Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

The spontaneous combustion of coal presents serious dangers in mining operations, resulting in loss of life, financial setbacks, and harm to the environment. This systematic review assesses the efficacy of different technologies designed to prevent and manage spontaneous combustion, concentrating on research published in Fuel, Energy, and Applied Energy from 2000 to 2025. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 29 articles, focusing on various technologies including gels, gel foams, inhibitors, inert gas injection, and aqueous solutions. Notable findings reveal that gels, especially those enhanced with polymers such as konjac glucomannan (KGM) and expandable graphite (EG), demonstrate enhanced thermal stability and effective oxygen barrier properties. Gel foams, such as gel-stabilized and three-phase varieties, exhibit superior fire suppression capabilities due to their enhanced film-forming properties and water retention. However, challenges with stability persist. Methods involving inhibitors and gas injection demonstrate potential, particularly as the depth of nitrogen injection plays a crucial role in regulating temperature within coal gobs. The review emphasizes progress in material science, showcasing polymer-modified gels and high-water-retaining foams as the leading solutions. Nonetheless, the practical use and enduring reliability necessitate additional exploration. This research brings together current insights, highlights areas needing further exploration, and suggests directions for upcoming studies aimed at enhancing technologies for preventing spontaneous combustion in coal mining

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 Keywords

Spontaneous combustion, coal mining, fire prevention, gel technology, foam suppression, meta-analysis

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Coal continues to be the most essential fossil fuel resource globally, representing 94% of reserves, while oil and natural gas make up just 6%, guaranteeing its steady industrial demand and utilization. While coal plays a significant role in the global energy landscape, it is also a key factor in the occurrence of spontaneous combustion within the mining sector, which can result in the ignition of fires in coal mines. Fires in coal mines present significant dangers to those working underground, and these dangers have a direct influence on both the global economy and the environment. The combustion processes emit harmful gases, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fine particulate matter, along with various by-products. This results in significant health risks, such as pneumoconiosis, alongside detrimental effects on the environment and human distress caused by heat, land subsidence, and pollution. Spontaneous coal combustion (SCC) serves as the main trigger for coalmine fires, and tackling this issue can greatly diminish the occurrence of underground fires. Prioritizing prevention is crucial when addressing coalmine fires. Utilizing methods such as index gas monitoring, gravity heat pipes, oxygen inhibitors, gel suppressants, grouting, and foaming gels can significantly reduce the impact of SCC and coalmine fires. Moreover, significant attention must be directed towards the mechanical, electrical, natural, and human-induced factors contributing to mine fires in the effort to combat these blazes. Creating affordable techniques like foam, liquid nitrogen, and innovative fire-fighting technologies (such as the three-phase foam initiative) is essential for the prevention, detection, and extinguishing of difficult-to-find underground fires. Enhancing safety laws and creating an autonomous monitoring system for coalmine safety will bolster enforcement efforts. Effective implementation of ongoing safety training, thorough evaluations, and heightened awareness can significantly decrease the occurrence of coalmine fires when managed correctly from an administrative standpoint.

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Coalmine fires; Spontaneous coal combustion; Fire prevention; Methane explosion; Particulate matter

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This study explores the effectiveness of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in enhancing workplace safety and minimizing occupational hazards in the industrial sector. Despite the critical importance of PPE, data from sand and gravel mining sites reveal inconsistent utilization among workers, leading to a higher incidence of workplace accidents. This study employed a systematic review approach, where data were searched through various databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The methodological quality assessment of the studies was analysed for quality appraisal. Out of 900 found references, only 9 studies met all the criteria according to the STROBE checklist. The discussion highlights the diversity of PPE types, including advanced innovations such as smart helmets and respirators, which incorporate cutting-edge technologies to monitor environmental conditions, enhance communication, and ensure user safety. For instance, smart helmets, equipped with sensors, au

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PPEs, workplace safety, smart helmets, respiratory protection, protective clothing, occupational hazards

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 brings a significant shift in India's educational framework, placing considerable emphasis on strengthening teacher preparation and continuous development. This paper explores NEP 2020's key initiatives targeting teacher education, structural modifications, and strategies for lifelong learning among educators. Furthermore, it highlights challenges in execution and proposes ways to address them, aligning the Indian educational framework with international standards while preparing teachers for contemporary teaching demands.

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Continuous Professional Development, NEP 2020, Teacher Education, Higher Education Institution.

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Abstract Background: Dietary management is a cornerstone in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The glycemic index (GI) serves as a useful guide for choosing foods that lead to a slower increase in blood glucose levels. However, awareness and practical application of low GI diets remain limited among the diabetic population, especially in semi-urban and rural areas like Jammu district. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and dietary practices related to low glycemic index foods among diabetic patients in Jammu district, J&K. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 diabetic patients attending outpatient departments in selected healthcare centers in Jammu district. A structured, pre-validated questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, awareness of glycemic index, identification of low-GI foods, and frequency of incorporating such foods in daily meals. Results: Only 32% of participants were aware of the term "glycemic index," and 18% could correctly identify at least three low-GI foods. While 45% reported eating whole grains and legumes regularly, only 20% had ever received dietary counseling on GI from a health professional. Educational level and duration of diabetes were significantly associated with better knowledge and dietary practices (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study reveals a substantial gap in knowledge and practical implementation of low-GI diets among diabetic patients in Jammu. There is an urgent need for targeted nutrition education to promote effective dietary management in diabetes care.

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Glycemic index, type2 Diabetes Mellitus, Dietary Knowledge, Glycemic Control, Diabetic Diet, Jammu District.

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Reading difficulties are a significant challenge faced by primary students worldwide. This study investigates the causes, consequences, and interventions for reading difficulties in primary students in India. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. The study reveals that phonological awareness deficits, lack of reading practice, and limited English proficiency are significant causes of reading difficulties. The consequences of reading difficulties include poor academic performance, low self-esteem, and decreased motivation. Effective interventions include phonics-based instruction, multisensory teaching approaches, and assistive technology. The findings suggest that early identification and targeted interventions can significantly improve reading outcomes for primary students.

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Reading difficulties, primary students, phonological awareness, interventions, India

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Coccydynia is a medical term, which means the disorder of tailbone pain without any significant radiation or associated low back pain. Women are 5 times more likely to develop coccydynia. AIM OF STUDY: To evaluate the efficacy of Muscle Energy Technique and Maitland Mobilization along with ultrasound in reducing pain and improving functional activities in patient with postpartum coccydynia MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: After fulfilling the selection criteria,30 subjects were randomly allotted in MET along with US Group A and MM along with US Group B each group consists of 15 subjects. Each group is treated for 3 days per week for 6 weeks of duration. The outcome measure is NPRS and ODI RESULT: The mean value of NPRS in group A (3.333) is more than the NPRS in group B (4.200) and ODI value for group A (12.2667) is more than the ODI in group B (15.2667). CONCLUSION: This study concludes GROUP A Muscle Energy Technique with Ultrasound is more effective than GROUP B Maitland Mobilization with Ultrasound on reducing Tailbone pain and increase the quality of life.

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KEY WORDS: Postpartum Coccydynia, Muscle Energy Technique, Maitland Mobilization, Ultrasound.

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ABSTRACT Background: Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is one of the most common disorder that affecting the shoulder joint. Approximately 21.4% of general population are affected by shoulder pain due to impingement syndrome. It affects the structures passing through the sub acromial space that leads to pain, reduction of ROM, and rotator cuff muscle strength. Aim: The aim of the study is to find the effectiveness of Spencer technique and Blackburn exercise in patients with Shoulder impingement syndrome. Method: The Quasi experimental study included 30 participants with Shoulder impingement syndrome. Based on selection criteria the participants were divided into two group. Group A: consists of 15 participants who received Spencer technique. Group B: consists of 15 participants who received Blackburn exercise. Intervention for each group was given for 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Numerical pain rating scale, Shoulder pain and disability index and Universal goniometer were taken as outcome measures. Results: There was considerable difference in pre and post score of Numerical pain rating scale, shoulder pain and disability index and goniometer in both the groups. Conclusion: Study concludes that the Spencer technique is more effective that the Blackburn exercise in reducing pain and improving the function and range of motion in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

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Keyword: Shoulder impingement syndrome, Spencer technique, Blackburn exercise, NPRS, SPADI, Universal goniometer.

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Growing concern on the availability, quality and ease of access of e-resources has initiated the development of digital library platforms providing access to users for e-books, e-journals and e-databases to add value to the research work of academia and research scholars. This paper plays an imminent role in the design of library services that will enhance sustainable research, contributing to a nation's need for continuous innovation and survival. This is the need of the hour for a country like India working towards "Developed India" status at the turn of 100 years of Indian Independence ("Viksit Bharat 2047"). The focus of this paper is on evaluating the performance of a digital library platform administered by a central university, using the LibQUAL+ framework, and thereby assessing library users' overall satisfaction. The study is conducted on a sample of 50 research scholars across various disciplines using a self-administered questionnaire and a multiple regression model to explore the strength of the factors on overall satisfaction. The research has brought out the significance of the affect of service and library as a digital platform on overall satisfaction. The paper proves LibQUAL+ to be a useful instrument to evaluate the digital library services and redesign areas of improvement on the digital library platform in order to contribute to the academic and research forums in the best possible way.

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E-Resources, LibQUAL+, Digital Library, Affect of Service, Information Control, Digital Library Experience.

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Agra, India's Mughal capital, glows with its trinity of UNESCO gems, Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, and Agra Fort. The city of love, Agra, was founded by the Lodis. It was the only Mughal who turned Agra into a global heartthrob, ruling from its red-sandstone embrace for nearly a century. Yet, despite curling up to Delhi and Jaipur in the Golden triangle, Agra's star is dimming, and it's not just because tourists forgot their destination. It is because there is a lack of proper infrastructure here. This study, interlinking a decade of visitor data (2015-2024), reveals the Taj Mahal grabbing much attention, hidden jewels like Akbar's Tomb (2,23,428 visitors), Itimad-ud-Daulah (2,65,855), Mariam's Tomb (18,404), and Keetham Lake's wildlife barely get a bow. What is the reason behind it? the reason is a Lack of promotion and local mismanagement, which even grand schemes like Incredible India and Swachh Bharat couldn't fully polish here. Post-pandemic, India's tourism boom hasn't quite recaptured its pre-2019 glory (Taj Mahal's 8,15,680 foreign visitors vs. 7,06,187 in 2024). From promoting playing hide-and-seek with tourists' pouches to the Yamuna's less-than-inviting aroma, small barriers pile up. This paper investigates these characteristics, and why promote only the Taj when Mariam's Tomb is practically signaling for attention? and proposes a bit-by-bit fix: bundles of tickets, a snazzy app for Akbar's Tomb, eco-tours at Keetham Lake, and a metro line that doesn't stop at "coming soon."

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Key Words- Agra Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Golden Triangle, under-visited Monuments, Visitor Trends

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