Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

The small-scale bovine farming sector plays a pivotal role in sustaining rural livelihoods and ensuring nutritional security in India, especially in regions like Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. This study investigates the farm management practices and economic viability of small-scale bovine farms in rural Lucknow, aiming to assess their productivity, cost structures, income levels, and sustainability challenges. Using primary data collected from 50 bovine farmers through structured interviews and surveys, the study analyzes operational inputs, output yields, feeding practices, veterinary care, labor utilization, and market access. Economic indicators such as gross income, net income, input-output ratio, and break-even points are calculated to evaluate farm performance. Findings reveal that while bovine farms contribute significantly to rural income, many operate on marginal profitability due to high input costs, lack of technical know-how, and inadequate access to veterinary and marketing infrastructure. The study suggests that improved extension services, cooperative marketing systems, and targeted subsidies can enhance farm viability. This research has practical implications for policy-makers, agricultural extension workers, and development planners seeking to promote inclusive rural growth through sustainable livestock farming.

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Small-scale bovine farming, Rural farm management, Economic viability, Dairy farming Input-output ratio

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A traditional Hatha Yoga pose that builds from the foundational Vajrasana is Supta Vajrasana, also known as the Reclined Thunderbolt Pose. Although it is widely acknowledged for its healing properties and benefits to digestive health, maximizing its therapeutic use and lowering risks require a deeper understanding of anatomy and physiology. An extensive anatomical analysis of Supta Vajrasana from the viewpoint of Rachana Sharir is presented in this article, which breaks down the complex engagement and stretching of different musculoskeletal structures, such as muscles, ligaments, and joints. It also clarifies the physiological effects on the nervous, endocrine, digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems. This research attempts to provide a thorough framework for Rachana Sharir scholars to understand the profound body-mind integration promoted by this special asana by connecting these anatomical effects with Ayurvedic concepts like Dosha balance, Agni stimulation, and Srotas purification. Its therapeutic precision can be improved by comprehending the biomechanics and physiological reactions, especially in conditions pertaining to digestive issues, metabolic health, and general physical and mental well-being.

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Supta Vajrasana, Rachana Sharir, Anatomy, Biomechanics, Yoga, Vajrasana, Joints, Muscles, Physiology, Ayurveda

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Background: Noninvasive wearable devices are increasingly used in healthcare to detect early alterations in patient health status. Staff nurses, as front-line health professionals, must have adequate knowledge to utilize and interpret data from these devices effectively. Objective: To assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding noninvasive wearable devices used for detecting health alterations. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire was conducted among staff nurses in a tertiary care hospital. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the knowledge levels and their associations with sociodemographic variables. Results: The majority of nurses demonstrated moderate knowledge regarding the application, benefits, and limitations of noninvasive wearable devices for health monitoring. Knowledge scores were significantly higher among younger nurses and those with higher educational qualifications. Conclusion: There is a moderate level of awareness among staff nurses regarding noninvasive wearable devices. Regular training and sensitization programs are recommended to bridge knowledge gaps and optimize the use of wearable health technologies in clinical practice.

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Noninvasive wearable devices, health alterations, knowledge assessment, staff nurses, health technology, patient monitoring

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The Toda and Irula tribes of the Nilgiris represent two of the most culturally rich and ecologically sensitive indigenous communities in South India. Their deep-rooted relationship with the land, distinctive architectural styles, spiritual practices, and traditional ecological knowledge form a vital part of India's tribal heritage. In the context of increasing interest in heritage-based and eco-sensitive tourism, tribal tourism is increasingly viewed as a means of fostering both economic inclusion and cultural preservation. This paper critically examines the cultural heritage and tourism potential of the Toda and Irula communities from a historical perspective. It investigates how their traditional lifeways can be thoughtfully integrated into sustainable tourism initiatives in the Nilgiris. Drawing on secondary sources and cultural studies, the paper highlights opportunities for community-led tourism models, while also addressing concerns such as cultural commodification, erosion of authenticity, and lack of agency among tribal groups. The study ultimately advocates for a historically informed, community-centric tourism approach that upholds the cultural integrity of indigenous communities while contributing to their socio-economic well-being.

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Toda tribe, Irula tribe, Nilgiris, tribal tourism, cultural heritage, indigenous communities, sustainable tourism, historical perspective, community-based tourism, intangible heritage

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Abstract Introduction: Diphtheria remains a significant public health concern in many developing regions, including parts of India, where outbreaks continue to affect vulnerable populations, particularly children under five years of age. Despite the availability of preventive vaccines and effective treatment methods, a lack of awareness and proper health practices among caregivers, especially mothers, contributes to the persistence of the disease. In this context, self-instructional modules (SIMs) have emerged as a cost-effective, accessible tool for enhancing health education. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-instructional module on improving the knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding the prevention and management of diphtheria in a selected community in Banda, Madhya Pradesh, India, thereby contributing to community-level disease control and child health promotion. Objectives: 1) To assess the pretest level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children in selected community.2) To assess the pretest level of attitude regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children in selected community.3) To develop the self-instructional module regarding prevention and management of diphtheria in selected community.4) To administer the self-instructional module on knowledge and attitude regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children in selected community.5) To assess the post-test level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children in selected community.6) To assess the post-test level of attitude regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children in selected community.7) To find out the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children.8) To find out the effectiveness of self-instructional module on attitude regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children.9) To determine the association between the pretest level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children with their selected demographic variables.10) To determine the association between the pretest level of attitude regarding prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under five children with their selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test and post-test approach was adopted to assess the effectiveness of a self-instructional module (SIM) on knowledge and attitude regarding the prevention and management of diphtheria among mothers of under-five children in a selected community of Banda, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study was conducted among 60 mothers selected through purposive sampling. A structured knowledge questionnaire and a Likert-scale-based attitude assessment tool were developed and validated by experts for data collection. The self-instructional module was administered after the pre-test. After a gap of 7 days, a post-test was conducted using the same tools to evaluate changes in knowledge and attitude. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee, and informed consent was taken from all participants. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including paired t-tests and chi-square tests to assess the effectiveness of the intervention and its association with demographic variables. Results: The results of the study indicate a significant improvement in both knowledge and attitude among mothers of under-five children following the administration of the self-instructional module on the prevention and management of diphtheria. The mean knowledge score increased markedly from 7 in the pre-test to 18.95 in the post-test, with a mean difference of 11.95. The standard deviation rose from 2.91 to 3.91, and the computed t-value was 1.0139, demonstrating a substantial gain in knowledge. Similarly, attitude scores improved significantly, with a pre-test mean of 16 rising to 40.82 post-test, yielding a mean difference of 11.34. The standard deviation increased from 4.24 to 4.66, and the computed t-value was 0.0072. These findings collectively suggest that the self-instructional module was effective in enhancing knowledge and positively modifying the attitude of mothers regarding diphtheria, with statistical significance observed at the 0.05 level. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the self-instructional module on the prevention and management of diphtheria is effective in enhancing both the knowledge and attitude of mothers of under-five children in the selected community of Banda, Madhya Pradesh, India. The post-test scores indicate a significant improvement in the participants' understanding and outlook towards diphtheria after exposure to the module. This suggests that such educational interventions can play a vital role in empowering mothers with essential health information, thereby contributing to better disease prevention and child health outcomes at the community level.

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Key words: Knowledge, attitude, self-instructional module, diphtheria, under five children, under five children's mother.

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This paper introduces the design and development of an AI chatbot that utilizes deep learning models to comprehend and produce human-like feedback. The system employs a neural sequence-to-sequence model with attention mechanisms to improve contextual awareness. We introduce the architecture, implementation workflow, training material, evaluation metrics, and performance results. Deep learning, according to our results, greatly enhances chatbot interactions with potential applications in education, customer support, and healthcare.

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AI-POWERED CHATBOT USING SEQUENCE-TO-SEQUENCE DEEP LEARNING WITH ATTENTION

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Encouraging women's greater participation in business life, society and politics is one of the most important problems of today. Women's empowerment is one of today's most pressing issues. Women make up half the world's population and a third of the workforce, but they earn only a tenth of world income and account for more than 1% of total assets. The empowerment process enables women to maximize their potential and power in all areas of life with a multidisciplinary approach. A women's empowerment begins with knowledge; a vision of oneself and one's rights, capabilities and potential, and knowledge of how gender, culture and politics affect these. This study concludes that women can only be truly self-sufficient if they have access to resources and assets that enable them to take control of their lives and participate in society. When women are allowed to engage in self-employment and exercise the legal right of their own choosing, this value or concern must be a factor in their success.

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Women Empowerment,Issues and Chhallenges

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An interdisciplinary approach is attempted in this paper to analyse the interplay between gender neutrality and access to justice. While gender neutrality is often said to be a very progressive idea in law, a host of new problems are generated when it is applied in a postcolonial society like India. The paper draws from the disciplines such as law, political science, international relations, history, and statistics to criticize the assumption that neutrality would bring forth justice all by itself. Legal analyses show that gender-neutral laws may in fact sometimes uphold patriarchal structures when no steps are taken to address the underlying inequalities. The political approach ponders over the questions of how governance, policy language, and representation impact the availability of justice for gender-diverse individuals. From a data standpoint, it illustrates how binary data catapult non-binary identities into the margins. From a historical and international perspective, the modern laws are seated within colonial legacies and critique the global human rights discourse for its limited inclusiveness. We argue that gender neutrality, though important, remains alone insufficient. A meaningful framework of access to justice must be context-sensitive, historically aware, and structurally inclusive of all gender identities.

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Gender Neutrality, Access to Justice, Constitutional Law, Gender-Based Violence, Public Policy, Legal Reform, Colonial Legacy, International Norms, Gender Data, Inclusive Governance

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According to Sanskrit, the word "triphla" is made up of two In Sanskrit, the word "tri" connotes three, whereas the word "phala" refers to fruits. Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), and Amla (Emblica Officinalis) are the three fruits that make up triphla. Therefore, triphla is composed of these three fruits. In the Ayurvedic medical system, it is considered to be one of the most significant combinations, and it has been traditionally utilized in the treatment of a variety of ailments. This is a combination of three plants that are considered to be medicinally significant. These plants are Amla, Bibhitaki, and Haritaki, each of which possesses a variety of medicinal properties within themselves. According to the findings of the current research, triphala possesses a number of medical qualities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and skin protective capabilities.

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Triphla, Bibhitaki, Haritaki, Amla, Ayurvedic.

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Kumara or Bala Avastha refers to the childhood stage as per traditional Indian medical science, Ayurveda--the science of life. Ayurveda classifies treatment into two main types: Shodhana Chikitsa (purification therapy, including Panchakarma) and Shamana Chikitsa (palliative therapy, including Deepana, Pachana, etc.). Childhood disorders, known as Bal Rog, are addressed in this stage of physical and mental development. Panchakarma procedures like Vamana, Virechana, Nasya, Niruha/Yapana and Anuvasana Basti, along with Raktamokshana, are advised during early childhood to address various abnormal physiological states. This review focuses on understanding the concept and applications of Panchakarma in paediatric age, particularly in the context of Bala Roga. Panchakarma, being an integral therapy in Kaumarbhritya, holds therapeutic value in managing various childhood disorders and finds relevance across all branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda.

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Ayurveda, Panchakarma, Kaumarbhritya, Bala -Roga.

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