Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

The rapid growth of digital financial services has transformed the economic landscape of India, particularly among traditionally underserved segments of society. In this context, the Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, launched by the Government of India in 2020, has emerged as a significant initiative aimed at providing affordable working capital loans to street vendors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond facilitating access to formal credit, the scheme promotes digital financial inclusion through cashback incentives and rewards linked to digital transactions. This study examines the role of PM SVANidhi in accelerating digital financial transformation among street vendors, with a specific focus on the effectiveness of cashback and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) incentives in encouraging digital payment adoption. The research is based on secondary data collected from government reports, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) publications, PM SVANidhi dashboard statistics, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reports, National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) data, journal articles, and other relevant scholarly sources. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach to evaluate the scheme's contribution to increasing digital transaction volumes, enhancing financial literacy, and integrating street vendors into the formal financial ecosystem. The findings indicate that cashback incentives and digital transaction rewards have played a crucial role in motivating vendors to adopt cashless payment methods. The widespread use of UPI-based applications has increased transaction transparency, improved financial record-keeping, and strengthened vendors' access to formal financial services. Furthermore, the incentive-based framework has contributed to reducing dependence on cash transactions while fostering confidence in digital payment systems among small-scale entrepreneurs. However, challenges such as limited digital literacy, inadequate technological infrastructure, cybersecurity concerns, and regional disparities continue to affect the scheme's overall effectiveness. The study concludes that PM SVANidhi has successfully combined financial assistance with digital empowerment, creating a sustainable model for promoting financial inclusion among urban informal workers. The integration of cashback benefits and UPI incentives has not only encouraged digital payment adoption but has also supported the broader objectives of India's digital economy agenda. The research recommends enhanced digital literacy programs, improved technological accessibility, and continuous monitoring of incentive mechanisms to maximize the long-term impact of the scheme. The findings contribute to the growing literature on digital financial inclusion and provide valuable insights for policymakers seeking to strengthen digital transformation initiatives within the informal sector.

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 Keywords

PM SVANidhi, Digital Financial Inclusion, UPI, Cashback Incentives, Street Vendors, Digital Payments, Financial Transformation, Informal Sector, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Livestock farming plays a vital role in agricultural productivity, food security, and rural economic development, but continuous animal health monitoring remains difficult because traditional supervision depends on manual observation and delayed veterinary response. This study presents an intelligent livestock health and activity monitoring system using deep learning, embedded automation, and IoT communication for early disease detection and farm management. Images of healthy cattle and cattle affected by Lumpy Skin Disease are collected from a Kaggle dataset and used to train a CNN-VGG19 classification model. The trained model is deployed in a Flask based web application for real time disease prediction using uploaded animal images. Prediction results are transmitted to an Arduino UNO through serial communication for automated decision making. When disease is detected, the system activates a chemical sprayer and displays alerts on an LCD module. Healthy cattle continue under normal monitoring conditions. Additional features include RFID based boundary monitoring, manual food and water control through the Blynk application, and LCD based system status display. Experimental analysis demonstrates improved disease response efficiency, reduced labor dependency, and effective livestock safety monitoring for modern animal husbandry applications. The proposed framework supports reliable automated livestock supervision in small and medium scale farms efficiently.

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 Keywords

Livestock Monitoring, Lumpy Skin Disease, CNN-VGG19, Deep Learning, Arduino UNO, Flask Application, RFID Monitoring, IoT Based Automation, Animal Health Detection.

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PCOD officially rename as PMOS (Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome) where broadness of disease is covered. This is not ovarian syndrome but multisystem disorder. P stand for polyendocrine i.e affects multiple hormone pathways, M stand for metabolic , o for ovarian i.e maintains clinical link to the ovarian.

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 Keywords

PMOS, atravakshya, yonivyapat, metabolic disorder

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The Garbhadhan Sanskar stands as the first and most significant among the sixteen *Sanskaras* (sacraments) of the Hindu tradition; it frames the inception of human life not merely as a biological process, but rather as a conscious, sacred, and scientific endeavor. This sacrament seeks to harmonize the physical and mental states of the parents prior to the child's birth, thereby ensuring that the offspring's life is auspicious, healthy, and prosperous. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the philosophical, spiritual, and Ayurvedic underpinnings of the *Garbhadhan Sanskar* within the context of modern science - specifically epigenetics, reproductive biology, neurobiology, and nutritional science. The study reveals that the principles expounded in the ancient Indian knowledge system resonate deeply with modern scientific findings. This research elucidates how these ancient sacraments can be re-adopted in the contemporary era, enabling us to comprehend reproduction and family planning through a balanced and holistic lens. It establishes a harmonious synthesis between these two perspectives, the spiritual and the scientific- thereby offering guidance to society in its pursuit of building healthy, prosperous, and empowered lives.

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 Keywords

Garbhadhan Sanskar, Modern Science, Family Planning, Reproductive Biology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a transformative force in modern healthcare, enabling computers to learn from complex medical data and assist clinicians in making faster, more accurate decisions. This paper provides a structured review of how ML techniques -- including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and deep learning -- are being applied across key healthcare domains such as disease diagnosis, drug discovery, medical imaging, patient monitoring, and genomics. We examine representative studies from the literature, compare ML algorithms with respect to accuracy and clinical utility, and discuss the practical challenges that currently hinder large-scale adoption, including data privacy, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance. We further identify open research gaps and outline promising directions for future work, including federated learning, explainable AI, and multimodal data fusion. Our aim is to offer researchers and practitioners a clear, accessible overview of the current landscape and the road ahead.

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machine learning, healthcare, deep learning, medical imaging, disease prediction, drug discovery, electronic health records, federated learning, explainable AI.

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The Metaverse is no longer a speculative idea confined to science fiction. It is emerging as a network of persistent, immersive and commercially valuable virtual environments built through a convergence of virtual reality, augmented reality, gaming engines, blockchain infrastructure, artificial intelligence and digital marketplaces. These virtual environments allow users to create avatars, trade digital goods, display artworks, organise virtual performances, construct virtual architecture and monetise token-linked assets. While such developments have opened new possibilities for creativity and commerce, they have also created difficult questions for copyright law. Traditional copyright doctrine was designed around identifiable authors, territorial infringement, clear copies of protected works and relatively stable licensing arrangements. The Metaverse disrupts these assumptions because copyrightable works may be created collaboratively, generated by artificial intelligence, embedded in virtual spaces, linked to non-fungible tokens or circulated through pseudonymous blockchain transactions. This paper examines whether the existing Indian copyright framework is adequate to address copyright protection and enforcement in the Metaverse. It analyses the copyrightability of virtual assets, authorship and ownership of user-generated content, NFT-related misconceptions, AI-generated works, fair dealing, platform liability, moral rights and cross-border jurisdiction. The paper adopts a doctrinal and comparative legal methodology, relying on Indian statutory provisions, leading Indian case law, selected foreign jurisprudence and international policy materials. It argues that India does not require an entirely separate copyright statute for the Metaverse at this stage, but it does require clearer interpretive guidance, platform governance standards, transparent licensing practices, creator-awareness mechanisms and cross-border cooperation. A balanced framework must protect creators without preventing legitimate remix culture, innovation and user participation in immersive digital environments.

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 Keywords

Metaverse; Copyright; NFTs; Artificial Intelligence; Virtual Assets; User-Generated Content; Platform Liability; Indian Copyright Law; Moral Rights; Digital Enforcement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Mirza Ghalib, one of India's greatest Urdu poets, has Ghazals, Letters, and Diary Entries in his literary oeuvre. Delhi, during Ghalib's life, was tumultuous and a space undergoing continual metamorphosis. Ghalib's writings capture this transformation through his sensorial perception of the spaces that he frequents and inhabits. The dynamic interrelation between Space, Time and Literature has given rise to an explosion in the realm of Interdisciplinary studies. The study of his works in light of Polysensorality, one of the key tenets of Geocriticism helps in understanding the layered nuances in spatial comprehension, in opposition to limiting space as a mere backdrop to lived realities.

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Ghalib, Delhi, Polysensorality, Geocriticism, Spatial Comprehension

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Biophilic design is an innovative design approach that aims to reconnect humans with nature within built environments. In modern corporate workplaces, employees often experience stress, mental fatigue, reduced productivity, and a lack of connection with natural surroundings due to highly artificial and enclosed environments. This research focuses on understanding the importance and application of biophilic design principles in corporate interior spaces and how they contribute toward healthier and more sustainable workplaces. The study explores the integration of natural elements such as daylight, ventilation, greenery, natural materials, organic forms, and visual connections with nature within office interiors. It examines how these elements influence employee wellbeing, productivity, creativity, mental health, and overall workplace experience. The research is primarily based on literature studies, theoretical understanding, and comparative case study analysis of corporate environments that successfully implement biophilic design strategies. Through this study, it is observed that biophilic design positively impacts the physical and psychological wellbeing of users while also improving environmental quality and workplace efficiency. The findings conclude that biophilic design is not only an aesthetic approach but also a functional and sustainable strategy for future corporate interiors. By creating a stronger relationship between people and nature, biophilic workplaces help develop healthier, more balanced, and human-centered working environments.

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 Keywords

o Biophilic Design o Corporate Interiors o Workplace Wellbeing o Sustainable Design o Natural Lighting o Employee Productivity o Indoor Greenery o Environmental Psychology o Workplace Experience o Human-Nature Connection

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and shareholder wealth creation in Indian consumption companies, with a focus on understanding whether macroeconomic cycles translate uniformly into firm-level financial performance. The research analyses a set of six representative companies spanning different consumption sub-segments, including aspirational discretionary, cyclical retail, value-oriented retail, and fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). Key macroeconomic indicators such as foreign portfolio investment (FPI) flows, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, capacity utilisation, and consumption indices are evaluated alongside company-specific metrics including share price performance, Return on Equity (ROE), and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). The methodology adopts a descriptive and comparative approach, combining visual trend analysis with firm-level financial evaluation to identify patterns between macroeconomic movements and shareholder outcomes. The findings suggest that while macroeconomic indicators influence short-term performance and market sentiment, they do not independently determine long-term wealth creation. Instead, business model characteristics--such as pricing power, capital efficiency, and operating leverage--play a more significant role in shaping sustained returns. The study highlights that discretionary businesses exhibit higher sensitivity to economic cycles, while FMCG and value-oriented companies demonstrate resilience across phases. Overall, the research reinforces the importance of integrating macroeconomic analysis with firm-level fundamentals, providing insights relevant for equity research, portfolio construction, and investment decision-making in the Indian consumption sector.

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 Keywords

Macroeconomic Indicators; Shareholder Wealth Creation; Indian Consumption Sector; Return on Equity (ROE); Return on Capital Employed (ROCE); FDI; FPI Consumption Index; Equity Research; Business Models

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Accurate cost estimation in interior design is a complex challenge characterized by high-dimensional variables and subjective aesthetic choices. Traditional estimation methods often suffer from significant margins of error due to the non-linear relationship between spatial configurations and material costs. This paper proposes a hybrid computational framework that integrates traditional machine learning (ML) with deep learning for enhanced predictive accuracy. A dual-input pipeline is employed: first, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) extracts design features and material styles from 2D architectural blueprints; second, these visual features are fused with structured tabular data--such as square footage, geographical location, and material grades--to feed ensemble learning models, including Random Forest and XGBoost. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid framework achieves a Mean Absolute Error of 6.14%, representing a significant improvement over the traditional baseline model. The study concludes that the synergy of computer vision and regression-based ML provides a robust, scalable tool for real-time budgetary forecasting in the architectural and interior design industries.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Interior Design, Cost Estimation, Cost Prediction, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Learning, XGBoost, Random Forest, Blueprint Analysis.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition