, providing a concise, reproducible basis for quantifying groundwater depletion rates. The approach is intentionally minimal yet policy-relevant: by limiting inference to observed groundwater levels and rainfall, it enables transparent replication across semi-arid regions with routine monitoring networks, facilitates consistent comparison of trend magnitudes and seasonal recharge responses, and provides an empirical baseline against which future interventions can be evaluated

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 Keywords

Groundwater depletion, semi-arid India, recharge patterns, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope, rainfall-groundwater correlation, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, time-series analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Under logistical and environmental constraints, basement construction in dense urban settings requires excavation support systems that simultaneously control deformation, manage groundwater, and remain constructible. There are two types of retaining systems used for basement structures. A common framework for design criteria--especially near sensitive assets--includes cut-off effectiveness, resistance to base heave, and buildability considerations, as outlined by the study. Performance targets, construction logistics, project risks, and long-term durability are linked to the selection of system type through a qualitative decision-making model. To support early-stage design, the model is operationalized as a scoring matrix with sensitivity checks on soil stiffness, groundwater head, and reinforcement layout. Two scenarios illustrate typical deformation envelopes, risk pathways, and mitigation measures. The findings show that diaphragm walls offer advantages such as higher stiffness, better movement control, and watertightness. They can often serve as permanent basement walls, reducing structural demand and planning uncertainty. Regional unit cost rates, carbon factor (C-factor), and the need for project-specific validation of predicted movement are some of the limitations identified in the study. The research compares indicative costs and project scope normalized by excavation depth, and discusses how procurement strategy and quality assurance affect realized performance. The interplay between the embodied carbon of wall systems, energy efficiency, and waterproofing reliability is emphasized in the discussion. Gaps in the literature identified in the study encourage future work on performance databases. The model supports a transparent and defensible selection process for basement projects by linking early-phase option screening with construction-stage risk management.

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 Keywords

Basement construction, diaphragm wall, embedded retaining wall, secant-pile wall, contiguous-pile wall, sheet piles, RC cantilever wall, gravity retaining wall, earth pressures, serviceability limit state, basal heave, groundwater cut-off, top-down construction, observational method, instrumentation, constructability, life-cycle performance, Eurocode 7, BS 8002.

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Many factors influence the relations between India and China, including border disputes, trade relations, strategic interests, and regional influence.The 1962 war, China's control over Tibet, and China's strong ties with Pakistan are some of the historical and current factors that complicate relations.The 3,488-km-long Line of Actual Control (LAC) is still undemarcated, leading to frequent tensions over infiltration and construction of infrastructure.The two countries compete over their respective roles in the South Asian region, leading to regional influence and security concerns. China's control of Tibet and India's asylum of the Dalai Lama are also important factors in the relationship.The strong strategic ties between China and Pakistan are also a matter of concern for India. Military infrastructure is constantly being built in the border areas between the two countries, which is increasing tensions.

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 Keywords

India, China, competition, Pakistan, border dispute, Tibetan issues, China-Pakistan relations and water disputes.

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The Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) plays a pivotal role in advancing the goals of inclusive entrepreneurship and economic empowerment through the promotion of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of MSME development under PMEGP, with a particular focus on women entrepreneurship, using multi-dimensional insights across rural-urban, gender, sectoral, socio-economic, and state-wise distributions. The primary objective of the study is to analyze the category-wise distribution of MSMEs under PMEGP to understand the scale and scope of enterprise formation. It further examines the rural-urban spread of MSMEs, highlighting regional disparities and access gaps. A key dimension of the research is the gender-wise ownership pattern, which evaluates the participation of women entrepreneurs under the scheme. Additionally, the study delves into the sector-wise classification (manufacturing vs. service), explores the socio-economic group representation (SC, ST, OBC, minorities, etc.), and evaluates the state-wise performance to identify leading and lagging regions. Using secondary data sourced from official PMEGP reports and MSME ministry statistics, the study presents visual and statistical interpretations that reveal significant trends. The findings underscore a steady increase in women-led MSMEs, particularly in the rural service sector; however, disparities persist across regions and social groups. The study concludes by offering policy recommendations to strengthen support for women entrepreneurs and enhance the equitable reach of PMEGP across India's diverse socio-economic landscape.

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 Keywords

Women entrepreneurship, PMEGP (Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme), Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), Gender-wise Distribution, Rural-Urban Divide, Socio-Economic Groups, State-wise MSME Performance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The demand for generative AI (GAI) applications grows, and scalable architectures in cloud computing environments become imperative to support such models' computational complexity and resource demands. In this paper, we dive deep into scalable architectures for generative AI in the cloud, aiming to boost performance and efficiency. Distributed computing, containerization, and edge computing are some architectural approaches we explore to allow organizations to surmount the resource requirements of GAI models. We explore how scalable infrastructure, smart resource management, and data management practices are used in combination for the deployment and execution of GAI applications through case studies and performance benchmarks. The results show the pros and cons of each architectural framework and outline future directions for integrating emerging technologies, such as quantum computing and serverless architectures, for increased scalability. This research applies to practical applications across various industries, from healthcare to finance and entertainment to increasing the employment of GAI applications to drive innovation and efficiency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Scalable Architectures, Generative AI, Cloud Computing, Performance Optimization, Efficiency Enhancement, Advanced Computing Environments

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Interconnected Narratives and their Cultural Significance in Leslie Marmon Silko's Storyteller

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Interconnected Narratives and their Cultural Significance in Leslie Marmon Silko's Storyteller

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 Abstract

SHIKSHA KA ADHIKAAR- BAALAKON KA EK MOOLABHOOT ADHIKAAR (VAASTAVIK STHITI KA EK ADHYAYAN)

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SHIKSHA KA ADHIKAAR- BAALAKON KA EK MOOLABHOOT ADHIKAAR (VAASTAVIK STHITI KA EK ADHYAYAN)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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As we live in an era of complex interdependence where sensibilities in one social setup have its reflections in the other it is important to understand the women's issues from that standpoint. It is true that globalization has opened up new vista and opportunities for women in society but at the same time the rolling back the frontiers of the state is responsible for robing women from several of their fundamental constitutional rights. It is important for the state to remain proactive in protecting and strengthening the rights of women. 'The Neo Liberal State & Women's Rights' is of great relevance not only for the developed but also for the developing societies. Conventionally the State is taken as an institution whose main objective is to enforce regulations so as to provide security to its citizens. The research would try to focus on the fact that even though citizenship rights have been given to women, in practice why is it that they have not been able to gain on substantial accounts. It is argued that equality under citizenship provisions in Indian Constitution fails to concretize it at ground level as it ignores differences which are because of both internal and external factors. Sex is an example of internal difference whereas poverty or social norms can be examples of external differences. The segregation of internal and external factors is strongly rooted in our social system and women are primarily treated as the second-class citizens and not fit for citizenship rights. With the advent of globalization and global trends such as multi culturalism, provisions regarding universal human rights, the connotation of citizenship has been redefined and retuned in the contemporary times. It is expected that women in the present global scenario will get opportunities to enhance their rights however feminists' scholars are doubtful and expressed their concern for having more regressive impacts on women across the globe. In this article sincere attempts have been made to examine these new trends through which women are deprived of their rights. Its objective is to show how the gains of feminism are under the threat of being rolled back.

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 Keywords

Neo Liberal State, Citizenship, Globalization, Equalitarian, Democratic Outlook, Structural Adjustment, Multi-Culturalism, Universality of Human Rights, Second Class Citizens, Feminization of Poverty, Transnational Corporations, Equalitarian and Democratic Outlook, Global Institutions

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition