Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Potatoes play a vital role as a staple crop worldwide, making a significant contribution to global food security. However, the susceptibility of potato plants to various leaf diseases poses a threat to crop yield and quality. Detecting these diseases accurately and at an early stage is crucial for the effective management and protection of crops. Recent advancements in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated potential in image categorization applications. Therefore, the goal of this work is to investigate the potential of CNNs in detecting potato leaf diseases. As neural networks have become part of agriculture, numerous researchers have worked on improving the early detection of potato blight using different machine and deep learning methods. However, there are persistent problems related to accuracy and the time it takes for these methods to work. In response to these challenges, we tailored a convolutional neural network (CNN) to enhance accuracy while reducing the trainable parameters, computational time and information loss. To conduct this research, we compiled a diverse dataset consisting of images of potato leaves. The dataset encompassed both healthy leaves and leaves infected with common diseases such as late blight and early blight. We took great care in curating and preprocessing the dataset to ensure its quality and consistency. Our focus was to develop a specialized CNN architecture tailored specifically for disease detection. To improve the performance of the network, we employed techniques like data augmentation and transfer learning during the training phase. The experimental outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed customized CNN model in accurately identifying and classifying potato leaf diseases. Our model's overall accuracy was an astounding 99.22%, surpassing the performance of existing methods by a significant margin. Furthermore, we evaluated precision, recall, and F1-score to evaluate the model's effectiveness on individual disease classes. To give an additional understanding of the model's behavior and its capacity to distinguish between various disease types, we utilized visualization techniques such as confusion matrices and sample output images. The results of this study have implications for managing potato diseases by offering an automated and reliable solution for early detection and diagnosis. Future research directions may include expanding the dataset, exploring different CNN architectures, and investigating the generalizability of the model across different potato varieties and growing conditions.

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 Keywords

Potato leaf diseases, leaf disease detection, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), image classification, crop protection.

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 Abstract

This research examines seasonal and spatial patterns of water quality over the Dindi Reservoir in Telangana using a hybrid approach that integrates Sentinel-2A satellite imagery with in-situ field sampling. Remote sensing-derived indices including the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Floating Algae Index (FAI), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were used to map surface water conditions across pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods. Ground-truthing was conducted by taking readings of physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, nitrates, phosphates, and total dissolved solids (TDS) at several GPS-tagged sampling sites. Statistical analysis revealed good agreement between satellite indices and measured water quality parameters, especially for monsoon months when the amount of runoff was maximum. These results present a baseline dataset for machine learning model development to forecast zooplankton abundance and ecological risk areas. This integrative strategy facilitates scalable, cost-efficient monitoring systems for freshwater ecosystems in semi-arid environments.

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 Keywords

Remote Sensing, Sentinel-2, Water Quality, Dindi Reservoir, NDWI, AI, Spatio-Temporal Monitoring, Freshwater Ecosystems, Telangana

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Hypertension is a multifactorial disease with psychosomatic origin, where both psychological and physiological components interplay in its pathogenesis. From an Ayurvedic perspective, it is not described as a separate disease but can be understood under the concepts of Ucchhr?ita Raktac?pa, Raktavaha Srotodus??i, and Manasika Bh?va-vik?ra. The imbalance of Manas Do?has (R?ja? and Tama?) leads to maladaptive stress responses, which disturb ?ar?ra Do?has--primarily V?ta and Pitta--resulting in vascular dysfunction and elevated blood pressure. This review aims to analyze the psychosomatic basis of hypertension with special reference to the interaction of Manas Do?has and ?ar?ra Do?has.

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 Keywords

Hypertension, Psychosomatic Pathogenesis, Manas Do?has, V?ta, Pitta, Rajas, Tamas, Ayurveda.

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Prevalence of anemia in India is among the highest in the world. Prevalence of anemia is higher among Lactating mothers,pregnant women and preschool children. Inadequate dietary iron,folate intake due to low vegetable consumption, perhaps low B12 intake and poor bioavailability of dietaryiron from the fibre, phytate rich Indian diets are the major factors responsible for high prevalence ofanemia. In India Iron deficiency is the most common single cause of anemia, the lactating mothers are suffers with maternal anemia this may impact the growth of infants. Major insight of the study is that anemia level of lactating mothers largely differs with the changes in lifestyle variables like food habits and work.

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Anemia, Lactating mothers and Iron

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Presents a brief analysis of the ongoing strategic competition between India and China in South Asia. This competition is no longer limited to border disputes but has spread to economic, military, diplomatic and ideological spheres.

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 Keywords

India-China relations, South Asia, strategic competition, global forum, diplomacy, border dispute.

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Background: The excessive forward curvature of the thoracic spine, known as age-related hyper kyphosis, is a predictor of poor health outcomes and has been linked to challenges with physical function tasks. Acute osteoporosis-related pain episodes can cause periods of limited mobility and serious cardiac dysfunction in the elderly. Objective: This study's goal is to evaluate the effect of various therapeutic intervention on pulmonary function in individual with kyphotic osteoporosis. Methods: Following worldwide databases were searched for this systematic review: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The keywords "Kyphosis", "Osteoporosis" and "Respiratory function" are utilized. Title abstract phrases, related keywords, and Boolean operators ('OR' and 'AND') were all used in conjunction with the 'Advanced' search'. Duplicate records were eliminated from computerized systems using Mendeley Desktop software. Result: Total 466 studies were found after doing an advance search in four databases: Google scholar, Cochrane Library, PubMed. Due to duplication, 259 records were eliminated using Mendeley Desktop software. The titles and abstracts of the remaining 207 studies were reviewed based on the eligibility criteria. Following the initial scanning, 104 records were rejected as not satisfying the inclusion requirements. The remaining 103 full-text papers were reviewed and from these articles, 97 articles were removed for the reasons. Total of 6 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Conclusion: Because of these results, the review conclude that exercises centred on the complete curvature of the spine can help adolescents with thoracic kyphosis by strengthening and improving the function of the back muscles and enhance pulmonary function.

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 Keywords

Kyphosis, osteoporosis, physical exercise, rehabilitation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The article attempts to investigate how Bengali Dalit literature reflects the historical journey of the Namahsudra community who were stigmatised as Chandals and their struggle for dignity and recognition. Through the study it also highlighted that how they were doubly displaced, firstly as a low caste which pushed to the margins of the society, and secondly as refugees uprooted during the partition of Bengal. Besides, it also discussed that how the Bengali Dalit literature resist caste-based discrimination and rewrites the overlooked or distorted history of the Namasudra people, particularly through Namasudra authors. The Bengal Namasudra community, earlier referred to as 'Chandals', are a socially, politically and economically marginalized caste from East Bengal who were commonly known as "untouchables." Most of them turned into refugees in India at the time of partition and experiencing double marginalization, initially as Dalits, and subsequently as displaced individuals. Mainstream literature and history have most frequently failed or neglected to project their actual hardships, agony, experience and culture. Authors such as Manohar Mouli Biswas, Manoranjan Byapari, Jatin Bala, Kalyani Thakur Charal, and many more employed the literature as an effective tool to voice their community's words, experiences, and resistances. The research brings to the fore the significance of Dalit literature in the recovery of histories, advancing social justice, and transforming the way we look at caste, identity, and literature in Bengal.

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 Keywords

Namasudra, caste oppression, identity, refugee experience, subaltern voices.

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Folk festivals and Fairs are a component of folk tradition, which is essentially the customs that represent the distinct culture of a certain Indigenous groups that sets them apart from other culture or traditions. It is among the tools that allow us to distinguish the way of life of a specific community. The study is taken on folk festival of Rawain Valley of Uttarkashi District with special reference to folk festival Devlang of Gair Banal. Geographically, the Rawain pargana (District) was a part of erstwhile Tehri principality, which was a populated and geographically wide area during the reign of Tehri monarch (1815-1949 A.D). The Rawain Valley consists of 18 Pattis (Revenue blocks), Banal Patti is one of the 18 Pattis of Rawain Valley, where Devlang festival is celebrated. The study intended to introduce the unique traditions & rituals involved in Devlang and various dimensions like Folk Deity of Banal Patti, the two conflicting Thoks (Sathi and Pansai), who demonstrate their power to establish supremacy over one another, Role of Khund (Militia and one of the important parts of folk deity regency) and Ritualistic role of Nattan (a group of dalit community). This paper tends to outreach different realms of Devlang fair and its importance in Maintaining age old culture and traditions in Rawain Valley. Both primary and secondary sources are used, Primary data is collected by structured interviews with village veterans, priests, and Nattan community and for the secondary source's books, Articles and journals were used.

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 Keywords

Devlang, folk deity, Khund, Sathi and Pansai, Supremacy of power, Nattan.

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This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of individuals diagnosed with anxiety disorders through a phenomenological approach. Anxiety disorders, often characterized by persistent fear and worry, significantly impact daily functioning; yet, the subjective, personal experiences of those living with anxiety remain underexplored. The study aims to understand how individuals perceive and navigate their anxiety in everyday life. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 adults diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. Thematic analysis revealed several key themes: a pervasive sense of losing control, heightened vigilance in social interactions, and the emotional toll of managing anxiety in relationships and work. Participants described coping mechanisms such as avoidance and self-soothing behaviors as both adaptive and maladaptive. Findings suggest that anxiety is not only an internal, emotional experience but also deeply intertwined with social and relational contexts. This research highlights the importance of considering the subjective experiences of individuals with anxiety disorders in therapeutic settings. It provides insights into the psychological and emotional challenges of living with anxiety, offering implications for clinical practice and support systems. Future research should focus on diverse populations and explore the impact of interventions grounded in lived experience.

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 Keywords

Anxiety disorders, Phenomenology, Lived experiences, Coping mechanisms, Mental health

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E-sports has rapidly evolved from a niche entertainment activity into a multi-billion-dollar global industry, attracting millions of players and spectators. Beyond its entertainment value, e-sports has become a powerful marketing and branding platform, enabling companies to engage consumers in highly interactive ways. This paper examines the role of e-sports in fostering brand loyalty, with a specific focus on Riot Games, the publisher of popular titles such as League of Legends and Valorant. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining primary data from a survey of 120 respondents in Hyderabad with secondary sources including academic literature, industry reports, and Riot Games' corporate data. Results demonstrate that e-sports significantly contributes to brand loyalty through mechanisms such as community engagement, competitive ecosystems, transmedia storytelling, and reward-driven participation. Respondents highlighted that Riot's tournaments and in-game events foster trust, long-term engagement, and positive brand associations. However, the study also identifies challenges, including the risk of over-commercialization, cultural limitations in audience reach, and sustainability of engagement in a rapidly changing gaming industry. The findings underscore the importance of integrating e-sports into broader marketing strategies as a means of cultivating emotional connections and customer retention. The paper concludes that e-sports represents a unique branding tool that goes beyond traditional advertising, leveraging digital-native communities to build trust and advocacy. Future research is recommended to compare the impact of e-sports branding across industries and to assess its long-term contribution to loyalty in diverse cultural contexts.

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 Keywords

E-sports, Brand Loyalty, Riot Games, Consumer Engagement, Digital Marketing, Gaming Communities

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition