Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition affecting 23-65% of pregnant women globally, with significant implications for maternal health and quality of life. This narrative review examines the current understanding of PGP pathophysiology, risk factors, assessment methods, and the critical importance of culturally adapted evaluation tools. The condition encompasses pain between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold, particularly around sacroiliac joints, often radiating to the posterior thigh and pubic symphysis. While hormonal and biomechanical factors contribute to PGP development, the exact etiology remains multifactorial and incompletely understood. The Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) has emerged as the gold standard for assessing activity limitations and symptoms in women with PGP. However, language barriers significantly limit its clinical utility in non-English speaking populations. Cross-cultural adaptation of assessment tools is essential for providing equitable healthcare and enabling meaningful research across diverse populations. This review highlights the successful translation and validation of PGQ into multiple languages, demonstrating excellent reliability across different cultural contexts. The development of culturally appropriate assessment tools represents a crucial step toward addressing healthcare disparities and improving outcomes for women with pregnancy-related PGP globally. Future research should focus on establishing normative values, investigating treatment responsiveness, and developing prevention strategies for high-risk populations.

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Pregnancy, Pelvic girdle pain, Assessment, Cross-cultural adaptation, Maternal health, Questionnaire validation

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This article analyses the psychological and spiritual aspects of yoga, particularly its potential to transform human consciousness. It combines Indian psychology with modern scientific research to study the mental and cognitive effects showing that yoga is not only a means of relief from mental stress, depression and diseases, but is also a path to self-development, purification of mind and self-realization. Special attention is given to the state of turiya or samadhi, which is the highest state of consciousness mentioned in Vedanta and Yogasutras. turiya is beyond waking, dreaming and deep sleep state in Indian philosophy which expands beyond modern psychology. Yoga is a scientific and spiritual practice, which leads a person towards non-duality, peace and happiness. The combination of yoga and psychology becomes a powerful medium to enter the depths of consciousness.

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Psychology, Yoga, Mitahar, Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutra, Turiya, Jagrit, Swapna, Susupti

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Bhagwan Budha aur Bal Gangadhar Tialk ka karm yog darshan: ek tulnatmak adhyayan

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Bhagwan Budha aur Bal Gangadhar Tialk ka karm yog darshan: ek tulnatmak adhyayan

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Abstract: Grammar instruction, particularly adjective learning, remains a critical component of language education in multilingual CBSE schools. Traditional teaching methods often fail to engage students effectively in creative language application. This action research study investigated the effectiveness of graphic organisers compared to traditional instructional methods in developing adjective learning skills among fifth-grade students in a CBSE school. Seventy-one students from two Grade 5 classes (5-C: n=35, 5-E: n=36) participated in a pre-test and post-test design during the 2024-25 academic year. Students received traditional adjective instruction followed by a graphic organiser-based intervention. Data collection included quantitative assessments and qualitative student feedback. Both sections demonstrated significant improvement, with Section 5-E showing an average score increase of 1.68 points (16.8%, p<0.001, Cohen's d=1.65), while Section 5-C showed improvement of 0.88 points (8.8%, p<0.001, Cohen's d=0.68). Qualitative analysis revealed seven key themes, such as enhanced engagement, creative thinking development, cross-linguistic competence, vocabulary expansion, collaborative learning, visual learning impact, and practical application awareness. Graphic organisers provide effective scaffolding for elementary students developing grammatical understanding and creative expression skills. The findings offer evidence-based support for integrating visual learning tools within CBSE curriculum frameworks while emphasising the importance of implementation quality.

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Keywords: graphic organisers, adjective learning, elementary grammar instruction, CBSE curriculum, multilingual education, visual learning

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In today's dynamic environment of work, workforce agility emerged as a crucial factor in enhancing the performance of employees. This study analyses the influence of workforce agility on employee performance, focusing on the mediating role of an agile work environment. Workforce agility is conceptualised by three key dimensions: time agility, resilience and task agility, whereas employee performance is measured by innovative performance and task performance. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4 to analyse survey data collected from employees across various industries. The results of the study confirm that workforce agility significantly enhances employee performance, with task agility, time agility, and resilience all playing crucial roles. The presence of an agile work environment strengthens these relationships and indicates partial mediation influences across each of the pathways.

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Workforce agility, time agility, resilience, task agility, employee performance innovative performance and task performance, work environment

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The Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) plays an important role in the livelihood of tribal communities in India. The NTFP is regarded as an important source of sustainable tribal livelihoods for reducing poverty and promoting rural economic development. In this context, the study focuses on assessing the contribution of NTFP in maintaining sustainable livelihood security of tribal community of Nuapada district, in Odisha which comes under KBK region has been selected to conduct the study. The results show that the NTFPs are the major sources of food and livelihood security for tribal communities living in and around forests. The significance of the NTFP plays a major role in tribal livelihood and supports rural economics. The tribal livelihood system is influenced by ecological, historical, and cultural factors, and it varies greatly between regions and among ethnic groups. Further, the illegal commercialization of forest products by forest mafias and forest products traders is creating major challenges for the tribal communities, which primarily depend on forests to maintain their livelihoods. Through a variety of socio-economic services, including sources of income for households, general potential, a safety net or insurance in times of disasters, the preservation of spirituality and cultural heritage, and financial savings by households. NTFPs significantly contribute to raising living standards.

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livelihood, rural economy, food security

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Introduction: Fistula-in-ano in the paediatric age group is relatively rare compared to adults but poses significant management challenges due to delicate anatomy and the need for minimally invasive approaches. Conventional surgical methods are associated with risks such as recurrence, sphincter damage, and incontinence. Ksharsutra therapy, a minimally invasive Ayurvedic parasurgical procedure, has been described as an effective and safe option for fistula management, offering minimal recurrence and preserving anal sphincter integrity. Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted on [insert number] paediatric patients (age range: [insert age range] years) diagnosed with fistula-in-ano. Diagnosis was based on clinical examination and confirmed by probing under anaesthesia. Patients underwent Ksharsutra ligation, wherein a medicated seton was passed through the fistulous tract under aseptic precautions. The ksharsutra was changed at weekly intervals until complete healing occurred. Parameters assessed included duration of healing, pain score, recurrence rate, and complications. Results: Complete healing of the fistulous tract was achieved in all patients, with an average healing time of [insert number] weeks. No case of incontinence was reported. Mild pain and local irritation were observed in [insert percentage]% of patients during initial sittings, which subsided with topical soothing agents. Recurrence was noted in [insert number/percentage] of cases during the follow-up period of [insert months]. Cosmetic and functional outcomes were satisfactory in all cases. Discussion: Ksharsutra therapy proved to be a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and sphincter-preserving method for managing paediatric fistula-in-ano. The healing process was gradual yet steady, with minimal postoperative discomfort and low recurrence. The results support the potential of ksharsutra as a first-line approach in suitable paediatric cases, especially where long-term continence preservation is a priority. Conclusion: Ksharsutra application offers an effective, safe, and economical alternative for managing paediatric fistula-in-ano, with minimal complications and preservation of anal sphincter function. Early diagnosis, proper case selection, and meticulous technique are crucial for optimal outcomes. Keywords: Paediatric fistula-in-ano, Ksharsutra, Ayurvedic parasurgical procedure, sphincter preservation, minimal recurrence.

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Paediatric fistula-in-ano, Ksharsutra, Ayurvedic parasurgical procedure, sphincter preservation, minimal recurrence.

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The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Sensory Integration Therapy in improving Gross motor skills among children with Developmental Delay. Method: The study is a Quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent group. A total of 20 samples were divided into experimental and control groups each with 10 participants through convenience sampling. Gross motor skills of the participants were assessed (pre-test) using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition (PDMS-2). The experimental group underwent intervention for 30-35 minutes per session for 5 days in a week for 12 weeks. The participants in both groups were reassessed (post-test) using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition (PDMS-2) for the gross motor skills. The pre-test and post-test gross motor skills were analysed and interpreted. Results: This study results shows that there is slight improvement in sum of Standard Scores (SS)and Gross motor quotient (GMQ) in the experimental group before and after intervention with sig.(2 tailed) 0.004. Using the Paired t-test, on comparing the experimental and control groups there is no significant improvement in the experimental group (sig.2 tailed >0.05) providing sensory integration. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is no significant improvement of gross motor skills in children with developmental delay by providing Sensory Integration Therapy.

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Developmental delay, Sensory integration, Gross motor skills

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Chigozie Obioma's The Fishermen literarily explores the negotiation between tradition and modernity in postcolonial Nigeria. The novel, which is set in the 1990s and is told through the experiences of four brothers, combines indigenous beliefs--most notably the prophecy of the madman Abulu--with the cultural and sociopolitical changes brought about by modernization, political upheaval, and Western education. Informed by modernization theory and postcolonial theory--specifically, ideas of hybridity and cultural negotiation--this study uses qualitative textual analysis to find and analyse thematic, symbolic, and narrative strategies that illustrate this cultural interaction. The Fishermen does not present tradition and modernity as mutually exclusive, according to the findings. The book portrays them as adaptive and interdependent forces that challenge binary thinking by influencing social structures and identities. The intersection of these forces is represented narratively by the Omi-Ala River, the prophecy's structure, and the family's breakdown. This study adds to ongoing postcolonial discussions by reorienting the critical focus from conflict to negotiation and providing a comprehensive overview of how modern African fiction both reflects and mediates cultural change. In line with the study's conclusion, other African literary works that examine the changing relationship between the old and the new might benefit from similar frameworks.

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African Literature, The Fishermen, Tradition and Modernity, Obioma, Postcolonial Literature, Hybridity

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Innovation in teaching has emerged as a defining characteristic of effective education in the 21st century. Secondary school teachers, faced with diverse learner needs, technological transformations, and rapidly evolving curricula, must go beyond traditional instructional methods to maintain relevance and impact. This paper explores innovative teaching styles currently adopted by secondary school teachers across various contexts, focusing on approaches that blend creativity, technology integration, learner autonomy, and real-world application. Innovative styles such as flipped classrooms, inquiry-based learning, gamification, blended learning, experiential learning, project-based learning, and cross-disciplinary teaching are examined in detail. The discussion considers how these approaches reshape teacher roles from sole content providers to facilitators, mentors, and designers of learning experiences. Factors influencing the adoption of innovative teaching styles, including institutional support, teacher mindset, and student engagement, are analyzed. Through a synthesis of educational theory, classroom practice examples, and critical reflection, the study underscores that the essence of innovation lies not in novelty alone, but in purposeful alignment between pedagogy, learner needs, and societal demands. The conclusion argues for an adaptive, reflective teaching culture that embraces innovation as an ongoing process, not a one-time reform.

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"An In-depth Exploration of Innovative Teaching Styles Practiced by Senior Secondary School Teachers for Enhancing Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes"

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