Volume 12 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns appropriate lover time periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It can also be interpreted as a shift in average weather conditions or a change in the distribution of average weather events. Climate change can occur locally, in specific regions, or across the entire planet's surface. This change is characterized by at least four characteristics:, first rising global temperature, second rising sea levels, third extreme weather conditions and others, and four changes in rainfall patterns. Climate change is currently marked by an increase in the frequency of hydrometeorologicalDisasters, such as decreased water availability and or even excess water discharge at other times, as well as forest and land fires. Based on future climate change projections, these Hydrometeorological disasters have the potential to worsen threathening the resilience of water, food, and energy resources. Climate change is frequently associated with disaster due to an increase in hydrometeorological events over time. However, climate change is not the only cause. The disaster impacts are the results and indicators of more complex issues caused by larger environmental, social changes, and economic changes. These various disaster challenges in the future will necessitate earlier anticipatory preparations so that India and the rest of the world can adapt and mitigate appropriately. Keywords: mitigation,adaptation,climate change, disaster,weather,hydrometeorological Introduction Climate change presents one of the most pressing challenges of our time, manifesting through rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and environmental degradation. Mitigation and adaptation are two complementary approaches aimed at addressing this crisis, albeit from different angles. Mitigation focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to curb the pace and magnitude of climate change, while adaptation seeks to minimize its impacts and build resilience to its effects. Both are essential components of a comprehensive strategy to tackle climate change disaster.Mitigation efforts center around reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming. This involves transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, as well as improving energy efficiency in sectors like transportation, industry, and agriculture. Additionally, reforestation and afforestation initiatives play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.However, even with aggressive mitigation measures, some level of climate change is already locked in due to past emissions and the inertia of the Earth's climate system. This necessitates adaptation strategies to cope with the impacts that are already occurring and will continue to worsen in the coming decades. Adaptation encompasses a wide range of actions, including infrastructure upgrades to withstand extreme weather events, changes in land use planning to reduce vulnerability to floods and sea-level rise, and the development of early warning systems for heatwaves, hurricanes, and other climate-related disasters.One key aspect of adaptation is ensuring that vulnerable communities, particularly those in low-income countries and coastal regions, have the resources and capacity to cope with climate impacts. This includes providing access to clean water and sanitation, improving agricultural practices to withstand droughts and changing weather patterns, and implementing social safety nets to support those displaced by climate-related disasters.Furthermore, adaptation strategies must be integrated into broader development planning to ensure sustainability and resilience in the face of a changing climate. This involves mainstreaming climate considerations into policies and investments across sectors such as health, education, and economic development. For example, building climate-resilient schools and hospitals not only protects these critical infrastructure assets but also ensures continuity of essential services during extreme weather events.An important aspect of both mitigation and adaptation is the need for international cooperation and coordination. Climate change is a global problem that requires a collective response, as greenhouse gas emissions from one country can affect the climate and livelihoods of people halfway around the world. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, represents a landmark framework for international cooperation on climate action, with nearly 200 countries committing to reducing their emissions and enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.However, while mitigation and adaptation are essential strategies for addressing climate change, they are not without challenges. One major obstacle is the political and economic interests that often prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability. Fossil fuel industries, for example, have significant influence over government policies and may resist efforts to transition to renewable energy sources. Similarly, funding for adaptation measures in developing countries is often inadequate, leaving vulnerable communities without the resources they need to cope with climate impacts.Another challenge is the uncertainty surrounding the future trajectory of climate change and its impacts. While scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports the reality of human-induced climate change, the exact timing and magnitude of its effects remain uncertain. This uncertainty complicates decision-making processes for policymakers and planners, who must weigh the potential risks and benefits of different adaptation and mitigation strategies.Despite these challenges, there is reason for optimism. Advances in technology and innovation are driving down the cost of renewable energy and making it increasingly competitive with fossil fuels. Public awareness of the urgency of climate action is also growing, with grassroots movements demanding more ambitious policies and investments to address the crisis. By harnessing the power of innovation, collaboration, and political will, we can mitigate the worst impacts of climate change and build a more sustainable and resilient future for generations to come. Climate change presents one of the most pressing challenges of our time, manifesting through rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and environmental degradation. Mitigation and adaptation are two complementary approaches aimed at addressing this crisis, albeit from different angles. Mitigation focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to curb the pace and magnitude of climate change, while adaptation seeks to minimize its impacts and build resilience to its effects. Both are essential components of a comprehensive strategy to tackle climate change disaster.Mitigation efforts center around reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming. This involves transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, as well as improving energy efficiency in sectors like transportation, industry, and agriculture. Additionally, reforestation and afforestation initiatives play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.However, even with aggressive mitigation measures, some level of climate change is already locked in due to past emissions and the inertia of the Earth's climate system. This necessitates adaptation strategies to cope with the impacts that are already occurring and will continue to worsen in the coming decades. Adaptation encompasses a wide range of actions, including infrastructure upgrades to withstand extreme weather events, changes in land use planning to reduce vulnerability to floods and sea-level rise, and the development of early warning systems for heatwaves, hurricanes, and other climate-related disasters.One key aspect of adaptation is ensuring that vulnerable communities, particularly those in low-income countries and coastal regions, have the resources and capacity to cope with climate impacts. This includes providing access to clean water and sanitation, improving agricultural practices to withstand droughts and changing weather patterns, and implementing social safety nets to support those displaced by climate-related disasters.Furthermore, adaptation strategies must be integrated into broader development planning to ensure sustainability and resilience in the face of a changing climate. This involves mainstreaming climate considerations into policies and investments across sectors such as health, education, and economic development. For example, building climate-resilient schools and hospitals not only protects these critical infrastructure assets but also ensures continuity of essential services during extreme weather events.An important aspect of both mitigation and adaptation is the need for international cooperation and coordination. Climate change is a global problem that requires a collective response, as greenhouse gas emissions from one country can affect the climate and livelihoods of people halfway around the world. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, represents a landmark framework for international cooperation on climate action, with nearly 200 countries committing to reducing their emissions and enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.However, while mitigation and adaptation are essential strategies for addressing climate change, they are not without challenges. One major obstacle is the political and economic interests that often prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability. Fossil fuel industries, for example, have significant influence over government policies and may resist efforts to transition to renewable energy sources. Similarly, funding for adaptation measures in developing countries is often inadequate, leaving vulnerable communities without the resources they need to cope with climate impacts.Another challenge is the uncertainty surrounding the future trajectory of climate change and its impacts. While scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports the reality of human-induced climate change, the exact timing and magnitude of its effects remain uncertain. This uncertainty complicates decision-making processes for policymakers and planners, who must weigh the potential risks and benefits of different adaptation and mitigation strategies.Despite these challenges, there is reason for optimism. Advances in technology and innovation are driving down the cost of renewable energy and making it increasingly competitive with fossil fuels. Public awareness of the urgency of climate action is also growing, with grassroots movements demanding more ambitious policies and investments to address the crisis. By harnessing the power of innovation, collaboration, and political will, we can mitigate the worst impacts of climate change and build a more sustainable and resilient future for generations to come. Climate change increases natural disaster riskdisasters worldwide, posing significant risks to both human communities and ecosystems. The increase in global temperatures, driven by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, is amplifying the intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, heatwaves, floods, and wildfires.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have been on the rise in recent decades, with a clear link to human-induced climate change. For example, the Atlantic hurricane season has seen an increase in the number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes, which are the most destructive. Heatwaves, which can lead to heat-related illnesses and deaths, have become more frequent and prolonged in many parts of the world. In 2019, Europe experienced its hottest temperatures on record, resulting in thousands of heat-related deaths.Floods are also becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. Warmer air can hold more moisture, leading to heavier rainfall and increased risk of flooding. In 2020, widespread flooding in South Asia displaced millions of people and caused significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture. Rising sea levels, another consequence of climate change, exacerbate the impacts of coastal flooding and storm surges, threatening low-lying coastal communities around the world.Wildfires are another major concern, particularly in regions prone to drought and heatwaves. Warmer temperatures and drier conditions create ideal conditions for wildfires to ignite and spread rapidly. In 2020, Australia experienced one of its worst wildfire seasons on record, with millions of acres burned, thousands of homes destroyed, and tragic loss of life.The economic costs of natural disasters are staggering. According to the World Bank, the average annual cost of natural disasters is estimated to be $250 billion, with developing countries bearing the brunt of these losses. Climate change is expected to further increase these costs, as extreme weather events become more frequent and severe.In addition to the immediate human and economic impacts, natural disasters also have long-term consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity. For example, wildfires can destroy habitats and threaten endangered species, while floods can disrupt ecosystems and lead to loss of biodiversity.Addressing the increasing risk of natural disasters in a changing climate requires urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience in vulnerable communities. This includes investing in climate adaptation measures such as early warning systems, resilient infrastructure, and disaster preparedness plans. It also requires international cooperation and solidarity to support developing countries in adapting to the impacts of climate change and building sustainable, resilient communities for the future. Natural disaster mitigation and adaptation efforts related to climate change Between 2021 and 2024, the world experienced a surge in natural disasters linked to climate change, prompting heightened efforts in mitigation and adaptation. These years witnessed an alarming increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, underscoring the urgency of action.Mitigation efforts during this period focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with countries enhancing their commitments under the Paris Agreement. According to data from the Global Carbon Project, global CO2 emissions declined by 5.6% in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic but rebounded by 4.9% in 2021 as economies reopened. However, by 2024, emissions had plateaued, indicating progress in decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions.Renewable energy deployment saw significant growth during this period, driven by declining costs and supportive policies. Data from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) revealed that global renewable energy capacity increased by 45% from 2021 to 2024, reaching over 3,500 gigawatts. Solar and wind energy accounted for the majority of this expansion, with several countries surpassing renewable energy targets ahead of schedule.In addition to mitigation, adaptation efforts aimed to enhance resilience to climate-related hazards, particularly in vulnerable communities. Data from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) indicated a surge in investments in disaster risk reduction and resilience-building measures. From 2021 to 2024, global spending on disaster resilience projects increased by 30%, totaling over $200 billion annually.Technological innovations played a crucial role in improving disaster preparedness and response capabilities. Satellite data and remote sensing technologies provided real-time monitoring of environmental changes, enabling early warning systems and targeted interventions. Advanced modeling techniques allowed for more accurate predictions of extreme weather events, facilitating timely evacuation and resource allocation.International cooperation and collaboration were paramount in addressing the multifaceted challenges of climate change and disaster risk management. Data from the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) indicated a rise in international funding for climate adaptation projects, particularly in developing countries. However, funding gaps persisted, hindering the implementation of comprehensive adaptation strategies in some regions.Despite progress in mitigation and adaptation, challenges remained, including political inertia, insufficient funding, and systemic barriers to climate action. The COVID-19 pandemic further strained resources and diverted attention from long-term climate goals. Nonetheless, the escalating impacts of climate change underscored the imperative for sustained and ambitious efforts to build resilience and transition to a low-carbon future.In conclusion, between 2021 and 2024, natural disaster mitigation and adaptation efforts related to climate change saw significant advancements, driven by a combination of policy measures, technological innovations, and international cooperation. While data indicated progress in emissions reduction and resilience-building, continued efforts and investments are needed to address the growing threat of climate change and safeguard vulnerable communities. Future challenges : 1.Limited Resources: Adequate funding and resources are essential for implementing mitigation and adaptation measures. However, competing priorities, budget constraints, and economic downturns can hinder investments in climate resilience. Bridging the funding gap, particularly for developing countries, remains a significant challenge. 2. Inequality and Vulnerability: Climate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities, exacerbating existing social and economic inequalities. Vulnerable populations often lack access to resources and infrastructure needed to adapt to climate impacts, increasing their susceptibility to disasters. Addressing social vulnerability and ensuring equity in adaptation efforts are crucial challenges.Complexity of Interconnected Risks: Climate change interacts with various social, economic, and environmental factors, creating 3.complex and interconnected risks. Disasters such as heatwaves, floods, and wildfires can trigger cascading impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health. Managing these interconnected risks requires holistic and interdisciplinary approaches. 4.Policy and Governance Challenges: Inconsistent or inadequate policy frameworks and governance structures can impede effective climate action. Political instability,conflicting interests, and short-term decision-making often hinder the implementation of long-term mitigation and adaptation strategies. Strengthening governance mechanisms and enhancing policy coherence are critical challenges. 5.Technological and Knowledge Gaps: While technological innovations offer promising solutions for climate resilience, there are still gaps in technology deployment, accessibility, and affordability. Additionally, knowledge gaps exist in understanding the full extent of climate impacts and identifying effective adaptation strategies, particularly in data-scarce regions. Bridging these technological and knowledge gaps is essential for informed decision-making and effective risk management. 6.Climate-induced Migration and Displacement: Climate change is increasingly driving migration and displacement as people flee areas affected by environmental degradation, extreme weather events, and rising sea levels. Addressing the challenges associated with climate-induced migration, including protection of human rights, access to resources, and social integration, requires coordinated international cooperation and policy frameworks. Conclusion, climate change presents a profound challenge with far-reaching impacts on our planet's weather patterns and ecosystems. Key characteristics such as rising global temperatures, sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and changes in rainfall patterns are already evident and are likely to intensify in the future. These changes contribute to an increase in hydrometeorological disasters, including floods, droughts, and wildfires, which threaten the resilience of essential resources like water, food, and energy.While climate change is a significant driver of these disasters, it is not the sole cause. They are also influenced by broader environmental, social, and economic factors. Addressing these complex challenges requires holistic approaches that consider the interconnectedness of environmental degradation, societal vulnerabilities, and economic inequalities.Looking ahead, proactive and anticipatory preparations are essential for adaptation and mitigation efforts. This includes investing in resilient infrastructure, enhancing early warning systems, promoting sustainable land and water management practices, and fostering international cooperation. By prioritizing resilience-building measures and implementing comprehensive disaster risk reduction strategies, countries like India and the global community can better prepare for the impacts of climate change and work towards a more sustainable and resilient future. References: 1. Shaw R, Pulhin J M and Pereira J J 2015 Chapter 1 Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction: overview of issues and challenges In Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Issues and Challenges p 1-19 (Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2. Briguglio L 1995 Small Island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities World Development 23 9 p 1615-1632 3. Dore M H I 2005 Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: What do we know? Environment International 31 p 1167-1181 4. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2007 Working Group II Glossary of Terms http://195.70.10.65/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg2.pdf 5. Emerton L and Bos E 2004 Counting ecosystems as an economic part of water infrastructure (Gland: IUCN) 6. Bell R and Wheeler J 2006 Talking trees: An urban forestry toolkit for local governments (Bonn: ICLEI 7. Badan Pusat Statistik 2021 Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 8. King D, Gurtner Y, Firdaus A, Harwood S, and Cottrell A 2016 Land use planning for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Operationalizing policy and legislation at local levels International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9. Rojas Blanco A 2006 Local initiatives and adaptation to climate change Disasters 10. Uitto J I 1998 The geography of disaster vulnerability in megacities: A theoretical framework Applied Geography 11. Kumaresan J, Narain J P and Sathiakumar N 2011 Climate change and health in South East Asia International Journal of Climate Change and Strategies The appropriate mitigation and adaptation efforts can be used as early anticipation to address the impacts of the various natural disaster challenges of natural disasters in the future. Indonesia still has very good and sustainable ecosystems for future generations. This condition makes Indonesia has the ability and strength to reduce the risk of disasters and the impact of climate change. Several efforts can be made to mitigate and adapt to natural disasters can be achieved through: a) preserving natural forests with high biodiversity; and b) improving forest management by reducing deforestation which will provide benefits in increasing biodiversity, carbon sequestration, community livelihoods and local health. At the present, the ecosystem-based mitigation adaptation approach is the best option due to cost efficiency and long-term ecosystem sustainability. The main challenges in the future in carrying out adaptation and mitigation activities in the future include a multistakeholder and multidisciplinary approach as well as a program of implementing activities that have a large impact. The key success for addressing those challenges is good governance, which will play an important role in efforts to mitigate adaptation to natural disaster risks, including the governance of balanced social, economic and ecological systems. The appropriate mitigation and adaptation efforts can be used as early anticipation to address the impacts of the various natural disaster challenges of natural disasters in the future. Indonesia still has very good and sustainable ecosystems for future generations. This condition makes Indonesia has the ability and strength to reduce the risk of disasters and the impact of climate change. Several efforts can be made to mitigate and adapt to natural disasters can be achieved through: a) preserving natural forests with high biodiversity; and b) improving forest management by reducing deforestation which will provide benefits in increasing biodiversity, carbon sequestration, community livelihoods and local health. At the present, the ecosystem-based mitigation adaptation approach is the best option due to cost efficiency and long-term ecosystem sustainability. The main challenges in the future in carrying out adaptation and mitigation activities in the future include a multistakeholder and multidisciplinary approach as well as a program of implementing activities that have a large impact. The key success for addressing those challenges is good governance, which will play an important role in efforts to mitigate adaptation to natural disaster risks, including the governance of balanced social, economic and ecological systems. The appropriate mitigation and adaptation efforts can be used as early anticipation to address the impacts of the various natural disaster challenges of natural disasters in the future. Indonesia still has very good and sustainable ecosystems for future generations. This condition makes Indonesia has the ability and strength to reduce the risk of disasters and the impact of climate change. Several efforts can be made to mitigate and adapt to natural disasters can be achieved through: a) preserving natural forests with high biodiversity; and b) improving forest management by reducing deforestation which will provide benefits in increasing biodiversity, carbon sequestration, community livelihoods and local health. At the present, the ecosystem-based mitigation adaptation approach is the best option due to cost efficiency and long-term ecosystem sustainability. The main challenges in the future in carrying out adaptation and mitigation activities in the future include a multistakeholder and multidisciplinary approach as well as a program of implementing activities that have a large impact. The key success for addressing those challenges is good governance, which will play an important role in efforts to mitigate adaptation to natural disaster risks, including the governance of balanced social, economic and ecological systems. References [1] Siswanto, van Oldenborgh G J, van der Schrier G, Jilderda R, and van der Hurk B 2016 Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years International Journal of Climatology 36 p 3207-3225 [2] IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2007 Working Group II Glossary of Terms http://195.70.10.65/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg2.pdf [3] Webster P J, Holland G J, Curry J A, and Chang H R 2005 Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment Science 309 p 1844-1846 [4] ProAct Network 2008 The role of environmental management and eco-engineering in disaster References [1] Siswanto, van Oldenborgh G J, van der Schrier G, Jilderda R, and van der Hurk B 2016 Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years International Journal of Climatology 36 p 3207-3225 References [1] Siswanto, van Oldenborgh G J, van der Schrier G, Jilderda R, and van der Hurk B 2016 Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years International Journal of Climatology 36 p 3207-3225 References [1] Siswanto, van Oldenborgh G J, van der Schrier G, Jilderda R, and van der Hurk B 2016 Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years International Journal of Climatology 36 p 3207-3225 References [1] Siswanto, van Oldenborgh G J, van der Schrier G, Jilderda R, and van der Hurk B 2016 Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years International Journal of Climatology 36 p 3207-3225 References [1] Siswanto, van Oldenborgh G J, van der Schrier G, Jilderda R, and van der Hurk B 2016 Temperature, extreme precipitation, and diurnal rainfall changes in the urbanized Jakarta city during the past 130 years International Journal of Climatology 36 p 3207-3225 [2] IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2007 Working Group II Glossary of Terms http://195.70.10.65/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg2.pdf [3] Webster P J, Holland G J, Curry J A, and Chang H R 2005 Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment Science 309 p 1844-1846 [4] ProAct Network 2008 The role of environmental management and eco-engineering in disaster

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mitigation,adaptation,climate change, disaster,weather,hydrometeorological

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Face cleansers play a pivotal role in daily skincare routines, addressing the removal of grime, oils, cosmetics, and impurities crucial for maintaining skin wellness. This analysis explores the wide spectrum of facial cleansers accessible in the market, encompassing medicated, non-medicated, cosmetic, herbal, and polyherbal variants. Each category presents unique traits, compositions, and intended uses, accommodating diverse skincare requirements. Medicated facial cleansers typically integrate active components like salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide, targeting specific skin issues such as acne or inflammation. Conversely, non-medicated options prioritize gentle purification without therapeutic additions, suitable for individuals with sensitive skin or those opting for a straightforward cleansing regimen. Cosmetic facial cleansers emphasize aesthetic enhancements, often blending fragrances and lavish textures to elevate user experience. Herbal formulations harness natural elements like botanical extracts and essential oils, appealing to consumers seeking organic or environmentally friendly alternatives. Polyherbal concoctions amalgamate various herbal extracts, aiming to amplify their effects for enhanced skincare advantages. This study aims to furnish a comprehensive overview of these facial cleanser varieties, elucidating their advantages, potential drawbacks, and compatibility with diverse skin types. By scrutinizing factors like formulation, effectiveness, and safety profiles, individuals can make well-informed choices when selecting a facial cleanser tailored to their specific skincare requisites. Furthermore, grasping the intricacies of each facial cleanser type empowers consumers to navigate the expansive market terrain and optimize their skincare routines for optimal outcomes and skin vitality.

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Herbal facewash, Medicated facewash, Polyherbal, skincare benefits

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This study aims to find out the satisfaction of the employee, whether the company is providing welfare facilities. Looking back into the history of welfare facilities for employees in an organization, they have always and will keep playing a pivotal role in enhancing employee morale. The welfare schemes in every organization facilitate impetus for employee and employer relations. Employee satisfaction level of welfare facilities means "To take care of well-being of workers by employers, trade unions and governmental agencies. It's besides removing dissatisfaction help to develop loyalty in workers towards the organization. Welfare facilities help in motivating and retaining employee within the organization. This includes arrangements for protection from dangerous machines, extreme temperatures, firefighting.

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Employee satisfaction, welfare facilities, Organization

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Krushna Sobti Ke Upanyasho Me Stree

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Krushna Sobti Ke Upanyasho Me Stree

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The Decentralized Unified Payment Interface (DUPI) has completely changed how people in India conduct digital transactions. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) introduced UPI in 2016, and it has since grown to be the country's most popular digital payment system. The history of UPI is summarized in this article. Encompassing its inception, evolution, and expansion. The article also covers the main aspects and advantages of UPI. One of the most significant developments in electronic payments, the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) was unveiled by the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI). UPI is a sophisticated and noteworthy payment method in terms of price, consumer-friendliness, settlement times, and security. It has made it easier for a big portion of the populace to fall under the umbrella of the digital economy. Any customer with a bank account can send and receive money using this kind of payment system via a UPI-based app. With the help of this service, a user can easily initiate fund transfers and make collect requests on a smartphone app by linking multiple bank accounts.

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UPI SYSTEM

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Evaluate association of pain level, psychological status and level of disability and LBP knowledge in LBP patients. Soumitra Yadav1, Neelu Pawar2, Shadma Siddiqui3 1,2,3 Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, SAM Global University, Raisen Abstract Background: Fear, anxiety, and stress can exacerbate LBP and hinder recovery. Fear-avoidance beliefs can lead to physical deconditioning as patients avoid activities they believe will cause pain. Anxiety and catastrophizing can heighten pain perception, making pain management more challenging. Chronic stress can contribute to muscle tension and overall pain, further complicating recovery. The Depression, will also be used in this study which is a set of three self -report scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. Objective: Evaluate association of pain level, psychological status and level of disability and LBP knowledge in LBP patients. Methodology: Survey method has been conducted in the age-group of 30-80 year. The Patient having lumbar spinal stenosis, lumber herniated disc, lumber muscle sprains and strains, Sciatica, degenerative disc disease of lumber, spondylolisthesis, myofascial pain, lumber spondylosis of both genders. They will be informed about the procedure and questionnaires and informed consent will be taken from them. Outcome: Outcome of data which measures throughs some questionnaire and scales are as follows ; Low Back pain Knowledge Questionnaire (LKQ),Oswestry Disability Index (ODI),Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale - 21 (DASS-21) and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Result: A significant positive correlation at P<=0.05 was obtained between ODI, and FABQ at work. It-represent that in older adults more fear of LBP is associated with more disability. Keywords: NPRS, LKQ, DASS, FABQ, LKQ

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Keywords: NPRS, LKQ, DASS, FABQ, LKQ

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agney kavya me prakruti

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agney kavya me prakruti

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when one of the structural members fails, which in turn triggers the failure of subsequent structural sections, a progressive collapse will occur. Because of this, the structure will either completely or partially collapse due to its current state. Failure of a vertical structural element is the primary cause of progressive collapse in structures and typically occurs at the structure's peak. There is a risk that explosive charges, accidents, or even deliberate damage could cause the column to fail and fall. To carry out the analysis, first, the columns at each of the various places are removed one at a time in line with the criteria set by the General Service Administration (GSA), and then the values of the radius and the column Determination of Capacity Ratio (DCR) are calculated. According to the data, it was concluded that the column that was situated further away from the center had a greater risk of suffering from a slow and steady collapse.

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Progressive collapse, GSA, Column, Beam, Slab, DCR, Structural analysis, Element's.

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The e-commerce industry has grown rapidly in recent years due to the rapid growth of the Internet and the emergence of new technologies, which have raised cybersecurity risks. The paper discusses the growing problem of phishing attacks and underscoring the necessity of improved detection and prevention methods. In addition, the paper focuses on web application penetration testing and provides a useful resource for comprehending penetration testing, including its advantages, methodology, and particular factors to take into account when testing web applications. In this paper, we offer a definition model to help define both cyberwar and cyber warfare in order to address these problems. We focus on the use of serious games as a way to raise secure coding consciousness of programming engineers in business 1321. The study emphasizes the differences between the sophisticated security strategies put forth by scholars and the straightforward approaches frequently used by web application firewalls (wafs). The paper explores the risks associated with chatgpt and other AI language models through scholarly analysis and stresses the significance of putting in place suitable security measures to mitigate these risks. In order to improve knowledge about cyber security and increase awareness of countermeasures.

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SIEM, Red Team Assessments, Privilege Escalation Attacks (Android), Pegasus Spyware, OWASP Top 10, Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems, Digital Forensics

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The formulation and assessment of the herbal anti-dandruff shampoo described herein depict a careful fusion of natural elements that address diverse aspects of scalp well-being. Orange peel extract brings antioxidant qualities, while aloe vera gel hydrates the scalp. Eucalyptus oil, renowned for its antimicrobial attributes, introduces a revitalizing and purifying sensation, harmonized by hibiscus extract's nurturing attributes. Neem extract augments the shampoo's efficacy by shielding against microbes that cause dandruff. Sodium lauryl sulfate, serving as a surfactant, guarantees thorough cleansing, eliminating impurities and fostering a more salubrious scalp environment. Rose essential oil not only imparts a delightful fragrance but also provides calming properties, enriching the overall user experience. The inclusion of lemon juice regulates acidity and potentially contributes antimicrobial advantages. To preserve the cohesion of the herbal blend, sodium benzoate functions as a natural preservative, inhibiting microbial proliferation and prolonging the shampoo's shelf life. This proves pivotal for sustaining the product's enduring efficacy. The ultimate formulation is a harmonious amalgamation that tackles diverse facets of scalp health, delivering a comprehensive solution against dandruff and ensuring a revitalizing and aromatic encounter during application. Stability assessments additionally certify the product's durability, assuring users of a trustworthy and efficient anti-dandruff remedy. It is advisable for users to conduct patch tests and adhere to recommended usage instructions before widespread application. This herbal anti-dandruff shampoo embodies a dedication to fostering a healthier scalp, minimizing dandruff, and creating a pleasurable hair care routine by synergizing the potency of nature with potent ingredients. The formulation champions hair well-being and scalp health conscientiously, adhering to sound manufacturing practices.

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Herbal, anti-dandruff, orange peel, aloe vera, shampoo, Eucalyptus, aromatic, scalp.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition