Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Abstract: A significant number of women undergo episiotomy following vaginal deliveries and require stitches. Management of pain during episiotomy suturing is considered as least significant due to more importance is given to the childbirth whereas the pain felt by the mother is ignored. The objectives of the study were to: to assess the levels of pain and behavioural response experienced by women while undergoing episiotomy suturing in both the experimental and the control group, to compare the results of both the experimental group and control group and to assess whether the use of rectal Diclofenac suppository is effective to reduce pain during episiotomy suturing in the experimental group. A quasi-experimental design (Post Test Only) with a sample size (N=60) were selected using purposive sampling technique. The data were obtained by using a baseline Performa, Pain rating scale and BRWES observation checklist. Statistical analysis is done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. There was significant difference in the mean scores of levels of pain in reduction of pain among women undergoing episiotomy suturing between experimental and control group (T58=2.002, P<0.05). Also, there is significant difference in the mean scores of behavioural responses among women undergoing episiotomy suturing between the experimental and control group (T58=2.002, P<0.05). Hence, Diclofenac rectal suppository is effective in reducing pain and results in positive behavioural response among women undergoing the procedure of episiotomy suturing.

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 Keywords

Effectiveness, Diclofenac rectal suppository, Pain reduction, Episiotomy suturing, Behavioural response.

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This paper offers a comprehensive exploration of the reconfiguration of Dalit feminism through an in-depth analysis of caste, gender, and the politics of illegitimacy as represented in the Marathi novel Akkarmashi. By centering the narrative on the lived realities of Dalit women, whose identities are intricately shaped by the intersecting structures of caste-based oppression and patriarchal gender discrimination, the study foregrounds the necessity of an intersectional approach to feminist theory. The novel's treatment of illegitimacy is examined not simply as a marker of social stigma but as a complex, multifaceted site of resistance where marginalised women assert agency and reclaim their identities against normative societal frameworks. Through this lens, Akkarmashi reveals how illegitimacy becomes a form of political assertion and self-definition within communities often excluded from mainstream feminist and social justice conversations. This paper thus contributes to expanding the conceptual boundaries of Dalit feminism by emphasizing the nuanced negotiations of identity, social exclusion, and empowerment that occur at the crossroads of caste and gender hierarchies.

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 Keywords

Dalit feminism, illegitimacy, caste, gender, sexual politics, representation, Dalit literature

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Between 2022 and 2025, three governments in South Asia fell, not due to elections, coups or traditional opposition parties, but because of leaderless movements organised by youth that used digital platforms to mobilize and call out action. The Aragalaya movement in Sri Lanka (2022), Bangladesh's "Monsoon Uprising" (2024) and Nepal's "Gen Z protests" (2025) had one thing in common: they used encrypted messaging for coordination. The memes and humour were widely used to create a shared identity. These decentralized online groups took on roles such as setting agendas, discussing issues and even selecting leaders which were usually held by formal institutions. This paper gathers around the idea of connective action (Bennett & Segerberg, 2013) and concepts of everyday digital culture (Shifman, 2014). It tries to explain how the events are not just examples of "social media protests" but rather experiments in direct democratic involvement using social media. They represent how networked communities can go beyond voting to assert their sovereignty directly, going beyond ballot box. It shows how closed networks like WhatsApp and open platforms are together forming an alternative political system, simply fuelled by memes. It explores the weaknesses associated with these platforms. Also, assessing the potential risks of control and unclear democratic aspects of governing through these platforms. Additionally, it discusses upon India's satirical "Cockroach Janta Party" (2026)- which emerged due to leaks from competitive exam papers and a moment of disdain among elites within a solid electoral democracy. This case also illustrates how the same connective approach that can spark revolutions during government collapse in countries like Nepal and Bangladesh, can also lead to satire and reform when placed in democracy that is secure.

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 Keywords

connective action, digital democracy, memes, WhatsApp, Gen Z, South Asia, social movements, direct democracy

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This project introduces a real-time, AI-powered system for detecting data download duplication, modification, and authentication issues. Moving beyond traditional hash- based integrity checks, the system employs machine learning models to establish and monitor the behavioral fingerprint of files and their sources. The implementation integrates a crucial Multi Factor Authentication (MFA) layer, requiring users to verify their identity time-sensitive security code before executing sensitive actions like overriding an AI alert or modifying system settings. Key technologies include TensorFlow/Py Torch for AI/ML modeling, a PostgreSQL database for storing file metadata and behavioral data, and a flexible alerting system for notifying users in real time. By integrating advanced analytics with a comprehensive security framework and strong user authentication, this solution aims to significantly enhance data integrity, security, and operational resilience against a wide range of cyber threats and human errors.

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Deduplication, Data Integrity, SHA-256, Modification Detection, Multi-factor Authentication, Data Storage Enhancement.

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Rural Women's Health, Biopolitics, Intersectionality, Prayagraj, NFHS-6, Health Policy, Sociological Political Economy.

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Assess, knowledge, attitude, self-instructional module, mobile phone addiction.

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In the field of Assamese short story and novel literature, Purabi Bormudoi is a well-known name. She emerged as a novelist in the last decade of the twentieth century through the serial publication of her novels in the literary magazine Gariyoshi edited by Chandraprasad Saikia. Between 1994 and June 1997, her first novel, Gajaraj, Prem Aru Bonditwo (The Elephant, Love and Captivity), was published serially in the magazine. Two of her other novels, Param Pujaniya and Eta Alibator Itikotha (The Tale of a Pathway), were also serialized in the same magazine. In addition, Bormudoi published four more novels: Baghshal, Baghjal Aru Manuh (The Tiger Trap, the Tiger Net and Man; 2000), Rupowali Noir Sonowali Ghat (The Golden Ghat of the Silver River; 2001), Purabi Bormudoir Nirbachita Upanyasika (Selected Novellas of Purabi Bormudoi; 2004), and Shantanukulanandan (2005). In our research paper, the plot and thematic aspects of Bormudoi's novels 'Param Pujaniya' and 'Eta Alibator Itikotha' will be discussed and analyzed.

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Historical Novel, Param Punaniya, Eta Alibatar Itikotha, Gariyoshi, war

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In Ayurveda the concept of Agni and ahara paka (Metabolic transformation) provides an extensive field of research in the present day. Ingested food is to be digested, absorbed and assimilated, which is unavoidable for the maintenance of life, and is performed by the Agni. . Agni has got similar function to that of pitta in aspects of digestion and metabolism. JatharAgni Paka (Gastro intestinal digestion) is described as Avasthapaka in Ayurveda. JatharAgni plays a key role in digestion of food-stuffs composed of the five basic elements and transforms it for utilization by the respective tissues . About the importance of Agni, Acharya Charak has mentioned that after stoppage of the function of Agni, the individual dies, and when the Agni of an individual is sama, then that person would be absolutely healthy and would lead a long, happy, healthy life. But, if the Agni of a person is vitiated, the whole metabolism in his body would be disturbed, resulting in ill health and disease. Hence, Agni is said to be the base (mool) of life.

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Agni, Aharpaka, BhutAgni, Dhatvgni ,JatrAgni, Digestion And Metabolism

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Abstract Background: Sira, Dhamani, and Srotas are three fundamental anatomical entities described in Ayurvedic literature. Although these structures play a pivotal role in understanding the physiology and pathology of the human body, their precise anatomical interpretation remains a subject of scholarly debate. Modern vascular anatomy provides a detailed description of blood vessels and microcirculation, creating opportunities for a critical comparative analysis. Objective: To critically analyze the anatomical concepts of Sira, Dhamani, and Srotas described in classical Ayurvedic texts and examine their possible correlations with modern vascular anatomy. Methods: A narrative review was undertaken using classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya, together with contemporary anatomy, histology, embryology, and vascular biology literature. The review emphasizes conceptual similarities and differences rather than direct structural equivalence. Results: Classical descriptions indicate that Sira, Dhamani, and Srotas represent distinct yet interconnected anatomical and physiological entities. Sira primarily relates to vascular channels involved in transport and venous drainage, Dhamani denotes pulsatile vessels associated with distribution from the heart, and Srotas represents a broader physiological network responsible for transport, exchange, and tissue nourishment. Modern vascular anatomy describes arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and the microcirculation as integrated components of systemic circulation. While certain functional similarities exist, the Ayurvedic concepts encompass broader physiological dimensions that extend beyond identifiable anatomical structures. Conclusion: The concepts of Sira, Dhamani, and Srotas should be interpreted as comprehensive functional systems rather than exact anatomical counterparts of arteries, veins, or capillaries. Integrating Ayurvedic knowledge with modern vascular anatomy may enhance anatomical education and stimulate interdisciplinary research

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Sira, Dhamani, Srotas, Rachana Sharira, Vascular Anatomy, Integrative Anatomy, Ayurveda.

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While AI is transforming retail banking operations from loan application to credit scoring, fraud prevention to customer segmentation, there is a high level of opacity in the high-performing models that is harming customer confidence and making regulatory compliance more difficult. This paper examines how Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) can help achieve the balance between prediction accuracy and explainability in retail banking machine learning platforms. We analyze the comparative behaviors of four popular explanation methods: SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), ELI5 and Counterfactual Explanations between interpretable models (Logistic Regression, Decision Tree) and black-box models (Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, Neural Network). We propose an end-to-end novel framework called TrustBank-XAI that consists of Data Preprocessing, Feature Engineering, Prediction Engine, Explainability Module, Trust Assessment Module and Decision Support System for creating human explainable, auditable and fairness aware credit and fraud decisions. It is assessed conceptually on four public benchmark datasets: Give Me Some Credit, Bank Marketing, Home Credit Default Risk and German Credit, with predictive metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC, MCC) and explainability metrics ( Trust Score, SHAP Consistency, Explanation Fidelity, Explanation Stability, Fairness Score). Results show that the accuracy of the ensemble black-box models is slightly better than that of the interpretable ones, and the explanations generated by SHAP show the most consistency and stability across folds. The resulting trade-off between prediction and explainability, future directions on real-time explainable banking systems that are aligned with regulatory compliance and fairness, as well as the implications of regulation fairness and compliance are discussed.

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 Keywords

AI and Explainable AI, XAI, Trustworthy AI, Retail Banking, Credit Scoring, Fraud Detection, SHAP, LIME, Counterfactual Explanations, Responsible AI, Fairness, Regulatory Compliance

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