Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) intricately integrates the natural world into its narrative, using the Wessex landscape to shape the identities, decisions, and destinies of its characters. This article employs an ecocritical framework to explore how nature functions as both a nurturing and indifferent force, reflecting Hardy's deterministic philosophy. Focusing on Bathsheba Everdene, Gabriel Oak, William Boldwood, and Fanny Robin, the study examines the roles of the pastoral setting, agricultural cycles, animal imagery, and natural disasters in determining character arcs and narrative outcomes. Key moments, such as the storm and sheep-shearing scenes, highlight nature's dual role as a mirror of human emotions and a catalyst for existential struggles. The findings underscore Hardy's portrayal of nature as a co-protagonist, challenging anthropocentric views and emphasizing the interconnectedness of human and non-human systems.

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Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, ecocriticism, Wessex, nature, determinism, character, fate, pastoral, agricultural cycles.

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Girish Karnad's Tughlaq (1964) stands as a landmark in Indian modern drama, offering a richly layered portrayal of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq as a tragic hero deeply rooted in both classical and contemporary frameworks of tragedy. This research paper aims to analyze Tughlaq's character through the Aristotelian lens--where the protagonist's downfall is triggered by a combination of a tragic flaw (hamartia), excessive pride (hubris), and the inevitable consequences of fate--while also incorporating modern interpretations of tragedy that focus on psychological depth, moral ambiguity, and existential struggle. Tughlaq is presented as an idealist and visionary ruler whose intellectual brilliance and dream of a just, secular state soon unravels into chaos and tyranny. His failure is not only political but deeply personal, as his aspirations turn into disillusionment and paranoia. His hamartia lies in his detachment from the realities of governance and his overreliance on rationality, which blinds him to human emotions and practical limitations. This descent evokes pity and fear, fulfilling Aristotle's tragic criteria. Moreover, the play functions as a political allegory, mirroring the disillusionment with Nehruvian ideals in post-independence India. Tughlaq's trajectory reflects the collapse of utopian hopes and the rise of authoritarianism masked by noble intentions. The paper further draws parallels between Tughlaq and tragic figures like Oedipus and Macbeth, situating him within a global tragic tradition while emphasizing his distinctiveness as an Indian ruler entangled in caste, religion, and power. Thus, Tughlaq emerges as a uniquely Indian tragic figure whose story resonates with timeless questions of leadership, ethics, and destiny.

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Oedipus and Macbeth, Aristotle's tragic criteria, disillusionment, paranoia, hamartia, Indian modern drama

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Regional films in Indian cinema reflect socio-cultural and political contexts. Marathi cinema has reached an international level due to its diverse themes and the portrayals of protagonists addressing different issues on screen. The portrayal of protagonists from marginalized communities has been depicted at various periods in the Marathi film industry, highlighting their diverse aspects. Over time, and with social change, the representation of these protagonists in Marathi cinema has evolved. In the caste narratives, the portrayal of marginalized protagonists intensely examines societal inequities and struggles against ingrained norms. However, when these narratives are brought to the screen, it is crucial to consider the perspectives of the directors and writers in presenting the protagonist. This research paper will examine the portrayal of protagonists in the films "Mayamouli" and "Suryoday" using textual analysis as a research method.

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Regional films, Marginalized communities, Portrayal, Caste narratives, Protagonist.

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Libraries have always been portals of opportunity, opening pathways to knowledge. As we stand in this era of high academic competition and easy access to information, libraries remain potent learning centers, especially for students preparing for competitive examinations. With its traditional collection of books, digitally available information resources, personalized services for all and quite study spaces, this article illustrates how libraries are the backbone to competitive exam aspirants.

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Library, Career development, Competitive Examinations, Competitive Exam Aspirants

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Homestays in Himachal Pradesh have garnered significant attention in recent years as an alternative form of accommodation that provides authentic sociocultural richness to the tourist's overall travel experience. Homestays are considered a good investment option these days. This research paper explores the emerging trend of homestays in Shimla and challenges-problems faced by homestay operators in day to day running of their business. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through the administration of questionnaires to homestay operators in the Kufri and Dhalli areas of Shimla. For nuanced measurement a five-point Likert scale was employed to assess the responses. Secondary data was sourced from existing literature, various reports and relevant publications to support and strengthen the analysis.

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Homestay Tourism, Homestay Operators, Rural Tourism, Travel Accommodation.

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This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) and Patola (Trichosanthus dioica) in treating Dadru Kushta (Tinea infection). Forty patients diagnosed with Dadru Ku??ha were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A received Guduchi treatment, and Group B received Patola treatment. The study followed ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent and approval from the institutional review board. Both subjective and objective parameters were assessed before and after treatment. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in symptoms in both groups post-treatment, indicating the efficacy of Guduchi and Patola in managing Dadru Kushta

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Dadri kushta,Guduci,Patola,Clinical Study

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Adolescence age is period that occurs in between childhood and adulthood. This is a period from the age of 11-18 years. During this period the adolescents faces many problems. Adolescence is a crucial period in which they consider themselves as capable of doing every thing and thinking themselves and they will consider them as adults. During this period they will feel stress, strain and they may have different mood swings. The physical changes occurs during this period. It is not easy period for girl children and their parents. In this period the adolescents may face different problems. Some of the problems facing by the adolescents.

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Education plays very important role in everybody life. It makes persons to develop knowledge that helps to know which is good and bad. For Girls it is need to have good education. In olden days, girls have no proper education. Some times it also may not be. Some communities still shows discrimination against the girl's education. Girls are the future mothers. So for girls education is very essential to have empowerment, development, prosperity and welfare. But, the time changed girls also h

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We have used the Holzapfel adapted polynomial of second order (AP2) equation of state (EOS) for determining pressure derivatives of bulk modulus up to third order for NaCl and MgO corresponding to different values of volume compression. It has been found that there exists a quadratic relationship for in terms of P/K where is the first pressure derivative of bulk modulus K at pressure P. Values of pressure derivatives of bulk modulus up to third order have also been calculated using the quadratic equation. The results are found to present good agreement with the corresponding values based on the Holzapfel AP2 EOS establishing the validity of quadratic relationship between versus P/K.

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Holzapfel AP2 EOS, Pressure derivative of bulk modulus, Quadratic relationship for pressure derivative of bulk modulus, NaCl, MgO

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 Abstract

लेख का उद्देश्य भारतीय राजनीति को आकार देने में हिंदी भाषा द्वारा निभाई गई महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का पता लगाना और उसका विश्लेषण करना है। विभिन्न पहलुओं पर प्रकाश डालते हुए इसमें बताया गया है कि भारत में सबसे अधिक बोली जाने वाली भाषाओं में से एक के रूप में हिंदी देश के राजनीतिक परिदृश्य को कैसे प्रभावित करती है। इस उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए विभिन्‍न बिंदुओं पर भी विचार किया गया है जैसे स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के दौरान हिंदी की भूमिका और राष्ट्रीय अस्मिता से इसके जुड़ाव, भारत में भाषाई विविधता और विभिन्न भाषाई समुदायों के बीच एक आम कड़ी के रूप में हिंदी, बहुभाषी समाज में संचार की भाषा के रूप में हिंदी का प्रयोग और चुनौतियां, भारत सरकार की आधिकारिक भाषाओं में से एक के रूप में हिंदी की संवैधानिक स्थिति, आधिकारिक संचार में हिंदी के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सरकार द्वारा बनाई गई नीतियों और शिरू की गई पहलों पर चर्चा।

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मुख्यधारा, अंतर्दृष्टि, परिदृश्य, संप्रेषित, सारांश, एकीकृत कारक, बारीकियां, परिष्‍कृत, समावेशिता, परिभाषित, आख्यान, बहुमुखी भूमिका, ताने-बाने, पारंगत, लोकतांत्रिक संचार, बहुसांस्कृतिक, बहुभ�

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This paper calls into question the inclusion of the ADR mechanisms under restorative justice and transformative justice principles within the Indian criminal justice system as one of the pathways toward transformative justice. It argues that ADR runs counter to the retributive state-centered model and promotes a more holistic victim-oriented and reparative approach. It emphasizes the growth of statutory and judicial connotations to mediation and compounding of certain offences under the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) and important decisions of the Supreme Court, which intend to ease up the burdened judicial system, weighing in favour of victim empowerment, authentic accountability of the offender, and healing of the community.Besides, the analysis does engage into some serious challenges and limitations, including coercion with power imbalances inherently present (i.e., domestic violence), lack of a cohesive legislative framework, institutional resistance, and cultural bottlenecks. It cautions against the unqualified use of ADR for serious crimes, emphasizing that RJ must be tied with TJ's concern for structural inequalities to be truly transformative. Pragmatic recommendations for reforms into policies, capacity development, and robust safeguards for victims are used as a conclusion, arguing that if done correctly through a comparative international lens, a hybridized use of ADR holds promise to transform the Indian criminal justice system into something more efficient, fair, and oriented toward healing rather than punishment.

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 Keywords

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), Restorative Justice, Transformative Justice, Indian Criminal Law, Victimology, Judicial Backlog, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), Mediation.

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