Volume 12 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Integrated Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programs aim to streamline teacher education by combining undergraduate and B.Ed. courses into a single integrated curriculum. MHRD has introduced integrated teacher education programme (ITEP) all over India from 2020 to create the team of quality teachers in India.This professional training programme is qualitative and well designed ,but is facing some challenges also.This paper focuses on these emerging trends, changes and other issues such as quality of teacher training programmes ,poor integration of skills, lack of innovations, teacher curriculum, teacher education and ICT etc.

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 Keywords

Teacher Education, Integrated, Role, challenges

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ABSTRACT In postcolonial studies the term subaltern identifies and describes the man, the women or the member of a specific social group, who is socially politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure. The idea of subaltern studies originated in England towards the end of 1970. And Ranajit Guha, a renowned historian, with his contributions perfected this school of thought. As a result of which, today we see a very different and developed version of subaltern studies in India. The paper titled, Revisiting the Subaltern Ethos of V.A Shrikumar's Odiyan, attempts to explore the textual subconscious of the movie Odiyan. A subaltern reading of the movie brings to light a man's attempt to reclaim his legitimate space in a caste ridden society when he realises that his true identity is not the one of slavishness. In this movie our protagonist Manikyan is ostracised by the villagers of Thenkurissi due to the stigma associated with his clan and with its legendary practice of Odividhya. The movie explores at length the diverse possibilities of the use of black-white dichotomy. The protagonist of the movie, Odiyan Manikyan, who is believed to be the incarnation of evil by the villagers, feared by all but who is also good at heart, has a light skin tone when compared to the antagonist Ravunni Nair. Ravunni Nair the representative of the upper class, better known to the world as Karimban Nair is ridiculed by the society for his dark skin tone. And the colour of his skin is believed to be representing the malice he bears inside. This means, it is possible to argue that the movie emphasises the idea that, white is good and black is bad further undermining Derrida's rejection of binary opposition. In a way the movie seems to be claiming that, the subaltern in his light skin is able to fight the evil of casteism prevailing in the society which is represented by the evil practices of a dark skinned man. This can be seen as a subversion of the casteist notion of skin tones.

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 Keywords

Key Words; Subaltern, Odiyan, black-white Dichotomy, Binary Opposition

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In the context of competency based training (CBT) for sustainable development (SD), there is extensive literature on what should be taught and learned in terms of knowledge, skills and values. What stands out in most of this literature is a prominent attention to values. The underlying idea is that value education is needed to prepare students for a role as 'agents of change', able and willing to transform our current society into a more sustainable one. What is strikingly absent from these approaches to SD is the notion that there may be a valid diversity in perspectives on sustainable development, whereas this diversity is in fact a key feature of sustainable development in a pluralistic society. In the transition towards a sustainable (or at least more sustainable) society, the ability to deal with this diversity of perspectives will thus be crucial. We therefore argue that the key competence for academic professionals to successfully contribute to sustainable development will be their ability to think, communicate, learn and collaborate across the boundaries that divide these perspectives. We refer to the ability to cross such boundaries as 'transboundary competence'. This chapter applies the principles of competence based learning to identify the characteristics of learning environments in which this competence can be developed.

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 Keywords

CBT, SDG, TVET, Bangladesh

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Antenatal care (ANC) is widely recognized as an accessible and cost-effective method to improve maternal and perinatal health outcomes. It offers the opportunity to connect women to the health system, and improve maternal and child health outcomes through prevention, health promotion and treatment during pregnancy. ANC can increase access to and chances of using a skilled attendant at birth around labor and delivery - which is when most maternal and newborn deaths occur - through a birth and emergency preparedness plan. However the present study has conducted to determine the socio-economic & demographic factors of the respondents, to identify the indicators that affect the ANC care, to differentiate ages of pregnant women and to evaluate the outcome about pregnant women care among the respondents within the period of time. The study was conducted at Pabna city in Bangladesh. It was a Descriptive type of Cross-Sectional Study. The study place was selected Government-250 bedded general hospital at pabna city in Bangladesh. Purposive sampling method will be used for the study. Total 200 respondents were selected for the Study. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from the respondents of the study area. Secondary data were collected from books, research reports, journals, annual reports, Website of Ministry of Health and family planning internet etc. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Collected data were analyzed by computer program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). From the result it was found that the women's were lack of decision-making ability about their health and every day affairs, unfavourable attitudes towards antenatal care by family members', insufficient funds for prenatal care, heavy family workload, no permission to go to hospital without a guardian, and inconvenient transportation. Financial constraint was the main reason for not seeking antenatal care from qualified providers during pregnancy. In some cases the respondents did not take antenatal care due to distance of hospital is far from their home. Lack of knowledge is also one of the most important cause of not seeking antenatal care. Some husband did not want to take their wife to the Doctor for check medical checkup and this is one of the most important reason for not seeking antenatal care. Due to low uptake of antennal care the pregnant mothers face delayed, got still birth death, they got perineal tear got delayed and perineal tear due to low uptake of antenatal care. People should be aware about antenatal care. Government, print and electronic media can play vital role in creating awareness about antenatal care among mass people. Government should establish more hospitals, more community clinic, more Ma o Shishu Kendro so that people can reach those medical centers to receive antenatal care. Government should appoint more employees for providing antenatal care and disseminating antenatal care related knowledge among mass people. Private hospitals and private clinics providing antenatal care should be liberal to the poor people in our society. Many poor people cannot receive antenatal care due to lack of money. Private hospitals and private clinics owners should reduce different cost of services related to antenatal care.

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 Keywords

Antenatal care, Low uptake, Financial problem, Pregnancy, Care provider, Checkup, Breastfeeding, New born child

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Post partum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in Bangladesh. However, the present study has conducted to assess the nurses and midwives' knowledge on causes about postpartum hemorrhage, to assess barrier to manage postpartum hemorrhage case, to identify the nurses and midwives' efficiency on postpartum hemorrhage and to find out the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The study was a cross sectional descriptive type. The study was conducted in selected hospital at Chattagram division in Bangladesh. The Hospitals are Cumilla Medical College Hospital, Cumilla General Hospital, Upozilla Health Complex, Nangolcourt, Cumilla and Upazilla Health Complex, Laksham, Cumilla in Bangladesh. Purposive sampling method was used for the study. Total 400 nurses were selected for the study. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were processed by using of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) windows software program version 16. From the result it was revealed that most common causes of PPH were retained placenta. From the result it was found that the nurses are the key personnel to serve the post partum mothers but very few of them has updated training for management of post partum hemorrhage. Uterine message can be first nursing intervention for treating PPH. Oxytocin can be more effective first line medication for treating PPH.

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Postpartum Hemorrhage, Nurses, Midwife, Maternal Mortality, Training, Management, Early Signs and Symptoms, Psychological Changes Occur, Treatment, Medication, Blood Loss, Vaginal Delivery, Uterine Atony, First Nursing Intervention,

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Waste generation and its management are being widely debated across the globe and in recent years, it has become a niche spot. Both the developed and developing countries are trying to find out new ways for climate change mitigation and adoption options respectively. Global climate change is a burning issue and presently Bangladesh is facing grave situations. A large proportion of the waste is not properly managed and dumped in unplanned sites that are creating severe environmental hazards. Gradually, it can be replicated in each urban and rural center and growth points of Bangladesh can play a vital role in climate change mitigation. Implementation of the 4Rs will have a profound socioeconomic impact, also modern 4Rs (Rethink, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle ) strategy acts as a sustainable and socioeconomic option for climate change mitigation by reducing green house gas (GHG) emission from the municipal solid waste.

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Dhaka City Corporation, Green House Gas (GHG), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Waste management, 4R's

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This Paper attempts to explore the contemporary Energy situation in India. It take account of India's present Oil & Gas production scenario and explore the dependency on foreign import of Oil & Gas for its growing Energy demand. The paper also attempts to explain the present on-going energy crisis and find out the energy alternatives apart from Middle Eastern Region. As the continuous disruptions in the Middle East Region, Indian Leadership ventured towards other alternatives to secure the Oil & Gas imports to meet its energy demands. Africa turned out to be a great energy alternative for India with its vast potential and newly discovered oil fields in Nigeria, Sudan, Algeria Libya etc. it suddenly become a hot topic of discussion and interest among powerful nations of the world. Keeping in context of the historical relationship of India with Africa, it paved the way for India to venture into African market. Political leadership has played a definitive role in bringing two nations together with focus on oil partnership among these two nations.

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ENERGY SECURITY, OIL AND GAS

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Queueing theory, a branch of applied mathematics, has found profound utility in computer science, especially in the analysis and optimization of various systems. This paper delves into the transformative applications of queueing models in computer science, showcasing their pivotal role in enhancing system performance, resource allocation, and decision-making processes. By providing a comprehensive overview of queueing theory's application landscape, this paper aims to elucidate its significance in addressing complex computational challenges across diverse domains.

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Queueing models, transformative applications, computer science, system performance, resource allocation, optimization, analysis, decision-making.

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Coffee have gained attention not only for their aromatic allure in beverage but also for their potential as a natural exfoliant in skin care routine and it is also used to make cosmetic product like face scrub and face mask.

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Exfoliate, Peel Off, Flake Off, Throw Out, Shed Off, Coffee Scrub, Eliminate, Rub, Exfoliators Beads, Scrub Bead, Natural Exfoliator, Cosmetic Bead For Aesthetic Effect, Etc.

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Abstract:Panchayati Raj system is one of the unique step of the decentralization process from union govt. to the local government. Panchayat Raj system opens a door to create opportunity of Full democracy, local level development process, a conscious towards political culture, awareness of rights, local participation in decision process and creation of self dependence in India, local self governance has a primitive history initiated from British era as it's foundation was laid by Lord Ripon( Father of local governance) in 1882.The father of nation the great Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on development of villages which in turn will support the development of the whole nation. Their term gram Swaraj (village self government) now has become the basic foundation of the PR system in India.Panchayati Raj plays an important role at grass-root level in Indian democracy. In Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj was enacted in Act of 1989 before four years of Panchayati Raj Amendment Act of 73rd of Indian union in 1993. Under this Act the first Panchayat election was held after a gap of 12 years in 2001 was not successful due to armed conflict. The 2011 Panchayat election held in J&K was successful compared to the last. Panchayat elections. The 2018 Panchayat election held in J&K was not satisfactory because of less participation on the part of candidates as well as voters.

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KEYWORDS : Historical background of PRI in J&K, Various Acts of PRI, Issues and Challenges Panchayati Raj System in J&K.

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