Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

India stands at a critical juncture in its urban development trajectory, with its cities experiencing unprecedented demographic, spatial, and economic growth. One of the most pressing consequences of this urbanization is the dramatic increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. As of 2025, India generates over 150,000 tonnes of MSW per day, and this number is projected to rise significantly in the coming decades, fuelled by rising population, increased consumption, and changing lifestyles. The implications of this surge are profound--both in terms of environmental sustainability and the resilience of urban governance systems. The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, were a landmark step in India's policy landscape, aiming to address long-standing inefficiencies in urban waste management. These rules introduced several progressive reforms, including the promotion of source segregation, the recognition of informal waste workers, the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and the emphasis on scientific waste processing. Despite this forward-thinking regulatory framework, the on-ground realities remain far from ideal. Recognizing these challenges, the Government of India introduced the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016, under the umbrella of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. These rules marked a significant policy shift by expanding the scope of responsibilities to include not only municipal authorities but also citizens, institutions, and private sector actors. Key mandates include segregation of waste at source, scientific processing, formalization of informal waste workers, and closure of existing landfills. The rules also support decentralized waste management and encourage municipalities to recover value from waste through composting, recycling, and energy generation. A vast number of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) continue to struggle with the basic tasks of waste collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal. Even in major metropolitan cities, unsegregated waste is often dumped into poorly managed landfills or open dumps, leading to severe public health risks, air and water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In smaller towns and peri-urban areas, waste management infrastructure is either completely absent or grossly underdeveloped. These inconsistencies point towards a larger, systemic issue: the governance and policy implementation gap. This paper presents a critical examination of the current solid waste management practices in Indian municipalities, highlighting the multifaceted challenges that hinder the transition towards a more sustainable and efficient urban waste management ecosystem. Using a qualitative methodology that combines analysis of government documents, policy frameworks, implementation reports, and case studies from diverse Indian cities, this study identifies policy gaps, structural weaknesses, and governance failures as core issues.

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 Keywords

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, Urban Governance, Waste Segregation, Informal Waste Workers, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Decentralized Waste Management, Waste Policy Implementation, Environmental Sustainability, Urban Infrastructure, Solid Waste Policy, Circular Economy, Waste Processing, Public Health, India.

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This study has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Buerger-Allen exercise to improve the peripheral circulation among clients with Diabetes Mellitus. The data was generated by using investigator development foot assessment scale. Purposive sampling was adopted to select 60 subjects based on eligibility criteria. Thus, the data was obtained from the study; the subjects were analyzed and interpreted in terms of the objectives and hypothesis of the study. Data analysis is done by descriptive and inferential statistics, and the p value is set at 0.05 level. In experimental group the mean post test score was 33.07 which is higher than mean post test score 21.10 in right leg. In left leg the mean post test score was 35.20 which is higher than mean pre-test score 23.83. Within the group comparison using paired 't' test showed the significance in the peripheral circulation of experimental group at P<=0.05 level and 29 df (t=14.24, 15.71 for right leg & left leg respectively). Whereas there were no changes in the pre-test - post test scores in the control group. Between group comparison using student 't' test showed no significance in pre-test, (t=.90, 1.22 for right & left leg respectively) but high significance in the post test (t= 5.21, 5.78 for right & left leg respectively) at P<=0.05 for 58 df.

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 Keywords

Peripheral circulation, Buerger - Allen exercise, Intermittent claudication, Ankle Brachial Index

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ABSTRACT Lyric poetry is one of the most important and enduring forms of expression in English literature. It is based on ancient traditions and influenced by cultural and literary trends, has changed while preserving its fundamental focus: the human voice and emotional resonance. Via the study the researcher wants to convey the mechanism of lyric poetry. The researcher is presenting thematic and historical study of lyric poetry. This paper explores the transformation of lyrical voice in romantic poetry, with a focus on how inner emotional landscapes are externalised through nature imagery and this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how lyric poetry reflects evolving notions of selfhood and emotional experience.

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KEYWORDS: - Lyric poetry, love, nature, loss, grief, emotions, feelings, romantic poetry, imagery, symbolism, sound devices, figurative language.

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India's diverse cultural and epistemological landscape calls for a reimagining of science education to ensure inclusivity and relevance. This paper proposes a framework for culturally relevant science pedagogy (CRSP) that bridges western epistemology with Indian cultural knowledge systems. Based on theories of socio-cultural education and decolonial education, this framework proposes integrating local knowledge and practices into the science curriculum. It emphasizes culturally relevant strategies, culturally sensitive assessments and teacher preparation to promote epistemic equity. This study critically analyses the literature to determine the theoretical underpinnings and fundamental principles of culturally relevant pedagogy. Our analysis explores the theoretical foundations of CRSP based on five theories--constructivism, socio-cultural theory, funds of knowledge, decolonial theory and critical pedagogy and identifies five core principles- Cultural Relevance, Epistemic Inclusivity, Student-centered Learning, Interdisciplinary integration, Collaborative knowledge construction. This paper explores the Indian educational context, identifies gaps in the current science curriculum and outlines strategies for implementation in diverse settings.

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Keywords: culturally relevant pedagogy, science education, Indian classroom, cultural alignment

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India's growing influence on the global politics, women from India continue to face significant obstacles in international politics. This research paper examines the underrepresentation of Indian Women in international politics, highlighting the structural barriers, gender stereotypes and socio-cultural norms that hinder their participation. It also argues that Indian women's exclusion form global decision-making processes perpetuates gendered power dynamics, undermining India's potential as a global actor. The first objective of this paper is that Indian women face some challenges in international politics like gender discrimination, caste, class, religion second objective of this paper analyzes how these intersections impact their access to resources, network and decision-making positions and argues for inclusive policies to enhance Indian women's participation in global governance. This paper is based on secondary sources and methodology of this paper is descriptive and analytical. This paper studying that the ontological and epistemological underpinning of Indian women's absence in international politics, probing the nexus of power, knowledge and subjectivity that perpetuates them ensure. The study gestures towards a counter-narrative that reimagines the global as a contest terrain, where Indian women subjectivities and agencies are reconfigured as pivotal to the geopolitics of knowledge and power.

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 Keywords

Indian Women, International Politics, Gender Discrimination, Women Participation, Global Politics.

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This study examines the evolving landscape of research in electronic commerce, payments, security, and cryptography from 2000 to 2025. Using bibliometric techniques, the paper analyzes trends in publication volume, citation patterns, and thematic clustering in the field. Key sources, documents, and author collaboration networks were identified to understand the intellectual structure and influence of the research. The findings highlight the increasing prominence of electronic payment systems, cryptography, and blockchain as central themes in the literature, while also pointing to emerging areas like mobile payments and fraud detection. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for future research directions and practical applications in digital finance.

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Blockchain, mobile payments, digital wallets, financial inclusion, and e-commerce platforms.

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Anita Desai is one of those couple of Indian writers in English who have attempted to see personally the quandary of their female characters. The world of Anita Desai's books is the internal universe of her characters. She does not appear any preference for the political and social issues that win around her characters. She is more inspired by her characters than in making the condition which is utilized to characterize the persona. Making characters is more imperative to her than recounting a story.

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Character, Female, Identity, Self, Life

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Freedom movement and women in Farrukhabad

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Freedom movement and women in Farrukhabad

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The present study examined the effectiveness of a Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI)-based literacy programme in enhancing students' environmental awareness, attitudes, and willingness to engage in sustainable actions, with a particular focus on plastic pollution. A quasi-experimental design was employed with two groups: an experimental group (n = 28) exposed to the SSI-based programme and a control group (n = 27) taught through traditional instruction. Data were collected using the CHEAKS scale (Children's Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale) through pre- and post-tests. The results revealed significant within-group gains for the experimental group, t(27) = 4.32, p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.28, while the control group showed no significant improvement, t(26) = 0.96, p > .05. Between-group analysis further confirmed a highly significant difference in gain scores, t(53) = 11.86, p < .001, with a very large effect size (d = 3.20), indicating the strong impact of the intervention. These findings highlight that SSI-based pedagogy substantially enhances students' understanding and commitment to addressing environmental issues compared to traditional methods. The study highlights the pedagogical potential of integrating real-world socio-scientific concerns into classroom teaching for promoting sustainable values and aligns with the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in fostering critical, responsible, and environmentally conscious learners.

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 Keywords

Environmental education, sustainability, NEP 2020, SSI-based pedagogy, plastic pollution, CHEAKS

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In the condition known as adhesive capsulitis, adhesions form and the glenohumeral joint's shoulder capsule becomes irritated and inflexible. Spencer's methods and Maitland mobilization are crucial managerial interventions. In the past, both Spencer's method and Maitland mobilization have been shown to be successful in treating adhesive capsulitis. However, common sense dictated that the effects of using Maitland mobilization of the shoulder joint, which is largely impacted in adhesive capsulitis, and then Spencer's method of the shoulder joint should be studied. In order to increase the extensibility of Maitland joint mobilization procedures in patients suffering from adhesive capsulitis, our study assessed the effectiveness of various therapy approaches. AIM: To find out the effectiveness of Maitland mobilization technique and Spencer's technique in the patients of Frozen shoulder. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative Study. OUTCOME MEASURES: VAS Scale, SPADI Scale, Goniometry. RESULT: In this study, there are comparison of two techniques like Maitland mobilization technique and Spencer's technique in the patients of Frozen shoulder. Both groups exhibited significant decreases in pain post-intervention. But this study found the Maitland Mobilization technique is more effective than the Spencer's technique. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study suggest that Maitland mobilization technique (Grade I & Grade II) may be more effective than Spencer's technique in adhesive capsulitis shoulder to reduce pain, improve the functional activity and improve ROM.

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 Keywords

Maitland Mobilization, Spencer's technique, Frozen shoulder, VAS Scale, SPADI Scale.

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