Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Marriage is like a lot of things that we hold pretty sacred - it is not just legal; it is a special friendship, compassion, loyalty, tenderness, love, and mutual respect. But beneath that very structure there's a shadow of a reality, dark and largely unacknowledged -- marital rape. Marital rape -- non-consensual sexual intercourse between a husband and his wife -- is a gross violation of bodily autonomy and human dignity. It is, however, not a crime in India, owing to the farcical Exception 2 to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, which, in effect, offers immunity to husbands on the count of rape committed within marriage. This study paper provides a critical consideration of conjugal rape as a major social nuisance, which damages the ideals of marriage instead of securing them. It examines the historical and cultural justifications behind the non-criminalisation of marital rape in India and the patriarchal presumption of implied consent` in marriage, as well as the systemic silencing of survivors. Quoting the international legal frameworks and the obligations under various international human rights conventions, especially CEDAW and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the research paper argues for the urgent need of amending the law in India to radically compeer with the principles of equality, dignity and consent. The study above also emphasizes the devastating psychological, physical, and social consequences confronted by marital rape survivors -- countering arguments of how it might be misused and shatter the sanctity of marriage. The paper, through legal analysis, case studies and recommendations, ultimately finds that criminalising marital rape is not an attack on marriage, but rather a target of its needing to reshape into a true partnership based on respect and equity. The legal recognition of marital rape was overdue and a necessary step toward justice and re-establishing the sanctity of the marital bond.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Marital rape , Criminalisation, Sexual violence , Consent in marriage, Gender-based violence, Legal reform , Human rights, Intimate partner violence, Feminist legal theory, Marital immunity, Rape laws, Patriarchy and law, Victim rights, Comparative legal analysis, Domestic violence legislation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The success of Dubai in morphing into a centre of tourism and business in the international community around the world is one of the most prominent examples of strategic economic diversification. The paper discusses the way that visionary planning, alongside the audacious infrastructure development, would make this transformation possible. With iconic developments like the Burj Khalifa, the Palm Jumeirah, and the artificial rain (cloud seeding) project as the case studies, the research attempts to understand how advanced engineering with the support of adaptive project management and innovative technologies has been utilized to fulfil numerous objectives, namely, economic growth, international branding, and sustainable urban development. The discussion relies on technical reports, peer literature and industry case studies to present a tendency of a strict, yet flexible organisation which enabled the vast prominent projects to surpass technological, environmental and financial shortfalls. By marketing infrastructure as a utility and a brand-building tool, Dubai has been able to turn tourism into a leading sector and currently, this industry contributes a significant percentage to its GDP, with oil income developments having played a little role. The paper concludes that the combination of visionary leadership, technological ambition, and the ability to adapt in the execution strategy that has been employed in Dubai develops an imitable example of resilience and growth that other resource-dependent economies should pursue in the post-oil world.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Burj Khalifa, Palm Jumeirah, Artificial Rain, Analemma Tower, EVM, Waterfall Approach, Project Management

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Gender equality is a fundamental requirement for a fair and balanced legal system. In India, legal reforms over the decades have primarily focused on protecting women from historical injustices and gender-based violence. However, in the process, several provisions have developed a tilt that tends to overlook the realities faced by men and other gender identities. This paper critically assesses the female-centric character of Indian laws in the context of the new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023. It further expands the scope to include civil laws, such as those dealing with maintenance and alimony, to highlight the continued gender imbalance and calls for a shift towards practical gender neutrality in lawmaking and judicial interpretation.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gender Equality, Gender Neutrality, Indian Legal Reforms, BNS 2023, BNSS 2023, Civil Law, Gender Bias

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Peroxidases, a versatile class of heme-containing enzymes, play critical roles in oxidative catalysis, plant defense mechanisms, and diverse industrial applications. Their isolation and purification have evolved significantly, integrating both classical and modern biochemical approaches. This review synthesizes the detailed methodologies discussed in Peter Goddard's work, highlighting the transition from conventional precipitation and dialysis techniques to advanced chromatographic and affinity-based strategies. Emphasis is placed on the choice of purification workflow, which is largely dictated by the physicochemical properties of the source material and the intended downstream application. Beyond the technical protocols, the review explores the challenges of maintaining enzyme activity during purification, scaling up for industrial use, and ensuring reproducibility across.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Peroxidase, enzyme purification, isolation techniques, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, chromatography, Temperature, enzyme activity

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract This paper examines Mahasweta Devi's Rudali and Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day through the intersecting lenses of Feminist, Marxist, and Postcolonial criticism. The analysis explores how gendered labour--whether commodified in rural caste-based economies or rendered invisible in urban middle-class households--serves as the nexus where patriarchy, capitalism, and colonial legacy converge. While Rudali depicts the commodification of grief as a survival strategy within feudal-capitalist rural Bengal, Clear Light of Day portrays unpaid domestic caregiving in a Partition-scarred Delhi household. By reading these texts comparatively, the study reveals the persistent entanglement of gendered oppression with class structures and historical legacies of colonialism, challenging linear narratives of liberation in postcolonial India.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key Words: Feminist, Postcolonial, Marxist, capitalism

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Rajayoga Meditation, Tobacco Addiction, Digital Addiction, Students, Mount Abu, Brahma Kumaris, Behavioral Intervention

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Global health has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which was brought on by the new corona virus SARS-CoV-2. The virus's impact on the heart is one area of worry, particularly for those who already have cardiac conditions. According to studies, COVID-19 people who have cardiac issues are more likely to become really unwell, require intensive care unit treatment, and die. In December 2019, the first reports of COVID-19 were made in Wuhan, China. It most likely transferred from bats to people via an unidentified animal host. The virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or even talking. The time between exposure and showing symptoms (called the incubation period) ranges from 2 to 14days. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Most people experience mild symptoms or may not show any symptoms at all. However, elderly individuals or those with underlying conditions may develop serious complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or even organ failure. The death rate from COVID-19 is predictable to be between 2-3%, which is lower than previous corona virus outbreaks like SARS or MERS. However, COVID-19 spreads more quickly, making it harder to control. Diagnosis is mainly done using a test called RT-PCR, which detects the virus's genetic material from nasal or throat swabs. This test is considered the standard method but can sometimes give incorrect results if sample is taken too early, too late, or if it is not collected properly.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, RT-PCR, Pneumonia, serologic test, antigen test.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The dairy sector serves as a vital driver of rural economic development in India, offering livelihood security, nutritional support, and employment opportunities to millions of households. Rajasthan, traditionally characterised by arid and semi-arid conditions, has emerged as one of the leading milk-producing states, largely due to structured policy interventions. Among these, the National Dairy Plan (NDP), implemented in two phases since 2012, has played a transformative role in enhancing milk productivity, expanding cooperative networks, and improving market access for small and marginal farmers. This study evaluates the impact of NDP on milk production and cooperative growth in Rajasthan, using a descriptive-cum-analytical design based entirely on secondary data sourced from NDDB reports, Economic Surveys of Rajasthan, Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics, and relevant literature. Phase-wise analysis reveals three distinct growth patterns: the pre-NDP period (2001-2011) marked by steady but moderate growth (CAGR 5.71%), NDP Phase I (2012-2019) witnessing accelerated expansion (CAGR 9.05%) driven by genetic improvement, fodder development, and cooperative strengthening, and NDP Phase II (2020-2024) reflecting sectoral consolidation with slower growth (CAGR 4.17%) and a shift towards value addition. The findings underscore the pivotal role of cooperative procurement networks in sustaining production gains and facilitating farmer participation in organised markets. The study concludes that the NDP has significantly reshaped Rajasthan's dairy sector, transitioning it from quantity-driven expansion to a more mature, quality-oriented growth model. Policy recommendations emphasise value addition, climate-resilient practices, cooperative strengthening, and technological integration to ensure sustainable dairy sector development in the post-NDP era.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

National Dairy Plan, Milk Production, Dairy Cooperatives, Rajasthan, Rural Livelihoood

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper compared the Agile and Waterfall approaches to project management in healthcare. The study responds to the need to meet stringent regulatory compliance while being flexible in light of swift digital transformations in the sector. On the basis of actual hospital and medical technology case studies, the paper concluded that Waterfall works best for highly regulated, stable projects, whereas Agile is suitable for fast-evolving, innovative projects. The paper also put forward a new hybrid model, the Adaptive Compliance Agile Waterfall (ACAW) model, that incorporates the best of both. The approach enables healthcare organisations to maintain compliance and react swiftly to emerging problems, facilitating safer and more successful project outcomes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Agile, Waterfall, healthcare management, hybrid project management, ACAW framework

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Mumbai Dabbawala system exemplifies the best global practices in the project as well as operations management within a city environment who delivers 2,00,000 of home cooked lunch boxes with the accuracy of the Six Sigma concept. The Dabbawala network begins in the late 19th century and is an entity that survives with minimal technology based on a flat cooperative-style (organizational structure), operational intensity of color-coded logistics and culture of disciplined and community. The Dabbawala system will be critically approached in this paper in relation to the project management stages, initialization, planning, execution and monitoring, evidencing the fact that the system is beyond comparison in terms of supply chain coordination, lean channels and sustainability. The analysis lays its focus on organizational culture, inclusiveness, environmental and economic sustainability of the system and manages operational risks of the system within the framework of changing urban and technology settings. The information above demonstrates a harmonious fusion between conservative attitudes and the new management theory, which makes the Mumbai Dabbawala a timeless model of service quality and empathy in the face of adversity.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mumbai Dabbawala, Project Management, Supply Chain Management, Logistics , Efficiency, Resource Optimization, Process Standardization, Teamwork, Lean Operations, Last-Mile Delivery, Operational Excellence

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition