Volume 13 | Issue 6 |

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With urban populations projected to reach 68% of the global total by 2050, cities face unprecedented challenges in managing transportation, energy, public safety, and citizen services. Big Data analytics is pivotal in smart city development, enabling real-time, data-driven solutions to enhance urban efficiency and quality of life. This paper investigates Big Datas transformative impact through a comprehensive literature review and case studies from Singapore, Copenhagen, Dubai, and Toronto. We explore applications in traffic management, energy optimization, crime prevention, and citizen engagement, while addressing challenges such as data privacy, interoperability, and social equity. Our findings underscore Big Datas potential to revolutionize urban ecosystems, emphasizing the need for ethical and technical frameworks to ensure inclusive and sustainable outcomes.

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Big Data Smart Cities Urban Innovation Data-Driven Decision Making IoT (Internet of Things) Urban Analytics Sustainable Development Intelligent Transportation Systems Smart Infrastructure Real-Time Data Urban Planning Digital Governance Predictive Analytics Data Integration Urban Mobility

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Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. The UN sustainable development goals approved by the UN general assembly in September 2015 to secure all round development to the marginalized and maintain environment sustainability. Women have a vital role in development and environment sustainability therefore their participation is essential to achieve sustainable development. Gender Equality is a fundamental human right as well as it is necessary for Sustainable World and it is a significant goal of Sustainable Development Goals. Indian women always remain underprivileged group in accessing the economic, political and socio-cultural rights because of the patriarchal nature of Indian society. Therefore, the focus of the paper is to explore the present scenario of Gender Equality in India in comparison to the other countries of the various parts of the world. The study is exploratory and analysed qualitatively by using secondary data resources. The paper is expected to help policy makers and civil society to understand the significance of Women Empowerment and Gender Equality in the successful implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in India.

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Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Goals, Gender Equality, Human Right, Women Empowerment.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Carolina Curriculum (Infant & Toddler) intervention to improve developmental milestones among children with developmental delay. METHOD: A Quasi-Experimental (Single group Pretest- Posttest) design was adopted for the study. Convenience sampling was used for the study. 25 children with developmental delay ranging between the age group 2- 5 years were included in the study. Developmental milestones of the participants were assessed (pre-test) using the Carolina Curriculum for Infant and Toddler with Special Needs (CCITSN). The Carolina Curriculum intervention was given to the participants, with a duration of 1hour per session, five days a week for 12 weeks for each child. Developmental milestones of the participants were reassessed (post-test) using Carolina Curriculum for Infant and Toddler with Special Needs (CCITSN). The pre-test and post- test developmental milestones were analysed and interpreted. RESULTS: Based on the analysis, there were significant changes observed in the developmental milestones and most of the improvements had been shown in motor skills [upright: posture & locomotion (96%), prone on stomach (84%), bilateral skills (76%)], and cognitive skills [problem solving (76%), and Attention & Memory: Visual/ Spatial skills (72%)]. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that Carolina Curriculum interventions are effective in improving developmental milestones among children with developmental delay.

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Carolina Curriculum Intervention, Developmental Milestone, Developmental Delay, Motor skills and Cognitive skills.

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Shalya Tantra is one of the major branches of Ayurveda that deals with surgical care, combining traditional surgical techniques with holistic treatment methods. Drawing its foundation from classical Ayurvedic texts such as the Sushruta Samhita, it includes procedures like cutting, removal, stitching, and cauterization using herbal-based preparations. These interventions are supported by internal and external herbal therapies aimed at enhancing healing, minimizing complications, and reducing the chances of recurrence. Shalya Tantra provides solutions for a broad spectrum of conditions, including disorders of the anal region, bone injuries, and various types of wounds. It gives equal importance to the care before and after surgery to ensure smooth and complete recovery. By merging time-tested principles with practical utility, Shalya Tantra continues to show promise as a valuable approach in today's evolving healthcare systems.

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Shalya Tantra, Ayurveda, surgical techniques

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The aptly titled study attempts to evaluate the events that took place in Fatehgarh Central Jail during the Indian freedom movement between 1857 and 1947 and its history in a modern context. Fatehgarh Central Jail has been an important landmark in the Indian freedom struggle.Many patriots were hanged in this jail. Therefore, it can be said that Fatehgarh Central Jail is a pilgrimage site of freedom.Farrukhabad has played a major role in freeing India from foreign slavery at the national as well as district level, but in comparison to that, this district could not become popular for its revolutionary activities.This situation is from all perspectives, qualitatively, quantitatively, importance of events, subject matter. It would not be an exaggeration if this place is called the refuge, training ground and karmabhoomi of revolutionaries from other districts and states.There have been many such incidents in Farrukhabad about which the country and the state are unaware. Due to lack of sources, writers have written very little on these.This research is an attempt at a modern study of Central Jail Fatehgarh as part of its contribution to freedom movement in Farrukhabad, which paves a way for reconstruction of the glorious history of India.

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Central Jail, Fatehgarh Central Jail, Historical Study, Revolutionary Activities.

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India is undergoing rapid technological transformation and economic growth. However, this progress comes with significant environmental consequences. This paper examines how current technological developments and human activities--including industrialization, urban expansion, agriculture, and energy production--are impacting India's environment. It analyzes key issues such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change. The paper also reviews government policies and concludes with recommendations for sustainable development and environmental protection.

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Technological advancement, Economic growth, Environmental degradation, India, Industrialization, Urban expansion, Agriculture, Energy production, Deforestation, Climate change, Government policy, Sustainable development, Environmental protection

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This article examines the pivotal role of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) in India's healthcare delivery system, particularly in rural and underserved urban areas. As frontline health workers, ASHAs serve as crucial links between communities and the healthcare system, taking on diverse roles as educators, counselors, first responders, and changemakers. Despite their significant contributions to improving public health and empowering communities, ASHA workers often encounter numerous challenges that affect their motivation, performance, and overall well-being. This study explores why ASHA workers matter, the scope of their impact across India, and the real-world problems they face on the ground, emphasizing the need for greater support, recognition, and systemic reforms.

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Asha worker, community health empowering , frontline, well being

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Shukra Dhatu, the seventh and final dhatu in Ayurvedic physiology, plays a crucial role not only in reproduction but also in maintaining overall vitality and health. Traditionally equated with semen in males, its broader implications include neuroendocrine coordination, hormonal balance, mental well-being, and systemic strength. This article comprehensively explores the concept of Shukra Dhatu from Ayurvedic texts--Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya--alongside its physiological correlations in modern biomedicine such as spermatogenesis, testosterone production, and reproductive endocrinology. By understanding the layers of Shukra--from Sukshma (hormonal) to Sthula (seminal)--and its relation with ojas, bala, and overall health, this study proposes an integrative framework of the reproductive system, including male and female perspectives. Special attention is given to the time of formation (Kaala), locations (Sthana), reduction (Kshaya), and enhancement (Vruddhi) of Shukra, along with its panchabhautika constitution and involvement of Shukravaha srotas. Bridging classical wisdom and modern research, this article highlights the necessity of adopting a wider perspective of reproductive health beyond the limitations of sperm count or testosterone levels. Conclusion: Shukra Dhatu in Ayurveda denotes a comprehensive reproductive system encompassing hormonal balance, gametogenesis, neuroendocrine regulation, and psychological well-being. It parallels modern concepts of reproductive and endocrine health, including testosterone and estrogen functions, spermatogenesis, ovulation, and libido regulation. This understanding emphasizes Shukra as a dynamic, functional system rather than a mere anatomical entity, bridging Ayurvedic philosophy with contemporary biomedical science

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Shukra Dhatu, Reproductive System, Sukshma Shukra, Ojas, Testosterone, Spermatogenesis; Bijarupa shukra

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This Tuberculosis (TB) is still a significant global health risk, especially in middle and low-income countries. WHO Global TB Report 2023 projected that about 10.6 million new cases of TB and 1.3 million deaths were reported in 2022 alone. Detection and correct diagnosis at an early stage are paramount to prevent the spread of TB and offer better patient outcomes. Chest X-ray (CXR) imaging is a routine TB screening because it is cost-effective with quick results. CXR is usually hampered by human factors, subjectivity, and the lack of trained radiologists, particularly in resource-poor environments. Recent developments in Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have raised hope towards computer-aided diagnosis of TB based on CXR images. In particular, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown superior performance in intricate feature extraction of features and feature classification accuracy in medical image processing. This review presents a critical overview of recent DL-based approaches to detection of TB with particular focus on CNN-based models. The paper also discusses the most significant challenges including data imbalance, image quality variation, problem of generalization, model interpretability, and deployment challenges in low-resource environments. Future research directions such as developing large-scale TB-specific datasets, building explainable and lightweight models, mobile health (mHealth) solutions, federated learning, and exploiting multi-modal data are highlighted. This article attempts to enlighten researchers, medical professionals, and policymakers about the current status, challenges, and future of DL-based TB diagnosis to guide international efforts toward efficacious and accountable AI-based health care solutions.

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Tuberculosis Detection, Deep Learning, Chest X-ray (CXR) Analysis, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

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Introduction: Otomycosis is ENT disorder in tropical regions, marked by severe itching,discomfort,watery discharge,blockage and diminished hearing, impacting 9% of the Indian population. Treatment involves the removal of fungal clusters, followed by antifungal drops. In Ayurveda it correlated to Kaphaja Karna Shoola, characterized by Manda ruja, Kandu, Ghana Shruti, and obstruction due to an excess of Kapha Dosha. Ayurveda treatments help to balance Kapha, providing effective, holistic remedies that ease symptoms, prevent recurrences, and promote ear health. Materials and method: A 23-year-old female, fully alert, presented to the OPD with complaints of sudden pain in left ear accompanied by mild itching for five days. She received treatment involving Arka patra swedana and Haridravarti dhoopana, along with oral medications for duration of 14days. Result: The Dhoopana and Swedana with Shamana aushadhis yielded significant improvement in the patient's condition within 14days of treatment. Conclusion: Otomycosis a fungal infection of the ear can be effectively managed through Ayurvedic therapies. In Sthanika Swedana, Arka Patra is utilized for its anti-inflammatory properties, while the Rooksha and Ushna qualities of Haridra Varti Dhoopana help reduce fungal growth, thus aiding in the prevention of otomycosis.

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Otomycosis, Arka Patra, Haridra Varti, Karnashoola

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