Volume 8 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Invention is the desire of necessity and the most important and powerful instrument of present time is the mobile phone. It is also called cellular phone. The cell phone today has become the indispensible part of life. In India the use of cell phones was increased in the last ten years. Before the production of cell phones there were only landline phones available in India. When the production of cell phones was started, the mobile phones were used only for the purpose of calling sending messages only. But by the advancement of technology the software and version of mobile phones is also improved andupdated. Now cell phone is used not only for the purpose of calling and messaging but also with the help of play store so many applications are used in mobile phone and people do their work of money transfer, paying bills, depositing cash and for cashless transactions, paying premium, salary transactions etc on mobile. No doubt the invention/discovery of cell phone has made the life of the people easy but simultaneously raised many problems/issues also.

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 Keywords

Mobile Phone, positive impact, negative impact, technology, cyber, modern time

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Covid-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted every aspect of human life. As the covid-19 spread across the globe alarm bells are sounding in the education sector too. The Covid-19 pandemic has forced schools and colleges to shut down temporarily and it has a great impact on education system from continuous running functions. According to UNESCO Report more than 157 crore students across 191 countries severely impacted by closure of educational institution due to this Covid-19.The impact of Covid-19 on education sectors is a debatable issue now in worldwide. Closing universities and cancelling classes have become a covid-19 reality in many countries in the world, leading to huge anxiety and uncertainty. The education sectors of India as well as world are badly affected by this. It has enforced the world wide lock down creating very bad effect on the students� life. Around 32 crore learners stopped to move schools/colleges, all educational activities halted in India. The outbreak of COVID-19 has advised us that change is inevitable. It has worked as a catalyst for the educational institutions to grow and opt for platforms and techniques, which have not been used before. The education sector has been fighting to survive the crises with a different approach and digitizing the challenges to wash away the threat of the pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to identify the positive and negative impact of covid-19 pandemic on education sector in India. This paper will provide a critical reflection on opportunities and challenges for internatiolization and will also focus how higher education system across the globe learns from each other to protect themselves from new challenges of covid-19. This paper will try to find out the revival strategy from this pandemic which will help this sector to get back their previous glory and necessary place as before.

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 Keywords

Pandemic, anxiety, uncertainty, covid-19, digitizing.

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 Abstract

In developed and developing nations, the government has critical limitations in their capacity to make an interest in the arrangement of Public infrastructure This has achieved the association of private area members in the arrangement of such administrations. In numerous nations, including India, executing framework advancement ventures have consistently been an issue because the activities are not generally finished, what's more, it brings about disappointment on government or the public segment. The goal of this current examination is to the difficulties in executing the Public-Private Partnership by looking at the components that ruin the effective appropriation of Public-Private Partnership in India. A survey was utilized to inspire the view of the general population and private segments concerning the limitations of Private Partnership execution in India. The discoveries of this examination may profit professionals to additionally improve Public-Private Partnership execution by disposing of or limiting the negative factors that obstruct the advantages of utilizing a Private Partnership. Moreover, understanding the view of both people in general and private segments is urgent because fruitful usage of Public-Private Partnership requires duty from the contracting parties.

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 Keywords

Public-Private partnership, highway, challenges, contracts

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Trafficking means the act of transporting, harbouring or receiving a thing for some illegal purpose. Generally trafficking of human beings is the process of sending the person from one place to another forcefully for some financial gain. Trafficking of woman and children for bagging or selling for sexual purpose or for any other illegal activity is the serious crime. This crime is a global issue. This crime is committed not by a single person but by an organized group. Although the person of any age is on the target of the group of criminals, yet the woman and children (male or female) are the main victims of such crimes. Crime of trafficking against women and children is committed for many illegal purposes such as sexual harassment, bagging, selling the girls for marriage etc. Various laws have been made for protecting the women and children from trafficking. Penal provision under Indian Penal Code, Immoral trafficking Act with amendments in 2006 and other laws specifically provide protection to women and children from this organized crime. Part III of The Constitution also includes protection against trafficking as Fundamental Right and therefore our judiciary is also active in protecting the persons from this crime.

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 Keywords

Constitution, trafficking, harboring, organised crime

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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It is the best rule of evidence that only direct evidence can be given of any fact in issue or relevant fact whether it is oral evidence or documentary. Direct evidence means if it is the evidence of a witness, it must be given by such person who has direct knowledge of the facts or if it is a document, it should be the original/primary document. Opinion of a person is neither relevant nor admissible in the proceeding. But there is an exception to this rule provided in Indian Evidence Act under section 45 and 45 A. Section 45 and 45 A provide the provision for relevancy of opinion of an expert in the judicial proceedings. These sections provide that when the court has to form an opinion as to the matter of science or art or relating to identification of handwriting or finger impression or electronic signature, the opinion of an expert having special knowledge in that matter/field is relevant. The reason is that the judicial officers are not supposed to be expert or having sufficient knowledge in all the matters. Therefore they are free to take the help of experts in technical matters. The opinion of an expert can be taken in to consideration if the court wishes to it.

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Experts, Opinion, technical knowledge, Skill, identification

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Eating and swallowing are complex behaviours involving volitional and reflexive activities. They have two important biological functions: the movement of food from the oral cavity to stomach and the defense of the airways. Dysphagia takes its name from the Greek root phagein, meaning to ingest or engulf. Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure used to reduce the risk of stroke from carotid artery stenosis. Dysphagia following bilateral carotid endarterectomy may result if the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is weakened and the vocal fold is paralyzed. The open airway prevents the vocal folds from acting as the final line of aspiration defence. Ekberg (2002) analyzed the capacity of 12 patients to swallow before and after carotid endarterectomy. Findings prior to surgery were common for all swallowing trials so after surgery five patients had pharyngeal dysfunction and dysphagia. Two patients had swallowing difficulty within 1 month of surgery. These researches speculated that either the dysfunction was attributable to the peripheral nerve injury (vagus) or cerebrovascular damage during the procedure. The present study consist a total of 30 patients post carotid endarterectomy evaluated using EAT-10 swallowing screening tool within two weeks. All patients were informed regarding aim and procedure of the study and asked to mark response between 0 � 4 on a rating scale indicating no difficulty to severe difficulty and prior consent was obtained. The results revealed that individuals following carotid endarterectomy have reported oropharyngeal dysphagia. The mean scores are lesser (most difficulty) for cough while eating i.e. aspiration followed by issues in swallowing liquid and solid food. The findings from the present study important knowledge about their swallowing state, and help SLP�s to facilitate early intervention and provide the patient with the necessary resources to develop their everyday life swallowing abilities and functions.

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 Keywords

Dysphagia, Carotid Endarterectomy, EAT-10

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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- Network security is the process of strategizing a defensive approach to secure our data and resources over the computer network infrastructure against any potential threat or unauthorized access. It uses software as well as hardware technologies to achieve the optimal solution for network defense. The main issue of network security is computing because many types of attacks are increasing day by day. Protecting computer and network security are critical issues now-a-days. There are different kind of attacks that can be sent across the network. Many businesses secure themselves from the internet by means of firewalls and encryption mechanisms. There is a large amount of personal, commercial, military, and government information on networking infrastructures worldwide and all of these required different security techniques. This paper discusses the different kinds of attacks along with Security tools that can be applied according to the network.

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Network Security, attacks, hackers, firewalls, encryption, security analysis threat analysis, security vulnerability, malware, communication, internet

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The Armed Forces Special Protection Act (AFSPA) is a law that seeks to protect national security in situations of foreign disturbance. This legitimizes the presence of the military in places where the civil administration can inform as troubled areas. Though the objective of the act is to secure peace and order in disturbed areas, however it poses grave concerns to the human rights of the people living in those areas. In many instances, it is reported that the cases of human rights abuse have committed by the forces with impunity. As stated above, the aim of the AFSPA is to bring peace and stability to the disturbed areas, contrary to this basic objective, there are allegations that the Army uses excessive force while implementing it. Human surveys and the Commission formed by the Government of India have defined and argued that this law has not accomplished its objective of curbing military and rebellion and restoring normality in the affected areas. It is further suggested that the use of armed forces should be restricted in democracy, and the continued presence of the army that indicate the government's inability to address this issue through a democratic and constitutional method. Even the north-eastern areas have been identified as disturbed, while hostilities have not been reported for decades and no casualties have been reported. In view of this current scenario, the current study analyzes the position of AFSPA in the North-Eastern State and its consequences for the security of the State. This research also discusses the historical context of the AFSPA clamping in the north-eastern states and human problems since its inception. Finally, it argues that ways and means in which the interest and rights of the people of north-east to be protected under the constitutional mechanisms.

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Army, Armed Forces Act, 1958 extra judicial law human rights constitutional north-east eastern

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The aim of this study was to investigate food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practice amongst food handlers� in selected hotels and restaurants in Thika Town, Kenya. A cross sectional survey design was adopted. The study targeted population 470 food handlers from which 216 respondents were sampled for study. Simple random sampling was used during data collection, while, structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaire for data collection was validated through a pretest study and its reliability was measured using the Cronbach?s Alpha test. The responses were coded and analyzed using quantitative methods including means, percentages, standard deviations, frequency distributions. A total of 184 questionnaires were found fit and complete for data analysis. Generally, the food handler�s knowledge was high with a mean percentage score of positive answers of (81.1%�7.3%). With regards to attitudes the food handlers exhibited positive attitude towards food hygiene with an overall mean of 3.6�0.5 out total 5. Overall, the food handlers had good practices in food hygiene with a mean percentage score of 86.3%�8.3%. However, a considerable number of food handlers (27.5%) exhibited unhygienic food practices. The public health authorities should do thorough checks to ensure that all food handlers hold valid medical certificates. Restaurant and hotel managers should ensure that all food handlers are free from illness and those ill should not be allowed to handle food. Similar studies need to be carried out among food handlers operating in the many fast food restaurants and food kiosks around the country.

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 Keywords

Food hygiene, knowledge, knowledge, attitude, practices, food handlers, food borne illnesses

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In recent increase in the rate of earthquake every year & thereby increasing loss of life & property has led to necessity of comparing the methods of analyzing & designing of building structure. The selection of a building configuration is one of the most important aspects of overall design in its role to provide seismic protection that may impose severe limitations on the structure. In India, the zones are divided according to the rate of magnitude of earthquake. Indian codes divided the entire country into four seismic zone (II, III, IV, V) depending on the seismic risk. The study of the building structure according to the zone was done by the classifying into two methods i.e. Ordinary RC Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) structures & Special RC Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) structures.

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 Keywords

OMRF system, SMRF system, base shear, Bending moment, Shear force.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition