Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Introduction: In today's world, stress have become an integral part of daily human life, to the extent that the present era is often labeled the "Age of Stress." Despite its pervasive influence across all aspects of life, there remains a noticeable lack of comprehensive and integrated literature on the subject. This paper seeks to bridge that gap by proposing a theoretical framework that synthesizes various perspectives and approaches to better understand and manage stress. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the multifaceted nature of stress by examining its definitions, historical perspectives, conceptual frameworks, and psychological implications. It aims to highlight the universality and complexity of stress across life stages and cultures, distinguish between its adaptive and maladaptive effects, and emphasize the necessity of an integrated approach for understanding and managing stress. This analysis seeks to contribute to academic research and practical interventions that promote mental health and adaptive functioning in modern life. Data Source: This study is based on a comprehensive review of theoretical literature, empirical research studies, and authoritative definitions provided by leading psychological and occupational health organizations. Primary sources include the works of Richard S. Lazarus, Hans Selye, and Stephen Palmer (2006), as well as official definitions and guidelines from the APA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Health and Safety Executive. Supplementary insights are drawn from interdisciplinary research in psychology, neuroscience, and public health to support the discussion on the impact of stress on human functioning and well-being. Methods: The present study was designed as a systematic review. Information was collected from a variety of sources, including research articles and books. Only materials published in academic and scientific resources were included, based on their relevance to keywords such as stress, types, stress control and stress side effects. Result: Stress is recognized as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that significantly affects cognitive performance, executive functioning, and overall mental health. Conclusion: Stress is an inevitable and universal part of human life, deeply rooted in the complexities of personal, social, and ecological environments. While moderate levels of stress can act as a motivating and adaptive force, excessive or prolonged stress poses serious risks to mental, emotional, and physical health.

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 Keywords

Stress, Mental Health, Adaptive Functioning, Cognitive Performance, Emotional Health.

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Water scarcity has emerged as a critical challenge, especially in water-stressed nations such as India. Effective water management requires understanding both direct uses (drinking, bathing, cleaning) and indirect uses (products, energy, diet). The concept of the water footprint measures both, revealing the hidden impacts of consumption. This study evaluates individual water footprints in rural and urban India using a questionnaire and the Water Footprint Network calculator. Results show indirect consumption, especially from diet, dominates over direct use. Meat and dairy intake raise footprints, while vegetarian diets lower them. Urban lifestyles, influenced by packaged foods and modern facilities, increase overall consumption compared to rural patterns. The findings stress the need for awareness, behavior change, rainwater harvesting, and efficient household fixtures.

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Water footprint, direct consumption, indirect consumption, water scarcity, sustainable water use, urban versus rural, water conservation, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Population growth refers to the change in the number of individuals living in a particular region over a given period. This change can result from a disparity between birth rates and death rates, immigration and emigration. When the number of births exceeds the number of death, or when more people move into a region than those leaving it, positive population growth occurs. Population growth is fast becoming one of the most pressing issues of the 21" century, making managing and understanding the implications of rapid population growth imperative. Numerous factors influence this growth, ranging from economic developments, healthcare advancements, migration patterns and government policies. The rapid increase of human population is putting an incredible strain on our environment. While developed countries continue to pollute the environment and deplete its resources, developing countries are under increasing pressure to compete economically and their industrial advancements are damaging as well. The demands that this growth places on our global environment are threatening the future of sustainable life on earth. One of the largest environmental effects of human population growth is the problem of global warming. Some scientists fear that global warming will lead to rising sea levels and extreme weather condition in the future. The impact that this population explosion has on the environment has been just as striking as seen by change in greenhouse gas emissions, rate of soil erosion and the extinction of species. Nature reserves currently comprise about 10% of land area globally, but most are small, disconnected from other reserves, and subject to tremendous human pressures. Population size is clearly an important factor in measuring environmental impact. This paper highlighted how Population growth create bankrupt in forest sector.

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Population Growth, Population Pressure, Environment

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Weeds and plant diseases significantly reduce crop yield and quality worldwide. Traditional detection methods are labour-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to error. The emergence of deep neural networks (DNNs), especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), has revolutionized automated plant health monitoring. This review paper comprehensively explores the use of DNNs for detecting weeds and diseases in crops, examining architectures, datasets, methodologies, and performance. We also discuss challenges such as data scarcity, environmental variability, and model deployment. Finally, future directions involving multimodal data, edge computing, and explainable AI are considered.

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 Keywords

Weeds detection ,Plant disease identification, Crop yield reduction, Traditional detection methods, Deep neural networks (DNNs),Convolutional neural networks (CNNs,)Automated plant health monitoring ,Image-based detection ,Dataset challenges

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Aristotle's virtue ethics, as articulated in the Nicomachean Ethics, offers a vision of the good life (eudaimonia) grounded in character, moral education, and the cultivation of virtues through practical wisdom. Unlike rule-based or consequence-oriented ethical theories, Aristotle emphasizes the moral agent's character and the lifelong pursuit of balance between extremes. This article examines Aristotle's concept of virtue ethics, its historical and philosophical foundations, and its continuing relevance in the 21st century. Particular attention is given to applications in psychology, leadership, education, environmental ethics, and global justice. The paper argues that Aristotle's framework, though rooted in ancient Greece, provides enduring insights into contemporary moral challenges, fostering both individual flourishing and communal well-being.

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Aristotle's Concept of Virtue Ethics and the Good Life: Applications in the 21st Century

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Constructing and standardizing a self-efficacy scale for assessing higher secondary school teachers' self-efficacy was the goal of the current study. Self-Efficacy is the belief in one's ability to carry out the necessary actions to achieve a certain desired outcome (Bandura 1997). Self-efficacy affects people's willingness to take on obstacles and how high they aim for their objectives. The degree of confidence teachers have in their abilities to help pupils succeed is known as teacher self-efficacy (CU-Portland). Studies reveal that educators who possess high levels of self-efficacy are more receptive to novel pedagogical approaches, establish more ambitious objectives, demonstrate a higher degree of preparation and organization, focus their energies on problem-solving, reach out for support, and modify their pedagogical approaches when confronted with challenges. The rough draft of self-efficacy scale consists of 30 items. Establishing the validity and reliability of this research scale self efficacy is the aim of the study.

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Development, Standardization, Self-Efficacy Scale

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Symbolic Significance of Ibrahim Traore to Pan-Africanism and Fight against Neo-Colonialism

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Migraine is a common neurological condition that can really take a toll on people's quality of life and productivity around the globe. It's marked by recurring headaches that often come with nausea, sensitivity to light, and sensitivity to sound. Traditional preventive treatments, like beta-blockers and antiepileptics, often fall short in terms of effectiveness and tolerability, which is why there's a need for new options. Enter atogepant, an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist that's making waves in the world of migraine prevention. It got the green light from the FDA in 2021, followed by approvals from Health Canada and the EMA, making it the first oral CGRP antagonist specifically designed for preventing migraines. Atogepant is quickly absorbed, spreads widely in the body, and is mainly broken down by CYP3A4, boasting a half-life of about 11 hours, which allows for once-daily dosing. It works by blocking CGRP-induced vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation, helping to cut down on the frequency and intensity of migraines. Clinical trials have shown it effectively reduces the number of migraine days each month, with some common side effects like constipation, nausea, and fatigue. All in all, atogepant offers a safe, effective, and convenient oral solution, marking a big step forward in personalized migraine management.

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Migraine, Atogepant, CGRP receptor antagonist, Episodic migraine prevention, Pathophysio logy, Pharmacokinetics, Neurogenic inflammation, Adverse effects, Drug interactions, Personalized migraine therapy

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Compostingss is a technological waste management method in which organic material is broken down and stabilized into a biodegradable combination and then turned into compost with the aid of aerobic microbiological activity. This organic matter decomposition process has garnered a lot of interest lately because it uses eco-friendly techniques that prevent further pollution of the environment. The first mesophilic phase, the thermophilic phase, the second mesophilic phase, and the maturation phase are the four stages of the composting process. . The C/N ratio, temperature, humidity, substrate particle size, pH, oxygen content, and microbes are the main variables affecting the success of decomposition. In the process of breaking down organic waste, microorganisms like bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes function as chemical decomposers, producing carbon dioxide, heat, water, hummus, and compost--a rather stable end organic product. Microorganisms break down the complex lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose molecules during the composting process. The makeup of composite mixtures and temperature variations throughout the composting process have an impact on the existence of various microbe kinds. The temperature rises at the start of compression due to a large increase in microbial activity. The fungi that are most active during the compost maturation process take the place of the bacteria that once predominated. The purpose of this scientific paper is to provide an outline of the composting process and the part that helpful microorganisms play in the organic matter of the compost mixture's breakdown.

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Compost, microorganisms, biodegradable materials, and microbiological breakdown

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In India, disinvestment policies have become an important part of economic reforms meant to improve the accountability, efficiency, and competitiveness of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Disinvestment is the process of selling government shares in PSUs to the public or private sector. It was first implemented in the early 1990s as part of the liberalization program. The main goals are to lessen the financial load, enhance public finances, promote greater ownership, and develop a more vibrant, market-driven economy. Strategic disinvestment and the privatization of non-performing or non-strategic PSUs have replaced partial stake sales as India's disinvestment approach over the years. Although the government has benefited greatly from disinvestment in non-tax revenue, it has also triggered discussions about valuation, transparency, social impact, and the role of the state in the economy. The government's commitment to streamlining the public sector is demonstrated by important efforts such as the establishment of the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) and policies on strategic disinvestment. With an emphasis on how it affects PSU performance, this article examines the idea, goals, significance, implementation problems, difficulties and ramifications of India's disinvestment strategy. This article also looks at the main problems that PSUs are facing today and examines the recent challenges in a fiercely competitive privatized economy.

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PSUs, DIPAM, Disinvestment, LPG, Private Sector, Subsidy reforms

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition