Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies permit to build up products with high level of geometrical complex shape and personalized as unique product by implying low cost and quick time production compared with other manufacturing processes. There is an increasing need for custom-made products in the medical sector. 3D printing plays a crucial role in personalization of medical products, evolving from "mass production" to "mass individualization". Additive manufacturing has a wide range of medical applications, and is extremely important to reconstructive surgery. 3D printing is widely used for the development of products ranging from dental implants to heart valves and joint replacements. AM creates accurate three dimensional models, which will help the surgeons for understanding the anatomy of individual patients. It also help for training purpose for the medical institutions, cardio training. The role of 4D printing is also emerging for precisely manufacturing the heart model. 4D printing technology has the potential to manufacture a specific part or customized model of artificial hearts. This innovation can solve this long term problem and opens a new path for heart patients. Heart model printed by 4D technology can also grow with the passage of time and change of temperature.in future 4D printing technology will be also used in printing livers, kidney by using smart materials with perfect fitting and genetically matching.

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 Keywords

Additive Manufacturing, 3DP, 4DP, Customization, Cardiology, Smart Materials

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The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) was launched by Government of India to provide collateral free credit to micro and Small enterprises, with a special focus on promoting entrepreneueship among women. Despite these objectives, many women entrepreneurs face barriers in availing and effectively utilizing Mudra loans. This study explores these constraints through primary data collected from 200 women entrepreneurs across Karnataka who have applied for or availed Mudra loans. Data were gathered using structural questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic assessment. The findings indicate that major challenges include limited awareness about loan provisions, procedural complexities in documentation, delays in loan approval and disbursement, and inadequate guidance during the application process. Additionally, socio-cultural factors such as gender bias, restricted mobility and lack of strong business networks hinder optimal utilization of loan funds. The study highlights the need for targeted financial literacy programs, streamlined procedures, enhanced institutional support, and post loan mentoring to ensure Mudra loans translate into sustainable entrepreneurial growth. The results provide actionable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and development agencies aiming to strengthen women's participation in the entrepreneurial ecosystem through inclusive finance.

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Women Entrepreneurs, Mudra loans, Challenges, Financial inclusion, Loan utilization.

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This study examines the social welfare development of tribal communities in Coimbatore District, focusing specifically on the Irulas tribe. Despite their rich cultural heritage, the Irulas face numerous socio-economic challenges, including high poverty rates, limited access to education, and inadequate healthcare services. This research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to evaluate the effectiveness of existing welfare programs. The findings reveal that while government initiatives aimed at improving the welfare of tribal populations are in place, significant barriers to implementation remain. These include bureaucratic inefficiencies, a lack of community awareness, and cultural obstacles that hinder participation. Moreover, the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is highlighted as crucial in facilitating access to resources and empowering the Irulas community. Key findings indicate that although various government schemes exist to promote tribal welfare--such as employment generation, educational scholarships, and healthcare services--implementation often falls short due to bureaucratic inefficiencies, lack of awareness among the community, and cultural barriers that inhibit participation. Many Irulas remain unaware of the available resources, leading to underutilization of welfare programs. The study concludes with several recommendations aimed at enhancing the social welfare of the Irulas. These include: 1.Community Engagement: Actively involve the Irulas community in the planning and execution of welfare programs to ensure their needs are met. 2.Awareness Campaigns: Implement targeted awareness initiatives to educate the community about available services and benefits. 3.Collaborative Efforts: Foster partnerships between government agencies and NGOs to create a more cohesive approach to tribal welfare The study emphasizes the need for customized interventions that align with the socio-cultural dynamics of the Irulas. Recommendations include enhancing community engagement in the planning and execution of welfare programs, increasing awareness of available services, and fostering collaboration between government bodies and NGOs. Ultimately, this research aims to inform policymakers and contribute to the sustainable development of the Irulas tribe in Coimbatore District.

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Social Welfare Administration Irula Tribe

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Herbal hair gels enriched with natural extracts present a promising approach to scalp health and nourishment. This study explores a unique formulation incorporating guava, amla, and aloe vera, which has demonstrated effectiveness against fungal infections such as candidiasis while enhancing hair strength and shine. Guava leaves possess antifungal properties that may inhibit the candida growth, a common contributor to dandruff, while their rich vitamin C and A content supports hair vitality. Amla, known for its exceptionally high vitamin C levels, aids in preventing premature greying and strengthens hair follicles. Aloe vera gently cleanses and conditions the scalp, reducing hair breakage and improving moisture retention. The formulation utilizes Carbopol 934 and triethanolamine to ensure a stable polyhedral gel structure, effectively nourishing the hair while combating fungal infections. Although guava-based hair gels are not widely commercialized, their potential benefits highlight a compelling natural solution for holistic scalp and hair care.

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Herbal hair gel, Natural antifungal remedy, Guava leaf benefits, Amla for hair health, Aloe vera scalp care, Polyherbal formulation, Dandruff treatment, Eco-friendly hair products.

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Cultural Entrepreneurship and Branding: Exploring Business Potential of Symbolic Motif in Angami Woodcarving Abstract This study aims to record the symbolic meaning of the traditional artistic works carved in Angami Kharu. Rooted in the rich cultural heritage of the Angami Naga community, the motifs carved in the Angami Kharu carry deep symbolic meanings which has been passed down across generations. In the study, the cultural and symbolic meaning of these motifs and their applicability in the branding of cultural products is highlighted. By studying how the motifs express identity, authenticity, and heritage, the paper shows how these traditional designs can help create strong brands in cultural tourism. Through qualitative methods and cultural analysis, this study adds to the knowledge about using heritage in business and shows how indigenous art can create value in today's markets. The findings highlight the need to record cultural identity while encouraging innovative, locally grounded entrepreneurial ventures.

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Cultural Entrepreneurship, Branding, Symbolic Motifs, Angami Woodcarving, Cultural Tourism

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 Abstract

भारत का शिक्षा क्षेत्र हाल के वर्षों में एक महत्वपूर्ण बदलाव के दौर से गुजरा है, जो मुख्य रूप से तकनीकी प्रगति और उद्यमशील पहलों द्वारा संचालित हुआ है। शिक्षा व्यवसाय में नवाचारी प्रथाओं ने न केवल शिक्षा की पहुँच और गुणवत्ता में सुधार किया है, बल्कि छात्रों के कौशल विकास में भी अहम भूमिका निभाई है। यह शोधपत्र भारत में शिक्षा में नवाचारों के परिदृश्य की पड़ताल करता है, प्रमुख प्रथाओं का विश्लेषण करता है, चुनौतियों की पहचान करता है और छात्रों के कौशल विकास पर उनके प्रभावों का परीक्षण करता है।

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This paper examines the administrative contributions and reformist leadership of prominent women rulers in Indian history, highlighting their governance strategies, socio-political reforms, and resilience against patriarchal resistance. Through detailed case studies of Razia Sultana, Jijabai, Ahilyabai Holkar, Rani Durgavati, and Rani Chennamma, the research underscores their roles in statecraft, justice, military organization, infrastructure development, agrarian reforms, and cultural revival. These leaders not only defied gender norms but also redefined governance by prioritizing public welfare, merit-based appointments, and inclusive policies. Despite operating in male-dominated political environments, their reigns reflected a blend of strategic vision, ethical leadership, and grassroots engagement. The paper situates their contributions within broader themes of resistance, decentralization, and community empowerment, offering a gendered yet equitable lens to reinterpret Indian political history. Their legacies provide enduring models for contemporary governance, emphasizing that effective leadership is shaped by competence, compassion, and integrity rather than gender

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Women rulers India Female leaders India history Women in Indian politics Famous queens of India Women in administration India Indian history women leaders Female warriors India Women empowerment history

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This study investigates the effectiveness of collaborative learning on social competence and academic achievement in science among secondary school students in Gujarat. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design involving control and experimental groups. Data were collected through validated instruments measuring academic achievement and social competence, administered in pre-test and post-test phases. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and t-tests, were applied to assess differences across groups, gender, and locale. The results revealed significant improvements in both academic achievement and social competence for students exposed to collaborative learning, with positive effects observed across gender and locale subgroups. The findings support the integration of collaborative learning strategies in science education to enhance students' academic and socio-emotional outcomes. Educational implications and recommendations for further research are discussed.

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Collaborative Learning, Social Competence, Academic Achievement, Science Education, Secondary School Students, Gujarat

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Abstract Introduction: Amavata, a debilitating disease described in Ayurveda, can be correlated clinically with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in modern medicine. It arises from the pathological combination of Ama and Vata dosha, leading to painful inflammation of joints. Though the concept of Sama (presence of Ama) and Nirama (absence of Ama) avastha is central to treatment, its practical clinical identification remains under-researched. Materials and Methods: This observational clinical study was conducted on 45 patients diagnosed with Amavata, registered under CTRI. Patients were evaluated for specific Sama and Nirama lakshanas (clinical signs and symptoms), both subjectively and with the aid of laboratory diagnostics. The study was conducted at Seth Tarachand Ramnath Charitable Hospital, Pune over a defined period. Patients already diagnosed with Amvata were analysed and sama and Nirama avasta was accessed on basis on specially designed case record format. Inclusion and exclusion criteria ensured homogeneity. Results: Out of the 45 patients, 32 were identified in Sama Avastha, while 13 presented in Nirama Avastha. Key symptoms like Angamarda, Gaurava, Aruchi, Agnimandya, and Jwara were predominantly observed in Sama Avastha. Nirama avastha showed symptoms such as Sandhishula without systemic features. Laboratory data supported elevated ESR and CRP during Sama phase, correlating with inflammatory activity. Most common predisposing factors included improper dietary habits (Viruddhahara, Ajirna) and sedentary lifestyle. Discussion: The findings emphasize the diagnostic clarity provided by systematically assessing Sama and Nirama Avastha in Amavata patients. The study focused on identifying avastha-specific lakshanas as defined in Ayurvedic texts and validated their presence through clinical patterns and modern inflammatory markers (e.g., ESR, CRP). The research reveals a consistent clinical correlation: systemic symptoms like Gaurava, Angamarda, Jwaraa, and Agnimandya were significantly associated with the Sama Avastha, while localized joint symptoms without systemic involvement indicated the Nirama Avastha. This stage-wise identification provides a practical diagnostic framework that can be used to precisely categorize patients, aiding in case documentation, prognosis, cross-disciplinary communication and precise treatment. Conclusion: This study validates the clinical differentiation between Sama and Nirama Avastha in Amavata and underscores its importance in personalized Ayurvedic treatment. Integrating classical diagnostics with modern markers offers a comprehensive model for disease staging and management. Further multicentric studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.

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Amavata, Sama Avastha, Nirama, Amavata, Sama Avastha, Nirama Avastha, Ama, Vata, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ayurveda, Dosha, Integrative Medicine, Mandagni

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This study investigates the correlation between mathematical aptitude and process skills among pre-university learners. Mathematical aptitude, encompassing logical reasoning and numerical ability, is critical for mastering mathematics, while process skills--such as analysis, evaluation, and inference--facilitate effective problem-solving. A quantitative correlational research design was employed, with a sample of 30 pre-university students assessed through standardized mathematical aptitude tests and process skills questionnaires. Data analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) between mathematical aptitude and process skills. These findings suggest that enhancing process skills could significantly improve mathematical performance. The study highlights the importance of integrated instructional strategies that develop both cognitive abilities to foster academic success in mathematics at the pre-university level. Limitations include sample size and potential test anxiety effects, with recommendations for broader studies to validate findings.

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1.A quantitative correlational research design ,2strong positive correlation (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) between mathematical aptitude and process skills

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition