Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

भारतीय समाज की जाति-व्यवस्था एक दीर्घकालीन सामाजिक संरचना रही है, जो न केवल श्रम-विभाजन के आधार पर समाज को संगठित करती थी, बल्कि सामाजिक असमानता और ऊँच-नीच के दायरे में विभिन्न वर्गों को बाँधकर रखती थी। इस व्यवस्था ने विशेषतः शूद्रों और तथाकथित 'अवर्ण' जातियों - जिन्हें आज 'दलित' कहा जाता है - को सदियों तक शोषण, अपमान, सामाजिक बहिष्कार, शैक्षिक वंचना, और धार्मिक अस्पृश्यता के दायरे में रखा। धार्मिक ग्रंथों, सामाजिक परंपराओं और शासकीय व्यवस्थाओं ने मिलकर इस जातिगत असमानता को न केवल बनाए रखा, बल्कि उसे वैधता भी प्रदान की। ऐसे सामाजिक परिदृश्य में, जहां परिवर्तन की कोई उम्मीद क्षीण प्रतीत होती थी, डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर का उदय एक युगांतकारी घटना के रूप में सामने आया। वे केवल एक दलित नेता नहीं थे, बल्कि आधुनिक भारत के सामाजिक क्रांतिकारी, संवैधानिक विचारक, मानवाधिकारों के प्रबल पक्षधर, और एक समावेशी राष्ट्र की कल्पना करने वाले दूरदर्शी चिंतक थे। उन्होंने दलितों की पीड़ा को केवल भावनात्मक स्तर पर ही नहीं उठाया, बल्कि उसे तार्किक, राजनीतिक और विधिक ढांचे में रूपांतरित करते हुए दलित मुक्ति को एक बौद्धिक आंदोलन बनाया। डॉ. अंबेडकर की सबसे बड़ी देन यह रही कि उन्होंने दलित चेतना को दार्शनिक आधार, वैधानिक संरचना और सामाजिक न्याय की दृष्टि से सशक्त किया। 'जाति का उन्मूलन', 'बुद्ध और उनका धर्म', 'रिडल्स इन हिन्दुइज्म', 'स्टेट्स एंड माइनॉरिटीज़' तथा भारतीय संविधान की रचना के दौरान उनके योगदान ने भारत के सामाजिक न्याय की दिशा को निर्णायक रूप से प्रभावित किया। उन्होंने शिक्षा को दलित मुक्ति का सबसे बड़ा हथियार बताया और समानता, स्वतंत्रता तथा बंधुत्व के सिद्धांतों को दलित विमर्श का आधार बनाया। डॉ. अंबेडकर ने यह स्पष्ट किया कि जाति केवल सामाजिक पहचान नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक वर्चस्व और उत्पीड़न का साधन है। इसलिए, उन्होंने सिर्फ आरक्षण या राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व की मांग नहीं की, बल्कि एक ऐसे समाज की रचना का स्वप्न देखा जिसमें व्यक्ति की पहचान उसकी जाति नहीं, बल्कि उसका मानवीय अस्तित्व हो। उन्होंने भारतीय समाज को बौद्ध धर्म की करुणा, तर्क और समानता की ओर उन्मुख किया और अपने अनुयायियों से आह्वान किया कि "शिक्षित बनो, संगठित बनो और संघर्ष करो।" इस प्रकार, डॉ. अंबेडकर की विचारधारा न केवल दलित चेतना की प्रेरक शक्ति है, बल्कि भारत के समावेशी, न्यायसंगत और लोकतांत्रिक भविष्य की दिशा भी निर्धारित करती है। इस शोधप्रबंध में डॉ. अंबेडकर की दलित चेतना, उनके दार्शनिक और वैधानिक योगदान, तथा उनकी प्रासंगिकता पर विस्तार से विश्लेषण किया जाएगा। दलित चेतना का तात्पर्य उस सामाजिक एवं वैचारिक जागरूकता से है जो दलित समुदाय को अपने अधिकारों, आत्मसम्मान और सामाजिक बराबरी के लिए संघर्ष करने को प्रेरित करती है। यह चेतना जातिगत हीनता, छुआछूत और शोषण के विरुद्ध संघर्ष का प्रतीक बन जाती है। अंबेडकर ने दलित चेतना को केवल प्रतिक्रिया तक सीमित नहीं रखा, बल्कि उसे संविधानिक अधिकारों, शिक्षा, सामाजिक समरसता और आत्मनिर्भरता के आधार पर पुनर्परिभाषित किया। डॉ. अंबेडकर स्वयं एक अस्पृश्य जाति (महार) से थे और उन्होंने अपने जीवन में गहन जातीय भेदभाव का अनुभव किया। इन अनुभवों ने उनमें समाज के निचले तबकों के लिए न्याय और सम्मान की आग प्रज्वलित की। उन्होंने शिक्षा को मुक्ति का मार्ग माना और स्वयं उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त कर दलितों के लिए प्रेरणा बने।

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भीमराव अंबेडकर, दलित चेतना, सामाजिक न्याय, जाति व्यवस्था, संविधान निर्माता, अधिकार चेतना, सामाजिक क्रांति

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"I was lonely and frightened, I didn't know the next step. I was finally fully persuaded that I was "queer," but had no idea what to do about it." With these words written by American playwright Tennessee Williams in his autobiography Memoirs (1975), I would like to take my audience to his phantasmagoric world of the 'Queer.' In such a realm, there is a continual interplay of conflict revolving around language, identity and belonging. Today, the lexical meaning of the term primarily caters to sexual orientation. However, it originally meant 'strange' or 'peculiar.' While reading the one-act plays of Williams, it doesn't seem that they strictly cater to the former meaning rather they contain elements of both the former and latter connotation of the term. In this regard, I shall introduce a string of characters from his one-act plays who might be categorized as 'queer.' Using this word, Williams perhaps tries to portray not only himself but also some of his beloved protagonists as the 'other.' The reason behind deciding to work on his short plays is that, these works have been long overshadowed by the popularity of his longer plays such as The Glass Menagerie (1944) or A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) or Cat on a hot tin roof (1955) and so forth. However, the short plays are equally significant and reveal fascinating perspectives on the quality of being different from what is conventional or usual. The texts often engage with an abiding concern for the individual's construction of an identity in relation to his or her society. From this viewpoint, my paper shall investigate issues of the depiction of individual struggles as they relate to identity within the contested terrain of social space. Interestingly, several philosophers have spoken about the notion of 'Othering.' However, my paper proposes a general understanding of Tennessee Williams' concept of 'Othering' from a philosophical point of view drawing on theories of the 'Other' and its representation propounded by French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995). The primary reason behind choosing Levinas' concept of 'Othering' is that he seems to celebrate the 'other' and so does Williams in his works and of all philosophers, in the twentieth century Levinas spoke the most on the notion of 'othering.'

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Queer, Other. Identity. Space

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Abstract:---- The Grapes of Wrath is a novel about migrant workers escaping environment catastrophe being subjected to racist abuse and robbed of their dignity and basic rights by extreme poverty. It explores the social and economic hardships faced by the migrant farmers during the Great Depression. The novel highlights the plight of tenant farmers dispossessed of their land due to drought, agricultural mechanisation and the greed of large landowners. It portrays the struggle of the Joad family and others like them as they migrate to California seeking work and better life only to encounter poverty, exploitation and systematic injustice. The novel criticises the dehumanising aspects of capitalism and champions the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity. Here grapes symbolises abundance and fertility while wrath suggests anger and divine punishment. The contrast between grapes and wrath highlights the disparity between prosperity and poverty. To conclude , Grapes of wrath serves as a social commentry on the Great Depression, shedding light on issues of poverty and exploitation.

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Racist, Dignity, Poverty, Great Depression, Landowners, Wrath, Dehumanise etc.

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After gaining independence India committed itself to create a socialist pattern of society by giving the public sector a commanding role in the economy. Socialism was the guiding philosophy of economic policy making until the late 1980s when capitalistic economic reforms were launched. The socialist policies neither accelerated economic development nor created a more egalitarian society. Contrary to the popular notions against capitalism, it has accelerated development and sharply reduced poverty. The last three decades have witnessed a transformative change. India today is poised to become the third largest economy in the world. The economic freedom offered in a capitalistic economy stimulates individual action and promotes growth.

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socialism, capitalism, economic reforms, economic growth, globalisation

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Cu(II) chloride form 1:1 complex with ligand acetone thiocarbohydrazone. It undergoes from steps decomposition, kinetic parameters like apparent activation energy, frequency factor, activation entropy and order of reaction have been determined employing the graphical method of Freeman-Carroll and Doyle method as modified by Zsako using TG curve. First stage of decomposition has been selected for the determination of kinetic parameters.

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Solid state kinetic, thermogravimetric analysis, acetone thiocarbahydrazone.

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 Abstract

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????? ????: ????????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????, ???????, ??????? ????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????

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Abstract: The Bhakti Movement popularly called in Assam as Vaishnavite Movement was launched by Sankardeva (1449-1568AD) and his disciple Madhavdeva (1489-1596AD) in the 16th century. They gave Assam Vaishnavism a new interpretation and its distinctive character. The movement headed by Sankardeva was not only a religious reform movement, but also a great socio-cultural revolution of Assam. After passing away of Sankardeva in 1568AD, four panth came to Assam Vaishnavism and subsequently it got divided in to four main panth which is known as Sanghati. This paper has been attempted to study the history of the Vaishnavism in the post- Sankardeva period. In the conclusion of the paper it is revealed that it was the ideological differences for which Vaishnavism of Assam got divided. In spite of this division, the Sanghatis played very pivotal role in spreading and stabilizing the Vaisnavite Movement in Assam. The panth established a network of Satras throughout the entire Brahmaputra Valley, and practically converted more than half of its population to Vaishnavism.

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Keywords: Bhakti Movement, Neo-Vaishnavite Movement, samhati or sanghati, Sectarian division, Satras

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Abstract Mulk Raj Anand was born in Peshawar, now in Pakistan. He is one of the three pillars of Indain English fiction along with Raja Rao and R.K. Narayan. He had received The International Peace Prize, Padma Bhushan, Sahitya Academy award and various other prestigious awards. For Anand his novels were like a mirror in which contemporary Indian society can see its drawbacks and malpractices. His novels are known for addressing social evils and problems like hunger, poverty, untoucahbility, superstition, financial crisis, identity crisis, etc. He slowly became one of the strongest voices of marginalized sections of the Indian society. His two well known novels Untochable (1935) and Coolie (1936) are finest examples of how realistically Anand had presented the socio-economic problems of marginalized ones in post independent Indian Society. His novel Coolie is a story of 14 year old boy Munoo, and his plight due to poverty and exploitation aided by the social-political structures of Indian society. On the other hand Untochable is a story of a day in the life of a young boy named Bakha; presenting the horrifying and realistic problems that an untouchable faces in a caste based society. Although Anand's Untouchable is the voice of just one young sweeper boy Bakha but he represents his whole untouchable community. Anand in his novel Untouchable puts light upon mental, sexual, financial, social oppression which any untouchable suffers every single day of his life and provides a deep insight of an untouchable's psyche. Although, the central theme of both the novels are different yet they have similar observation in the core of the plot, the caste and class distinctions are the root cause of all sufferings and problems of marginalized people like Bakha and Munoo. Mulk Raj Anand is undoubtedly one of the highly skilled novelists in the sphere of Indian English Literature and when it comes to social novels he stands unparallel as a novelist.

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Keywords: Society, Culture, Class, Caste, Subaltern, Untouchability, Economy, Humanism

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Social media has emerged as a vital tool for shaping consumer perceptions, influencing behaviors, and promoting sustainability. In India, where climate change is both an urgent policy issue and a consumer concern, brands are increasingly using social media marketing to align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 - Climate Action. This study examines how Indian brands leverage social media to communicate climate-related messages, evaluates consumer engagement and sentiment toward such content, and analyzes the effectiveness of sustainable messaging in strengthening brand image and trust. A structured survey of 150 consumers across Tier-1 and Tier-2 Indian cities, combined with a content analysis of climate-related campaigns by leading Indian brands, provides empirical evidence. Statistical tools including percentage analysis, Chi-square tests, and ANOVA were applied. Findings reveal that while sustainability-related posts generate higher engagement and positive sentiment compared to generic posts, the effectiveness of messaging depends on factors such as visual storytelling, cultural relevance, and perceived authenticity. The study concludes that integrating authentic sustainability narratives with interactive content strategies can significantly enhance both consumer trust and brand equity, while contributing to climate action goals.

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Social Media Marketing, Climate Action, SDG 13, Sustainability, Consumer Engagement, India

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Ethics ensure outer desired behaviors. It includes the disciplined actions of the doers. There are certain human actions which are accepted as universal human values such as honesty, integrity, forgiveness, gratitude, non-violence etc. The traits of a person guide him to become good or bad. The traits of a person like honesty, integrity, forgiveness, gratitude, non-violence are considering desirable in the society make him good whereas traits like arrogance, greedy and angry are undesirable and make him destructive. Unfortunately, in post-independence period in India the desirable behavior has eroded in every walk of life and in particular in the field of politics. The sole aim of politicians today is to make money without consideration to legal or illegal means. As a result, corruption, nepotism and criminal activities are on rise. This paper tries to understand the meaning of the term ethics, the reason why ethics has eroded from Indian Politics and what are measures taken by the government to strengthen the ethical behavior amongst politicians.

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Key words- Ethics, Politics, Human values, Corruption, Criminal activities, Nepotism

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