Volume 13 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

Sitakund, Rishikund and Rajgir hot spring site is a sulphur containing hot spring site. Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present. It is a micro biological analytical procedure which uses sample of water and form these samples determine the concentration of bacteria. The Biological parameters were analyzed as per WHO, APHA. The bacteriological parameter included SPC (standard plate count), MPN (most probable number). Bacterial contamination of drinking water sources is the most common health risk. The water sample were collected from three selected hot spring site Rishikund, Sitakund&Rajgir during period (October 2014 to June 2016) within and interval of four month. All the results were compared with WHO, APHA, BIS and found that water is potable.

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 Keywords

APHA, BIS, WHO, SPC, MPN

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Unexpected pavement breakdown issues, such as potholes, unevenness, cracks, etc., have been reported by a number of road agencies. This results in a poor understanding of roads and their lifespan. Conversely, rubbers, polymers, and other materials are being added daily. Waste materials such as plastic bottles, polymers, mugs, and used tires can be recycled by grinding them up or mixing them with cementers. They can also be used to cover asphalt and bitumen using any heating method.In this work, we employed crumbed rubber and plastic as binding agents in relation to bitumen and total. We employ bitumen, strength, and total (of various colored sizes) as accessories on bituminous roads. This study includes vivid tests on bitumen penetrate value, stiffness, and softening point in addition to summations like crushing value, impacting value, bruising value, and particular graveness. This paper uses a lot of sequences.Sustainability is a pressing requirement in the construction sector globally, and in order to lessen the impact on the natural environment, the usage of waste materials in road building is being reduced. To establish their suitability for the design, building, and preservation of the pavements, several apparent accessories and technologies have been built into the trace structure.Among them are rubber and polymers. Due to modifications to lifestyle and growing populations, the amount of plastic garbage in external solid waste is increasing. Additionally, the majority of tires, particularly those found on motor vehicles, are made of synthetic rubber. Getting rid of both is a major issue.At the exact same time, the constant rise in automobile traffic highlights the need for greater engineering and road condition. The desired mechanical properties for a certain road mixture can be improved by partially substituting the traditional material with this waste polymer and rubber.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Plastic, Rubber, Pavement, Bitumen

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes preventive healthcare and the therapeutic use of natural resources. Value-added Ayurvedic products such as Amla sharbat, Amla syrup, Amla candy, Ale pak, Green chilli pickle, Amla supari, and Mixed fruit jam were prepared in the college laboratory by undergraduate students under faculty supervision. The study followed a hands-on, skill-oriented methodology including selection of raw materials, extraction, cooking, preservation, drying, packaging, and storage. Organoleptic and stability evaluations revealed that the products were acceptable in quality, with Amla-based preparations retaining significant nutritional value, especially Vitamin C.??The initiative not only demonstrated the medicinal and nutritional potential of traditional Ayurvedic products but also served as a practical educational model in alignment with NEP 2020. Students developed skills in product formulation, quality assessment, hygiene, and entrepreneurship while integrating with botany knowledge. This approach highlights the importance of experiential learning in higher education, promoting self-reliance, entrepreneurship, and preservation of traditional knowledge.?

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 Keywords

Ayurveda, Amla, Value-added products, NEP 2020, Experiential learning, Skill development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gained significant importance in defence, disaster management, and security applications due to their versatility and ability to operate in hazardous environments. This research presents the design and development of a multifunctional surveillance drone integrated with landmine detection capabilities and a robotic arm for remote handling tasks. The system is intended to enhance safety for military personnel by reducing direct human exposure to life-threatening conditions. This project is about a special drone that can move both in the air and on the ground as it work like rover. The proposed drone is built on a quadcopter platform equipped with gear motor and wheels to work like rover, a high-resolution camera for real-time aerial surveillance. For landmine detection, the system uses a metal detection module, enabling the identification of explosive threats from a safe distance. A robotic arm mounted on the drone provides additional functionality, allowing for object manipulation such as picking up suspicious materials, collecting samples. The drone is remotely operated through a wireless communication link, with an onboard flight controller managing navigation. The project demonstrates a hybrid approach that combines aerial mobility with ground-focused sensing, offering a cost-effective and scalable solution for security forces. Field testing showed promising results in detecting metallic landmine simulants, maintaining flight stability during arm operation, and providing continuous live feed for surveillance. This work contributes to the growing field of UAV-based defence applications by proposing a multipurpose platform that improves operational safety, and supports in reducing demining human efforts. Future developments will focus on improving detection accuracy and extending flight endurance.

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 Keywords

Aerial Surveillance, Ground Surveillance, Operational safety, Landmine detection, Material manipulation, GPS Tracking, Wireless Telemetry

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Role of Women in Premchand's Novels: A Socio-Cultural Perspective

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Role of Women in Premchand's Novels: A Socio-Cultural Perspective

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Nanotechnology has introduced groundbreaking advancements in oncology by revolutionizing how anticancer agents are delivered. Conventional chemotherapy faces challenges like poor selectivity and severe systemic toxicity. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems--including liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric particles, micelles, and metallic nanoparticles--enable site-specific drug accumulation, enhance bioavailability, and minimize adverse effects. This review comprehensively examines key nanotechnology principles in cancer treatment, types of Nano systems, FDA-approved nano formulations, and emerging innovations, underscoring their transformative role in targeted cancer therapy.

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Cancer therapy, Nanotechnology, Nanocarriers, Targeted drug delivery, Liposomes, Chemotherapy, Oncology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Girls in India confront a complex web of interrelated challenges that undermine their health, education, safety and life chances. This paper synthesizes national surveys, government reports, NGO analyses and peer reviewed studies to examine seventeen core issues affecting girls, including skewed sex ratios, period poverty, anaemia, limited healthcare access, mental health crises, sexual violence, dowry and domestic abuse, child marriage, school dropout, employment and political underrepresentation, superstition driven stigma, cyber harassment and the pressures of non-traditional family choices. Despite these adversities, Indian girls demonstrate remarkable resilience, emotional intelligence and leadership potential. Drawing on evidence from NFHS, NCRB, UNICEF, MOSPI, NITI Aayog and leading research articles, this study highlights both structural failures and promising programmatic responses. The review concludes with targeted policy priorities to strengthen health services, expand educational retention, improve legal redress and community norms, and invest in girls' economic and civic empowerment.

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 Keywords

Gender Inequality, Child Marriage, Anaemia, Mental Health Challenges, India, Women's Empowerment, Adolescent Girls, Superstitions, Resilience, Education, Social Stigma

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper presents a Secure Pattern-Based CAPTCHA-Enhanced Resource Booking System designed to safeguard online resource reservation portals from automated attacks. The system integrates a unique pattern-based CAPTCHA mechanism to improve security while maintaining user convenience. Implemented within a college facility management context, this system ensures that only legitimate users can book resources such as auditoriums and sports facilities. Experimental results demonstrate the system's robustness against bot attacks and enhanced user experience compared to traditional CAPTCHA systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Secure CAPTCHA, Pattern-Based CAPTCHA, Resource Booking System, Bot Prevention, College Facility Management, User Authentication

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study evaluates and compares the nutritional properties of pearl millet flour (Bajra) from three commercial brands--Smita Grah Udhyog, Patanjali, and Manan. Parameters assessed include moisture content, total ash, water-soluble and insoluble ash, alkalinity of water-soluble ash, and calcium concentration. Smita Grah Udhyog samples recorded the highest total ash and calcium content, suggesting superior mineral density, while Patanjali showed better mineral bioavailability due to higher water-soluble ash. Natural indicator China rose was used to assess alkalinity. These findings provide insight into the nutritional quality of pearl millet flour, guiding consumer choices and contributing to food security.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Pearl millet flour, ash content, calcium, alkalinity, moisture, nutritional quality, commercial brands

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Collagen serves as both scaffold and signal in mammalian tissues, providing tensile strength while encoding biochemical cues in its triple helical sequence. A central question in matrix biology is how cells convert this motif level information into adhesion, migration, differentiation, and repair. In skin and many soft tissues, fibrillar collagens I and III dominate the mechanical landscape; cells interpret these fibers largely through collagen binding integrins (?1?1, ?2?1, ?10?1, ?11?1) and the discoidin domain receptors DDR1/DDR2. Systematic Collagen Toolkits devised in Richard Farndale's laboratory (University of Cambridge) mapped short triple helical peptides and defined key motifs - GFOGER/GxOGER for integrin ?2?1 and related ?I containing integrins, GLOGEN/GROGER for ?1?1 preference, and GVMGFO for DDRs, thus revealing how cells "read" collagen at amino acid resolution. Integrating structural, biochemical, and functional data, this review synthesizes how fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, immune cells, and platelets use these receptors to extract meaning from collagen, with special attention to the HUVEC study by Hunter et al. (2022) that disentangles integrin usage during adhesion, migration, and tube formation on collagen. Finally, I discuss how motif aware insights now inform biomaterial design, wound care, dermatology, and aesthetics, where engaging or modulating specific collagen-receptor axes may improve outcomes.

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 Keywords

Collagen; Integrins ?1?1/?2?1/?10?1/?11?1; Discoidin domain receptors; Collagen Toolkit; GFOGER; GLOGEN; Endothelial cells; HUVEC; Mechanotransduction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition