Volume 12 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

The Vamsadhara and Nagavali rivers are the two major river systems in the district of Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh state of India. These two rivers originate in the Eastern Ghats of Odhisha state that is at Thuamul Rampur in the Kalahandi district enters into Andhra Pradesh and flows through the Srikakulam district till they connect to Bay of Bengal i.e Vamsadhara at Kalingapatnam and Nagavali at Kallepalli areas as (Fig-01) in Map showing it. Both the rivers form a dynamic and complex ecosystem. Crustaceans' mainly freshwater prawns and marine water shrimps that are available naturally in these waters are good fishery resources and plays a crucial role in the country's economy and also one of the top earners of foreign exchange.

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 Keywords

CHECKLIST, DISTRIBUTION OF PRAWNS OF VAMSADHARA AND NAGAVALI EASTUARIES OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT IN ANDHRAPRADESH, INDIA

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Aspergillus niger is a widespread fungal pathogen responsible for black mold on onions and other crops, resulting in significant post-harvest losses, due to reduced shelf life, spoilage, and economic losses to diminished market value and increased waste. The rise in resistance to traditional antifungal treatments has driven the search for alternative, sustainable methods to combat this pathogen. This research review explores the antifungal efficacy of various plant extracts and nanoparticles against A. niger, with a focus on their effectiveness in controlling onion infections. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of existing research on plant extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) for their ability to inhibit fungal growth. Additionally, recent advancements in the development and application of nanoparticles including silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), copper oxide (CuO NPs), and iron oxide (Fe?O? NPs) were tested for their antifungal properties. These findings suggest that both plant extracts and nanoparticles present promising alternatives for managing A. niger infections in onions, potentially reducing dependence on synthetic fungicides and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. The review underscores the potential of combining biocompatible nanoparticles with plant extracts and offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution for future antifungal agents in food packaging, clinical, and agricultural settings. This analysis highlights the most promising nanoparticle formulations by using fungicidal plant extracts for inhibiting Aspergillus niger, thereby enhancing the post-harvest storage of onions.

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 Keywords

Aspergillus niger, antifungal properties, plant extracts, Nanoparticles.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Compared with the animal husbandry, Fish farming is new method and it is rapidly becoming one of the pivotal sectors in the agriculture economy across the World, driven by the ever-increasing demand for high quality animal protein at reasonable price, especially with the exponentially increasing human population. However, the development of high density fish populations also brings forth a challenge - the hasty transmission and spread of infectious disease agents in aquaculture. During the early days, when diseases appeared in aqua-farming practices, antibiotics or chemotherapeutics were used for disease treatment, and even for disease control. Preventive measures have become more and more significant as part of bio-security in aquaculture. Disease prevention by using vaccines is predominantly important in aquaculture where the number of individuals at high risk and where treatment is a challenge from practical, technical and economic points of view. Vaccination in general, a safe and cost-effectively acceptable preventive measure as it contributes to a sustainable aquaculture with low use of antibiotics. To control and prevent viral, bacterial and some extent parasitic infectious diseases, vaccination is the well-organized method. In the 1938 Snieszko et al., reported very first in his published article about disease prevention using vaccines and protective immunity in carp immunized with Aeromonas punctata. Vaccine development technology in aqua-farming has advanced very rapidly after the invention of the inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in 1942. Fish vaccination has been used in aquaculture since the 1980s to prevent infectious diseases. Now there is diverse range of vaccines commercially available in the market including live attenuated, killed/inactivated or genetically engineered vaccines for viral and bacterial diseases. Currently, most commercially available vaccines for aquatic organisms are inactivated, and the basic method of manufacturing of vaccines is still the inactivation by means of either physical or chemical methods of virulent wild-type pathogens. However, live attenuated vaccination in aquaculture practices offers numerous beneficial effects over inactivated vaccines viz., method of vaccination is simple, manufacturing costs are low, provide prolonged immunity, vaccine delivery is very rapid and low dose of immunization. In recent times, with the incessant diminution of technological price (for example, sequencing of genome, sophistication in screening of antigens, advancements in cell culture, etc), the progress of innovative antigen expression and delivery mechanisms, and the immense accretion of fundamental knowledge on mucosal immunity of fish, vaccines for aquaculture are guaranteed to see rapid improvement in the upcoming years. Advancement in developing greatly effective vaccines against mucosal immunity and subsequent adjuvants is a significant direction for forthcoming development, and improving vaccine delivery methods will certainly enable the new vaccines development.

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 Keywords

Adjuvants, Aqua-farming, Immunization, Live attenuated vaccines, Vaccination

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The study aims at assessing the effects of habitat fragmentation on spider distribution in the urban, agricultural, and natural habitats of Nallamala forest, Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out for six months, and the spider sampling methods included pitfall traps and visual encounters inSundipenta project region, agricultural Dornala region, and natural Rajiv Ghandi Wildlife Sanctuary. It was found that there are highly significant differences in the spider species richness and diversity among the different landscapes. The natural site had the highest species richness and diversity indices than the other sites while the urban site had the lowest. The results of statistical tests further showed that spider diversity was significantly affected by the type of landscape (p < 0. 001). NMDS and PERMANOVA tests suggested that spider assemblages were significantly different among the landscape types. The rarefaction curves indicated that the sampling effort for the natural and agricultural sites was sufficient, whereas the sampling effort for the urban site may require further sampling. The results of this study show that habitat fragmentation has a negative impact on spider species richness and that future conservation efforts should focus on combating urbanization and intensive agriculture.

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 Keywords

Habitat fragmentation, spider diversity, natural landscapes, species richness, multivariate analysis, conservation strategies

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A systematic and comparative study of oxidation of a few ? -amino acids like Glycine DL- Leucine ,DL-Isoleucine, DL-alanine, DL-Phenyl Alanine by using 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloro-imide has been carried out in aqueous acetic acid-sodium acetate mixtures. The kinetic orders aresimilar that is first order in oxidizing agent for all the substrates. The substrate dependence is first order for all the substrates. If we increase sodium acetate concentration leads to increases the reaction rate. In these analysis we observed that in these oxidations is with alanine as standard, substrates with electron releasing groups like Glycine and alanine and substrates with electron with drawing groups like Phenyl alanine , serine ,Aspartic acid exhibited higher kinetic rates. This shows that there is a dual mechanism operating in these oxidations. log k1 vs ? plot is not linear as two lines intersect giving two different slopes. The slopes are -2.45 for substrates with electron releasing groups and +1.67 for substrates with electron with drawing groups. Hepler's treatment has been applied to understand the nature of entropy-enthalpy relationship on the kinetics of these reactions. Finally a synchronous oxidative decarboxylation process has been postulated to explain the oxidation of these ? -amino acids. The major products are the nitriles.

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:? -amino acids -electron releasing groups -First order kinetics- Electron withdrawing groups-Kinetic order- Entropy- Enthalpy relationship

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Computational biology is a rapidly progressing interdisciplinary field that applies computational techniques and algorithms to understand biological processes at a molecular, cellular, and systems level. It combines biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics to analyse vast biological data sets and simulate complex biological manifestations. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of computational biology, covering key methodologies, applications, challenges, and future directions. We study areas such as genomics, systems biology, and drug discovery, and highlight emerging trends such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in biological research. This study concludes with a discussion of the future scope of computational biology in addressing global health, environmental, and agricultural challenges.

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Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Biology

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the biosynthesis of SNPs is not only inexpensive but also environmentally friendly with little or no side effects. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against pathogens were carried out. SNPs were rapidly produced using leaf extract of the medicinal plant Cochlospermum religiosum and the formation of nanoparticles was observed within two minutes. The results recorded by UV-Visible spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscope analysis support the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. The UV-Visible spectrum has a peak at 260 nm and the difference in the size of spherical SNPs varies from 40 to 100 nm. In addition, the synthesized SNP showed effective inhibitory activity against pathogens Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium, Curvularia and Rhizopus. They are very toxic to Rhizopus followed by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium. Moderately toxic to Curvularia.

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 Keywords

Antibacterial activity, Cochlospermum religiosum, phytosynthesis, silver nanoparticles.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The study on ethnic herbals used as antidote to snake bite by Yanadi, Yerukula and Lambadi tribal people of Tiruvur area provides information regarding nine herbal species of plants which comes from nine genera and seven Angiosperm families. Ethnic tribes of Tiruvuru mainly comprises of Yanadis, Yerukulas and Lambadis. The 9 plant species recorded against snake bite had shown that ethnic tribes were still depended on local vegetation for the care of their life, indeed.

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Antidote, Snake bite, Herbal medicine, Tiruvur, NTR district.

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Cycas beddomei Dyer., Cycadaceae) is a Gymnosperm of only living genus of Cycadaceae, enlisted as Critically Endangered (C.E) under IUCN Status of Red listed with confined (endemic) to Seshachalam Hill Ranges of Eastern Ghats. It is one of the medicinal plant with proven therapeutic studies against the specific selected bacteria is equal to that of the herbal uses of C. beddomei male and female cones as aphrodisiac, skin diseases, mosquito repellent, general debility, rheumatoid arthritis, wound healing, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal and tuberculosis. However, the leaves are not yet reported for the biological and phytochemical studies. Hence, the present study focused and on the determination of the in vitro antimicrobial properties of leaf extracts using organic solvents and aqueous extracts. The ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of leaf exhibited maximum inhibition, while petroleum ether expressed moderate activity. Water extract failed to inhibit the test organisms. The preliminary phytochemical studies also attempted reviled for the presence of important groups of secondary metabolites. The present study revealed the potential inhibition properties against the selected bacteria and one fungal strain.

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Cycas beddomei; Endemic plant; Antimicrobial activity, Preliminary or qualitative phytochemical screening

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that integrates concepts from biology, engineering, chemistry, and computer science to design and construct novel biological entities or redesign existing biological systems for specific, useful purposes. This field represents a paradigm shift in how we understand and manipulate life, enabling unprecedented control over biological processes. The origins of synthetic biology can be traced back to early 20th-century molecular biology and genetics, but it was not until the 1970s, with the advent of recombinant DNA technology, that the field truly began to take shape. Recombinant DNA technology enabled scientists to manipulate genetic material with precision, leading to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and laying the groundwork for modern synthetic biology. Today, synthetic biology is driving innovation across a wide range of sectors. In medicine, it promises to revolutionize drug development, gene therapy, and vaccine production by enabling the creation of more effective, personalized treatments. For instance, synthetic biology techniques have been used to engineer microorganisms to produce complex pharmaceuticals and to develop novel gene-editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, which allows precise modifications to the human genome. In agriculture, synthetic biology is being used to create genetically modified crops with improved yield, pest resistance, and nutritional content, as well as biofertilizers that enhance soil fertility without the need for chemical inputs. Environmental applications include the development of engineered microorganisms capable of bioremediation and biosensing, offering new tools for managing environmental pollution and sustainability. Additionally, synthetic biology is paving the way for sustainable energy solutions, such as biofuels produced by genetically modified organisms, and the production of bio-based materials like bioplastics. However, the rapid advancements in synthetic biology raise significant ethical, legal, and social challenges. Issues such as the potential risks of releasing GMOs into the environment, the moral status of synthetic life forms, and the equitable distribution of synthetic biology's benefits must be carefully managed. The future of synthetic biology will likely focus on refining tools and technologies, expanding applications, and addressing these ethical and social implications to ensure that the field develops in a safe, responsible, and equitable manner.

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 Keywords

Synthetic biology, Genetic engineering, CRISPR-Cas9, Recombinant DNA technology, Gene therapy, Bioremediation, Biofuels, Engineered probiotics, Metabolic engineering, and Synthetic vaccines

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition