Volume 11 | Issue 7 | July-2023

 Abstract

By thermochemical process, pyrolysis of biomass which is present in organic matter takes place in the absence of oxygen to develop a sustainable route for converting biomass into bio-fuel. Biomass is a promising source of energy for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This review provides a overview of biomass pyrolysis, discussion upon its fundamental principles and its applications at various industries. The bio-oil can be obtained from agricultural waste, forest residue, and urban organic waste. It is also called pyrolysis oil, renewable fuel, and has the potential to be used as fuel in many applications. The application of bio-oil as transportation fuel helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to keep up the ecological balance. It covers major pyrolysis types and explores the reactors used in these processes and how key parameters, such as temperature, heating rate, and residence time, impact the distribution and quality of pyrolysis products. Nowadays biomass is becoming a booming industry because it is cheaper and are effective for the sustainable use. Detailed studies are performed about bio-oil upgrading methods such as catalytic and non-catalytic processes. Several studies present techno-economic assessments of different routes regarding cost-effective configurations. The advancements which are achieved to large production of bio-oil continues to face different challenges and variability in supply of feedstock. This review explains the usefulness of reactor design, catalyst efficiency, and optimization of process along with commercial deployment. Finally, this review is much helpful to researchers and engineers, to work together about advance pyrolysis technology to provide low carbon fuels and chemicals for the society

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 Keywords

biomass; pyrolysis; reactors; bio-oil upgrading; economic analysis

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Ancient Indian education stands as one of the most far-reaching, structured, and principle-based learning systems in world history. Built upon philosophical inquiries, spiritual ideals, and the pursuit of knowledge for both worldly and extraordinary purposes, it contributed significantly to mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, medicine, politics, and metaphysics. This article explores the philosophical foundations, institutional structures, pedagogical techniques, and curriculum of ancient Indian education, examining Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. The study highlights the system's holistic approach--one that integrated ethics, discipline, intellectual rigor, and socio-cultural responsibility--and considers its everlasting significance for modern educational discourse.

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Ancient Indian education stands as one of the most far-reaching, structured, and principle-based learning systems in world history. Built upon philosophical inquiries, spiritual ideals, and the pursuit of knowledge for both worldly and extraordinary purposes, it contributed significantly to mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, medicine, politics, and metaphysics. This article explores the philosophical foundations, institutional structures, pedagogical techniques, and curriculum of ancient India

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The performance of rigid pavements is primarily determined by the type of reinforcement used. Steel, though strong and widely available, is prone to corrosion, which causes premature deterioration of reinforced concrete pavements in India. The corrosive nature of the environment leads to a loss of structural integrity, higher maintenance costs, and reduced service life. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) offers a non-corrosive alternative that provides higher tensile strength, lighter weight, and superior chemical resistance compared to steel. This study compares steel and glass fiber reinforcement in road construction. The Net Present Cost (NPC) of both materials is evaluated using the Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) approach. Design and material guidelines from relevant standards and field data have been incorporated into the comparative framework. Under moderate and severe chloride exposure, the long-term cost of steel reinforcement increases sharply due to corrosion-related damage. Conversely, GFRP achieves lower life-cycle costs because of its superior durability, corrosion resistance, and ease of handling, despite its higher initial procurement cost. Factors such as maintenance accessibility, exposure severity, and workmanship quality play a crucial role in determining the most cost-effective reinforcement solution for rigid pavement design.

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 Keywords

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), steel reinforcement, corrosion resistance, life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA), IRC codes, rigid pavements, India.

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A comparative study of the political thoughts of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay and Mahatma Gandhi

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A comparative study of the political thoughts of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay and Mahatma Gandhi

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The Indian legal system is built on core values like justice, equality, liberty, and accountability, aiming to ensure both access and ease of justice. Rooted in cultural and ethical traditions, legal education in India is seen as a powerful tool for creating a just society by developing skilled, socially responsible lawyers. Quality legal education emphasizes ethics, practical skills, and interdisciplinary learning.The evolution of clinical legal education, especially with the integrated law programs, has strengthened this goal by combining practical training with legal aid initiatives. Law school clinics and programs now play a key role in helping marginalized communities through legal support, awareness, and paralegal training. The article explores the challenges faced by law schools in promoting access to justice and how legal education can advance access to justice and support the creation of a more inclusive and equitable society.

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Law School, Legal Education, Legal service, Lok adalath,Legal aid

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Chromium (III) Complex, Pyridine-2-carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone (Py-2-TSC), UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Complex Stability, Stoichiometry, Dissociation Constant, Interference Study

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Traffic lights play such an important role in traffic management to control the traffic on the road. Situation at traffic light area is getting worse especially in the event of emergency cases. During traffic congestion, it is difficult for emergency vehicle to cross the road which involves many junctions. This situation leads to unsafe conditions which may cause accident. Traffic police gave authority to emergency vehicle driver to activate the traffic light remotely is developed and designed to help emergency vehicle crossing the road at traffic signal during emergency situation. This system used Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) to program a priority based traffic light controller for emergency vehicle. During critical cases, emergency vehicle such as ambulance can activate (trigger) the traffic light signal to change from red to green that's to make clearance for its path automatically. By help of Radio Frequency (RF) the traffic light will turn back to its normal operation when the ambulance finishes crossing the road.

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SOLAR POWERED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

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This article explores the various branches of applied ethics, a subfield of philosophy that deals with how moral concepts and principles are applied to real-world situations. Applied ethics extends the theoretical frameworks of moral philosophy into practical contexts, addressing ethical issues in fields such as medicine, business, the environment, and technology. The major branches discussed include bioethics, which focuses on ethical dilemmas in healthcare and medical research; business ethics, which evaluates moral standards in corporate governance and commerce; environmental ethics, which addresses the ethical relationship between humans and the environment; media ethics, dealing with the responsibilities and integrity of journalists; and legal ethics, which concerns moral obligations in the legal profession. Each branch brings unique challenges and requires nuanced approaches to balancing competing values like individual rights, societal good, and professional responsibility. This article critically examines these branches, highlighting their relevance in guiding ethical decision-making in contemporary society.

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Applied ethics, bioethics, business ethics, environmental ethics, media ethics, legal ethic.

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The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping new venture creation and driving business innovation across various industries. This research paper explores the impact of AI on startups and established businesses, focusing on how AI technologies facilitate the development of new business models, enhance operational efficiency, and foster innovation. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs and quantitative analysis of case studies involving AI-driven startups. Key findings reveal that AI significantly lowers entry barriers for new ventures by automating processes, improving decision-making, and enabling scalable solutions. Moreover, AI contributes to business innovation by generating novel products and services, optimizing customer targeting, and enhancing competitive advantage. However, the research also identifies challenges such as ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and the need for technical expertise. The paper concludes that while AI presents substantial opportunities for innovation and growth, it also requires careful management and strategic implementation to fully realize its potential. Recommendations include adopting best practices for AI integration and developing supportive policies to nurture AI-driven entrepreneurial ecosystems.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, New Venture Creation, Business Innovation, Startups, Automation, Decision-Making, Data Privacy, Competitive Advantage.

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